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Banshū dialect

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The Banshū dialect (播州弁, Banshū-ben), also called the Harima dialect (播磨弁・方言, Harima-ben/-hōgen), is a Japanese dialect spoken in the Harima region (corresponding to the boundaries of the former Harima Province) of southwestern Hyōgo Prefecture. Although it is included in the Kansai dialect group, it shares much of its vocabulary with Chūgoku group.[1] It can be further subdivided into the Western Banshū dialect (西播方言, Seiban-hōgen) and the Eastern Banshū dialect (東播方言, Tōban-hōgen).

Outline

The Banshū dialect is flanked by the Tajima, Okayama, Tanba, and Settsu dialects, the last two being closely related to the better-known Kyōto and Ōsaka dialects, respectively. In addition, the dialect, spoken between Kobe and Himeji, is distinct from the dialect of the prefectural capital. For this reason, Ryōji Kamata[e] regards the Banshū dialect as the most representative of Hyōgo Prefecture, where Japanese transitions between the Kansai dialect group in the east and the Chūgoku group in the west.[2]

The Banshū dialect's subdivisions correspond well to the various river basins over which it is spoken. In particular, the Western Banshū dialect area comprises the Ibo River basin and the cities of Tatsuno, Aioi, Akō, and Shisō and the towns of Taishi (Ibo District), Kamigōri (Akō District), and Sayō (Sayō) on the Chikusa River basin, and the Eastern Banshū dialect area comprises the basins of the Kako, Ichi, and Yumesaki Rivers. Although Himeji City is generally considered part the Western Banshū (geopolitical) area (see for example Harima Province#Modern usage), its dialect is best classed with the Eastern Banshū group. Owing to the increased economic intercourse between the coastal region of the Eastern Banshū (geopolitical) area and the Osaka area, as well as the former's consequential urbanization and industrialization (see Coast of Harima Industrial Area), the coastal Eastern Banshū dialects have been influenced by the Osaka dialect.[2]

The Funasaka Pass that marks part of the boundary between Hyōgo and Okayama Prefectures also marks the furthest western extent of the Western Banshū dialect group, and upon crossing over the pass, one encounters the Okayama dialect of the Chūgoku dialect group. However, the zone of contact between the Okayama dialect and the aforementioned dialects of the City of Akō and of the towns of Kamigōri and Sayō has some distinctive features (as a result of dialect mixture).[2] The Banshū area is also in contact with Awaji Island across the Akashi Strait, but that island's Awaji dialect shares common features instead with such dialects as the Kishū and Awa dialects, and is quite distinct from the Banshū dialect.[3]

Segmental phonology

Where a gloss is given for either only Banshū dialect or standard Japanese, the other gloss is identical to the given one.

Like other Kansai dialects, the Banshū dialect has a minimal length restraint of two moras for phonological words. Therefore, words that are underlyingly one mora are realized with a long vowel in isolation; for example, /ki/ ("tree") and /me/ ("eye") are pronounced [kiː] and [meː], respectively, in isolation in Banshū dialect (but cf. forms with a following particle, which is considered part of the phonological word; for example with the nominative case particle =ga: ki=ga → [ki.ga] and me=ga → [me.ga], with no vowel lengthening), but [ki] and [me] in standard Japanese, which lacks the minimal length constraint. In contrast, long vowels in some grammatical forms, including the volitional and the infinitive of adjectives, are shortened (the latter only for adjectives of root length at least two moras); for example, Banshū dialect has ik-o=ka ("go.volitional=interrogative") and hay-o nar-u ("fast.infinitive become.nonpast") for standard ik-oo=ka and haya-ku nar-u, respectively (see "Euphonic changes (音便, Onbin)" for more information on the second example, which involves a euphonic change followed by monophthongization followed by vowel shortening). Also, the western dialects have the monophthonization /ai/ to /ee/.

As in the Tanba dialect, alternations between the phonemes /d/ and /z/ are seen before all vowels.[4] For instance, ademichi ("footpath between rice fields"), denbu ("all"), sendai ("garden"), and atsu-i=do ("hot.nonpast=emphatic") for standard azemichi, zenbu, senzai, and atsu-i=zo, respectively. There is also some alternation with these phonemes and /r/; for example, see=∅ raite-ik-o ("Keep up the hard work!", lit. "spirit=accusative take out.continuative.volitional") for standard see=∅ dasite-ik-oo (again, this example features a euphonic change in addition to the phonological change; see below).

