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Drama therapy

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Drama therapy (written dramatherapy in the UK) is the use of theatre techniques to facilitate personal growth and promote mental health.[1] Dramatherapy is used in a wide variety of settings, including hospitals, schools, mental health centers, prisons, and businesses. Drama therapy, as a form of 'expressive therapy' (also known as creative arts therapies'),[2] exists in many forms and can be applicable to individuals, couples, families, and various groups.[3]

History

The modern use of dramatic process and theatre as a therapeutic intervention began with Dr. Jacob L. Moreno's development of Psychodrama. The field has expanded to allow many forms of theatrical interventions as therapy including role-play, theatre games, group-dynamic games, mime, puppetry, and other improvisational techniques. Often, "drama therapy" is utilized to help a client:

  • Solve a problem
  • Achieve a catharsis
  • Delve into truths about self
  • Understand the meaning of personally resonant images
  • Explore and transcend unhealthy personal patterns of behavior and interpersonal interaction

The theoretical foundation of "drama therapy" lies in drama, theater, psychology, psychotherapy, anthropology, play, as well as interactive and creative processes. In his book, "Drama as Therapy: Theory, practice and research," Phil Jones describes the emergence of the intentional use of drama as therapy as three-fold. First a long history of drama as a healing force with ancient roots in the healing rituals and dramas of various societies. The connection between drama and the psychological healing of society, though not of the individual, was first formally acknowledged by Aristotle, who was the originator of the term 'catharsis'. Secondly, in the early twentieth century, hospital theatre and the work of Moreno, Evreinov, and Iljine, marked a new attitude towards the relationship between therapy and theatre that provided a foundation for the emergence of drama therapy later in the century. Finally, influenced by experimental approaches to theatre, the advent and popularization of improvisational theater, group dynamics, role playing and psychology in the 1960s, drama therapy emerged as a creative arts therapy in the 1970s.

Today, drama therapy is practiced around the world and there are presently academic training programs in Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, Canada, Israel and the United States.

Core processes

Phil Jones has written in his book Drama as Therapy, Theatre as Living[4] that there are nine core processes at the heart of drama therapy. These include projective identification and dramatic distancing. Projective identification is the process whereby a person feels the feelings that the other is unable to access themselves. Dramatic distancing refers to the way that emotional and psychological problems can be accessed easier through metaphor. The client has a distanced relationship through metaphor to these problems that makes them easier to tolerate.

Becoming a drama therapist

In the US and Canada, the governing body is the North American Drama Therapy Association (NADTA),[5] which establishes guidelines for the RDT (Registered Drama Therapist) credential and which provides accreditation for MA level programs and guidelines for alternative track training. In North America, Registered Drama Therapists hold a master's degree from one of five institutions accredited by the National Association for Drama Therapy:[6] Antioch University[7] at Seattle, Washington; Lesley University[8] at Cambridge, Massachusetts; NYU Steinhardt[9] at New York City, New York; California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS)[10] at San Francisco, California and Concordia University[11] at Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Persons who hold a master's degree in a related field can be registered as a Drama Therapist by pursuing what is known as Alternate Route Training, which consists of graduate coursework and internships performed under the supervision of a board-certified trainer.

In the UK, the governing body is the British Association of Dramatherapists (BADth).[12] There are currently five post-graduate training courses in Dramatherapy in the UK that lead to a qualification approved by the Health Professions Council, accredited by the British Association of Dramatherapists, and recognized by the Department of Health. These courses are offered at Roehampton University, University of Derby, Central School of Speech and Drama, Anglia Ruskin University, and The School of Dramatherapy at the Iron Mill Institute.[13]

Many of these universities suggest specific subjects to complete at degree level if you wish to pursue on to a masters programme in Drama Therapy. Some of these subjects are the following, Drama, Psychology or another such relevant profession.[14][15]

In practice

The field of drama therapy can be somewhat intermittent in terms of techniques and procedures. However, there are some general commonalities. At the center of drama therapy are the elements of role and story. Participants in drama therapy follow roles to tell a story or perform a part, thus embracing a new perspective of the character and themselves.[16] Another key element is space, or where the acting takes place. Other components of drama therapy include ritual, conflict, resistance, spontaneity, distance and catharsis.

