Female suicide bomber
Female suicide bombers are women who carry out a class of suicide attack, where the bomber performs violent acts in order to kill people and themselves. Suicide bombers are normally viewed as male political radicals, but since the 1960s female suicide attacks have been on the rise. There are many organizations that recently started using women as tools in their attacks, since they are normally viewed as less of a threat than their male counterparts. This includes women having the element of surprise, a hesitancy to search females, increased publicity for female suicide bombing attacks, and the female stereotype as non-violent.[1]
Background
Women have an extensive and complex history in political violence. Female bombers have emerged as an area of particular study, with the circumstances of female involvement garnering a great deal of research. The number of female suicide bombers has been steadily increasing. Existing models of terrorism emphasize that these acts begin with a group promoting, supporting, or praising acts such as martyrdom. Their decisions to engage in suicide bombings contradicts theories that dictate that women prefer peaceful conflict resolution mechanisms as compared to men.
Examples
- Sana’a Mehaidli, a 17-year-old member of the Syrian Socialist Party (SSNP/PPS), a pro-Syrian Lebanese organization, is believed to have been the first female suicide bomber. On April 9, 1985, she blew up herself and a truck of explosives next to an Israeli convoy in Lebanon during the Israeli occupation of south Lebanon.[2]
- Wafa Idris Arafat called for an "Army of Roses." Wafa became an icon and served under Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade.
- Sri Lanka's political group, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam (LTTE), under the control of the Black Tigers serves as another example. The Black Tigers are known for suicide bombing attacks, and also for the fact that mostly women execute them.[3] Thenmozhi Rajaratnam, also known as Dhanu, is thought to have been a member of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers), and involved in the Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, the ex-Prime minister of India, and sixteen other bystanders in 1991.[4] She allegedly had been raped by Indian Peace Keeping Force soldiers and her four brothers were killed. [5]
- Blasts from two female suicide bombers at a crowded fish market in Nigeria's northeastern city of Maiduguri killed at least 20 people on June 22, 2015.[6]
- In Dagestan, Russia a 17-year-old widow of a Caucasus militant wearing a suicide bomb vest approached a Ministry of the Interior office in the village of Gubden . She was apparently stopped at a security post outside the office where she detonated her explosives, killing one police officer and injuring four others. The attack was claimed by the Caucasus Emirate militant Jihadist group, Dokku Umarov.[7]
- A woman detonated a suicide bomb vest at the entrance to Baghdad College on February 25, 2007, killing at least 40 people and wounding more than 30 others with hot shrapnel.[8]
- On December 23, 2016, the first female suicide bomber in Bangladesh detonated her explosive during a police raid.[9]
Chechnya
The Shahidka, commonly called the "Black widows" are a group of Islamist Chechen separatist suicide bombers. Khava Barayeva blew herself up at a Russian Army outpost in June 7, 2000. In 2001,[10] Aiza Gazuyeva killed Russian general Gaidar Gadzhiyev in a suicide bombing, the first female suicide bomber of the Chechen insurgency.[11] The group carried out the Moscow theater hostage crisis and some were involved in the Beslan school siege. A bombing that killed 10 people at Rizhskaya metro station in Moscow was thought to be carried out by a woman who was identified as a Beslan school captor. The 2004 Russian aircraft bombings are believed to be carried out by female bombers. Two of the perpetrators of the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings were women; Dzhanet Abdullayeva, who was married to a militant,and Maryam Sharipova.[4] The October 2013 Volgograd bus bombing was carried out by a woman.
Palestinian bombers
On the same day Darine Abu Aisha committed a suicide bombing, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, the religious leader of Islamist militant group Hamas, issued a fatwa, or religious rule, that gave permission to women to participate in suicide attacks as well as listing the rewards in "Paradise" that these female martyrs would receive upon their deaths. He also promised Hamas will send many female suicide bombers in order to strike Israelis.
Reactions to this in the Islamic world were mixed. While many hailed the female suicide bomber and urged full involvement of all in Jihad, some criticized the cruelty of tearing mothers from their children and sending them to explode themselves.
Notable female Palestinian suicide bombers include
- Wafa Idris - first suicide bomber (bombing date: January 27, 2002)
- Darine Abu Aisha- second suicide bomber (bombing date: February 27, 2002)[12]
- Ayat al-Akhras - third suicide bomber (bombing date: March 29, 2002)
- Andalib Suleiman - fourth suicide bomber (bombing date: April 12, 2002)
- Hanadi Jaradat - sixth suicide bomber (bombing date: October 4, 2003)
- Reem Al-Reyashi- eighth suicide bomber (bombing date: January 15, 2004). Al-Reyashi, a 22-year-old mother of two, detonated an explosive pack at the Erez crossing point on the frontier of the Gaza Strip.[13]
Causes and reasons
There are different causes and reasons as to why female suicide bombers perform these deadly actions.They can be motivated by political and/or historical contexts to take action against their enemy. Jihadist groups recruit women as suicide bombers "to fill a recruiting void, to achieve tactical surprise, and for strategic purposes."[14] For example, in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Palestinian female suicide bombers are often motivated by Anti-Zionism and the Israeli occupation of their homeland to take action. According to Palestinian American legal scholar Noura Erakat, the "Israeli military occupation [is] a significant, if not the most significant, factor contributing to the subjugation of Palestinian women's rights."[15] They are often motivated by the politics of their environment to take action in this situation. Western feminist critic Amal Amireh notes examples of how the women exercise their political agency in the conflict, including the fact the bomber often declares in public her political group and nationalism, as well as the fact that they commit the act in public as a spectacle to be observed.[16]
Motivations
Female suicide bombers' motivations in the context of the Middle East are often understood according to what Amal Amireh calls a "Death by Culture" paradigm that attributes the women's actions to "an abusive patriarchal Arab culture that drives them to destroy themselves and others.".[16] The female suicide bomber by nature challenges this Orientalist view because as bombers, they exercise their political agency and their actions are less submissive and dependent than their Western image. Understanding their motivation through a cultural context could mean attributing their actions to sexual abuse, proving their worth, or standing up for their families.[16] Another motivation for female suicide bombers is the goal to purify one’s self from being soiled or to escape an unbearable life or cultural status. There is also a claim that female suicide bombers are violent to attract males that they are infatuated with.[17] These explanations do not take into account historical or political contexts that could motivate the women, similar to the motivations for a male suicide bomber.
