William Herschel
| Uranus | March 13 1781 |
| Oberon | January 11 1787 |
| Titania | January 11 1787 |
| Enceladus | August 28 1789 |
| Mimas | September 17 1789 |
Sir Frederick William Herschel, FRS KH (November 15 1738 – August 25 1822) was a German-born British astronomer and composer who became famous for discovering the planet Uranus. He also discovered infrared radiation and made many other astronomical discoveries.
Biography
He was born Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel in Hanover, Germany, as one of ten children (of which four died very young). In 1755 the Hanoverian Guards regiment in whose band William and his brother Jacob were engaged was ordered to England. At the time, the crowns of England and Hanover were united under George II. He learned English quickly and, at age nineteen, he changed his name to Frederick William Herschel.
He became a successful music teacher and bandleader, played the violin, the oboe and, later, the organ. He composed numerous musical works, including 24 symphonies and many concertos, as well as some church music. His music is largely forgotten today. After a career leading orchestras in Newcastle, Leeds and Halifax, he became organist of the Octagon Chapel, Bath, in which town he was also Director of Public Concerts. His sister Caroline came to England and lived with him.
His music led him to interest in mathematics, and hence to astronomy. This grew stronger after 1773, and he built some telescopes and made the acquaintance of Nevil Maskelyne. He observed the Moon, measuring the heights of lunar mountains, and also worked on a catalog of double stars.
The turning point in his life was March 13 1781, while residing at 19 New King Street, Bath, when he discovered Uranus. This made him famous and enabled him to turn to astronomy full-time. Naming the new planet [Georgium Sidus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Latin for "George's Star", in honour of King George III also brought him favour (the name didn't stick — and until the name 'Uranus' was adopted the planet was known in France, where reference to the English king was to be avoided if possible, as 'Herschel'). That same year, Herschel was awarded the Copley Medal and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1782, he was appointed "The King’s Astronomer" and he and his sister subsequently moved to Datchet (then in Buckinghamshire but now in Berkshire) on August 1 1782. He continued his work as a telescope maker, selling a number of them to other astronomers.
In 1783 he gave Caroline a telescope and she began to make astronomical discoveries in her own right, particularly comets. Caroline also served as his full-time assistant, taking notes while he observed at the telescope.
In June 1785, owing to damp conditions, he and Caroline moved to Clay Hall in Old Windsor. Clay Hall (or Clayhall Farm) had been owned by Samuel Foote, father of Topham Foote whose bust by Peter Scheemakers is in Windsor Parish Church. Topham's mother sold the farm to her brother Richard Topham who willed it to Sidney Bleuclerk. On April 3 1786, William Herschel moved his family to a new residence on Windsor Road in Slough. He lived the rest of his life in this residence, which came to be known as Observatory House. It is no longer standing, having been demolished in 1963 to make way for a high-rise office building.
On May 7 1788, he married the widow Mary Pitt (née Baldwin) at St Laurence's Church, Upton in Slough. His sister Caroline then moved to separate lodgings, but continued to work as his assistant.
During the course of his career, he constructed more than four hundred telescopes. The largest and most famous of these was a reflecting telescope with a 40 ft (12 m) focal length and an aperture 49½ inches (126 cm) in diameter. On August 28 1789, his first night of observation using this instrument, he discovered a new moon of Saturn. A second moon followed within the first month of observation. The 40 ft telescope proved very cumbersome, however, and most of his observations were done with a smaller telescope of 20 ft (6.1 m) focal length. Herschel discovered that unfilled telescope apertures can be used to obtain high angular resolution something which became the essential basis for interferometric imaging in astronomy (in particular Aperture Masking Interferometry and hypertelescopes).
William and Mary had one child, John, born at Observatory House on March 7 1792. In 1816, William was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order by the Prince Regent and was thus entitled to style himself Sir. He helped to found the Astronomical Society of London in 1820, which in 1831 received a royal charter and became the Royal Astronomical Society.
On August 25 1822, Herschel died at Observatory House, Slough, and is buried at nearby St Laurence's Church, Upton.
His son John Herschel also became a famous astronomer. One of William's brothers, Alexander, moved permanently to England, near Caroline and William.
His house in Bath, where he made many telescopes and first observed Uranus, is now home to the William Herschel Museum.
Other astronomical work
In his later career, Herschel discovered two satellites of Saturn, Mimas and Enceladus; as well as two satellites of Uranus, Titania and Oberon. He did not give these satellites their names; rather, they were named by his son John in 1847 and 1852, respectively, well after his death.
He worked on creating an extensive catalog of nebulae. He continued to work on double stars, and was the first to discover that most double stars are not mere optical doubles as had been supposed previously, but are true binary stars, thus providing the first proof that Newton's laws of gravitation apply outside the solar system.
He also discovered infrared radiation (ca. 1800).
From studying the proper motion of stars, he was the first to realize that the solar system is moving through space, and he determined the approximate direction of that movement. He also studied the structure of the Milky Way and concluded that it was in the shape of a disk.
He also coined the word "asteroid", meaning star-like (from the Greek asteroeides, aster "star" + -eidos "form, shape"), in 1802 (shortly after Olbers discovered the second minor planet, 2 Pallas, in late March of the same year), to describe the star-like appearance of the small moons of the giant planets and of the minor planets; the planets all show discs, by comparison.
Despite his numerous important scientific discoveries, Herschel was not averse to wild speculation. In particular, he believed every planet was inhabited, even the Sun: he believed that the Sun had a cool, solid surface protected from its hot atmosphere by an opaque layer of cloud, and that a race of beings adapted to their strange environment lived there.
Discovery of infrared radiation
Herschel discovered infrared radiation by passing sunlight through a prism and holding a thermometer just beyond the red end of the visible spectrum. The thermometer indicated a temperature increase and this led to Herschel's conclusion that there must be an invisible form of light.
Named after Herschel
- Mu Cephei, one of the largest known stars in the universe, is also known as Herschel's Garnet Star
- Herschel, a small crater on the Moon.
- Herschel, a large impact basin on Mars.
- The enormous Herschel crater on Saturn's moon Mimas.
- The William Herschel Telescope on La Palma.
- The Herschel Space Observatory, currently under development by the European Space Agency. It will be the largest space telescope of its kind.
- Herschel Grammar School, Slough
- The Herschel Building at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, UK
- William Herschel Museum
See also
External links