Drama therapy works to shed light on a feelings and behaviors of a person and helps teach them ways to manage and overcome obstacles they struggle with.[17] The hope is that by taking on specific roles a person can gain personal insight and break free from barriers.[18] Though this process can be very beneficial and rewarding, it can be very difficult. Progressions and developments can be slow going, and participants may be resistant to the process.[19]

Though drama therapy can be done individually, it is typically done in groups or community settings. Groups can involve hundreds of people at a time, but more commonly range from six to ten people in institutional settings. As a form of counseling drama therapy is usually private and doesn't involve spectators. The exception to this rule is therapeutic theatre, which blends the techniques of applied drama to drama therapy.[20] Therapeutic theatre entails the performance of a group of people to a selected audience, making it somewhat public.

See also

References

  1. ^ Loretta Gallo-Lopez, Lawrence C. C. Rubin -Play-Based Interventions for Children and Adolescents on the ... 2012- Page 100 "An overview of drama therapy is provided next, along with support for the use of drama therapy with children with ASd."
  2. ^ Jeffrey A. Kottler, PH., David S. Shepard Introduction to Counseling: Voices from the Field - 2010 Page 179 "Frequently the use of expressive therapy is not theoretically isolated but occurs as an adjunct to other theoretical modalities."
  3. ^ Malchiodi, Cathy A. (2003), Expressive Therapies , New York: Guilford, ISBN 1-59385-379-3
  4. ^ Jones, Phil (2002). Drama as Therapy, Theatre as Living. East Sussex, G.B. & New York, U.S.: Brunner-Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 0-415-09969-2. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  5. ^ nadta.org
  6. ^ "Accredited Schools". www.nadta.org. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
  7. ^ "MA Drama Therapy | Graduate Degree | MA Counseling | MA Therapy". Antioch University Seattle. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
  8. ^ http://www.lesley.edu/master-of-arts/expressive-therapies/drama-therapy/mental-health-counseling/
  9. ^ http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/music/dramatherapy
  10. ^ http://www.ciis.edu/academics/graduate-programs/drama-therapy
  11. ^ https://www.concordia.ca/finearts/creative-arts-therapies/programs/drama-therapy-ma.html
  12. ^ badth.org.uk
  13. ^ http://www.ironmill.co.uk/cpd-course/introduction-to-dramatherapy?pmsession=d930882207c51627905f8d84604c6942
  14. ^ http://www.nhscareers.nhs.uk/explore-by-career/allied-health-professions/careers-in-the-allied-health-professions/arts-therapists/dramatherapist/entry-and-training/
  15. ^ NHS. (2013). entry requirements and training for Dramatherapy. Available: http://www.nhscareers.nhs.uk/explore-by-career/allied-health-professions/careers-in-the-allied-health-professions/arts-therapists/dramatherapist/entry-and-training/.
  16. ^ Landy, R. J., & Montgomery, D. T. (2012). Theatre for Change: Education, Social Action and Therapy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillian. Page 165 "Not surprisingly these concepts are derived from theatre. The two most essential are role and story. In all forms of Drama Therapy, clients take on roles, and while in role they tell and/or enact a story. Role is the indivisible piece, as the dramatic moment begins as an actor slips into the skin of another."
  17. ^ Landy, R. J., & Montgomery, D. T. (2012). Theatre for Change: Education, Social Action and Therapy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillian. Page 170 "Like applied theatre, drama therapy occurs within community settings and concerns the exploration of social issues and implementation of actions intended to ameliorate distress and oppression. Although drama therapists most frequently work in groups, they also treat individuals, helping them to identify problematic issues in their lives and to discover effective ways to move through their distress."
  18. ^ Landy, R. J., & Montgomery, D. T. (2012). Theatre for Change: Education, Social Action and Therapy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillian. Page 191 "Drama therapy is about theatre and as such, it imposes all the theatrical artifice in the service of exploring a fictional reality underneath that of every day life, one that can illuminate and in some instances transform the actor."
  19. ^ Landy, R. J., & Montgomery, D. T. (2012). Theatre for Change: Education, Social Action and Therapy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillian. Page 197 "Much of the actual practice of Drama Therapy is not very dramatic, in the sense of being exciting. Progress can appear to be very slow and resistance very high".
  20. ^ Landy, R. J., & Montgomery, D. T. (2012). Theatre for Change: Education, Social Action and Therapy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillian. Page 196 "The one exception is Therapeutic Theatre, a more public form of performance where a particular population, for example, psychiatric patients or Iraq war veterans perform for an invited audience".

Johnson, D.R. & Emunah, R. (2009). Current approaches in drama therapy. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas

Landy, R. J., & Montgomery, D. T. (2012). Theatre for Change: Education, Social Action and Therapy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillian.

Governing bodies

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