Effects
Organizations of female suicide bombers
Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade is a known terrorist organization that trained many female suicide bombers since their uprising as political weapons. In January 2002, the group claimed responsibility for the first female suicide bombing attack inside of Israel, in efforts to push Israel settlers out of west bank and to form an entirely Palestinian state. The group is known to be most active in the Gaza strip, but also attacks inside of Israel and the West Bank.
References
- ^ http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB408.pdf
- ^ "A Fact Sheet form the Worldwide Incidents Team. Retrieved 2017-14-04" (PDF).
- ^ Ransirini, Shamara (2015). "Becoming Militant: Narrative of (Dis?) embodiment in Visakesa Chandrasekaram's Tigers Don't Confess" (PDF). Outskirts. 33. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ^ a b "Revealed: world's deadliest female terrorists". Retrieved 2016-09-06.
- ^ Pape, Robert A. (2005). Dying to Win. New York: Random House Trade Paperback. p. 226. ISBN 0812973380.
- ^ "Nigeria violence: Bomb at fish market kills at least 20 - BBC News". Retrieved 2016-09-06.
- ^ "Twelve die in Dagestan bombings". BBC. 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2016-09-06.
- ^ "Suicide bomber kills 40 at Baghdad college". Reuters. 2007-02-25. Retrieved 2016-09-06.
- ^ "Bangladesh's female jihadists". Dhaka Tribune. 2016-12-23. Retrieved 2016-12-27.
- ^ "The Brides of Allah: The Terror Threat of Black-Widow Suicide Bombers to the Winter Olympics. Web Retrieved 2017-14-04".
- ^ "Women - 'human bombs': They make the death and girls aged 10 years. web Retrieved 2017-14-04".
- ^ López-Guerra, Claudio; Maskivker, Julia (2015-02-05). Rationality, Democracy, and Justice: The Legacy of Jon Elster. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316123737.
- ^ McGreal, Chris (2004-01-14). "Human-bomb mother kills four Israelis at Gaza checkpoint". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-09-06.
- ^ Davis, Jessica. "Evolution of The Global Jihad: Female Suicide Bombers in Iraq." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 36.4 (2013): 279-291. Academic Search Complete. Web November 16, 2015.
- ^ Erakat, Noura. "Arabiya Made Invisible: Between Marginalization of Agency and Silencing of Dissent" in Arab & Arab American Feminisms: Gender, Violence, & Belonging. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. November 18, 2015
- ^ a b c Amireh, Amal. "Palestinian Women's Disappearing Act: The Suicide Bomber Through Western Feminist Eyes" in Arab & Arab American Feminisms: Gender, Violence, & Belonging. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. November 18, 2015
- ^ Berko, Anat (2016). The smarter bomb: Women and children as suicide bombers. Updated Edition. book: Rowman & Littlefield.
Further reading
- Berko, Anat, and Elizabeth Yuval. The smarter bomb: women and children as suicide bombers. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012. ISBN 9781442219526
- Rajan, V. G. Julie. Women Suicide Bombers: Narratives of Violence. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011. ISBN 9780415552257
- Skaine, Rosemarie. Female Suicide Bombers. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2006. ISBN 0786426152
- Victor, Barbara. Army of Roses: Inside the World of Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers. [Emmaus, Pa.?]: Rodale, 2003. ISBN 157954830X
- Naber, Nadine Christine, Evelyn Alsutany, and Rabab Abdulhadi. Arab & Arab American Feminisms: Gender, Violence, & Belonging. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. November 18, 2015
- "'Female' suicide bomber strikes Cameroon night spot".
- "5 female suicide bombers strike in Nigeria". The Long War Journal.
- Mia Bloom (6 August 2014). "Female suicide bombers are not a new phenomenon". Washington Post.
- Bircu Pinar Alacok (2007). "The Motivations of Female Suicide Bombers from a Communication Perspective" Proquest.
- Eager, Paige Whaley (2016). From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists: Women and Political Violence. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 9781317132288.
External links
- Snagfilms. "Watch "Female Suicide Bombers" Full Documentary Online - Snagfilms". Snagfilms.