Prosody

Throughout this section (including the table): H = high tone, L = low tone, F = falling tone. Where accent descriptions come in pairs separated by a tilde, the one to the left is the form found in isolation and the one to the right is the form with an attached particle =ga (for nouns) or in the nonpast form (for verbs and adjectives), with the dash separating the word from the particle or the root from the affix, respectively. For forms without a tilde-marked separation, an added particle or affix has the same tone as the last mora of the word or root, and the word or root's pitch contour is not affected by the addition.
Accent systems of the Banshū dialect[5][6]
  Accent class Example words Keihan type Tarui type
Kobe Ono Taishi Kamikawa Sayō
2-mora nouns 2.1 ame ("candy")
kama ("kettle") 		HH LH, HH
2.2/2.3 kami ("paper")
kumo ("cloud") 		HL
2.4 kama ("sickle")
hashi ("chopsticks") 		LH~LL-H LH LH, HH
2.5a/2.5b ame ("rain")
kumo ("spider") 		LF~LH-L LF~LH-L, HF~HH-L LF~LH-L, HF~HH-L (a); HL (b) HL
1/2-mora verbs H tob- ("fly")
ki-("wear") 		H
L kir- ("cut")
mi- ("see") 		LH H
2-mora adjectives H aka- ("red")
ama- ("sweet") 		HL LF~LH-L, HF~HH-L
L shiro- ("white")
atsu- ("warm") 		HL LF~LH-L, HF~HH-L; HL (older speakers)

The dialects spoken in the northern and eastern parts of the Banshū (geopolitical) area, which comprises the cities of Akashi, Kakogawa, Takasago, Miki, Ono, Kasai, Nishiwaki, and Katō, the towns of Inami, Harima, Fukusaki, and Ichikawa, the city of Himeji (excepting the outskirts of the Hayashida-chō district) and the southern part of the town of Taka, use a Keihan type (wordtone and accent) pitch accent system. Among these, Himeji, Akashi, and others use a system identical to that of Kobe (see the table at right), while the accent used in the vicinity of Nishiwaki and Ono differs in that unaccented low-tone nouns (like those in class 2.4, and also usagi ("rabbit") and midoriiro ("green")) have a pitch rise between the first and second moras rather than between the penultimate and ultimate moras (so for instance, usagi and midoriiro are LLH~LLL-H and LLLLH~LLLLL-H in the Kobe-type dialects but LHH and LHHHH in the Ono-type dialects). The Ono-type accents represent an older form of the Keihan-type accent.

Grammar

Conjgation

Euphonic changes (音便, Onbin)

Respectful language (敬語, Keigo)

Grammatical aspect

Copula and sentence-final particles

Other aspects of grammar

Representative expressions

Vocabulary

Grammar

Model sentences

Well-known speakers

References

  1. ^ Kiichi Iitoyo[a], Sukezumi Hino[b], and Ryōichi Satō[c] A Course in Dialectology: Vol. 8, The Dialects of the Chūgoku and Shikoku Regions[d] Kokusho Publication Society, 1982, P. 44
  2. ^ a b c Ryōji Kamata A Study of the Grammar of the Dialects of Hyōgo Prefecture[f] Ōfū Company[g], 1982, pp. 49-50
  3. ^ Minoru Umegaki (editor) Comprehensive Study of the Kinki Region[h] Sanseidō, 1962, p. 505
  4. ^ Naoya Tsuzome[i] "The words of our hometowns: a brief dictionary 28, Hyōgo Prefecture"[j] Language Monthly[k] January 2003 issue, Taishūkan Bookstore, 2003
  5. ^ Great Encyclopedia of Hyōgo Prefecture (Pt. 2)[l] Kobe Shimbun General Publishing Division,[m], 1983, pp. 944-945
  6. ^ The accent system of Tajima and its environs[n] Yutaka Taniguchi[o]

Notes

  1. ^ Iitoyo Kiichi (飯豊毅一)
  2. ^ Hino Sukezumi (日野資純)
  3. ^ Satō Ryōichi (佐藤亮一)
  4. ^ Kōza hōgengaku hachi chūgoku/shikoku no hōgen (講座方言学8中国・四国の方言)
  5. ^ Kamata Ryōji (鎌田良二)
  6. ^ Hyōgo-ken hōgen bunpō no kenkyū (兵庫県方言文法の研究)
  7. ^ Ōfū-sha (桜楓社)
  8. ^ Kinki chihō no sōgōteki kenkyū (近畿地方の総合的研究)
  9. ^ Tsuzome Naoya (都染直也)
  10. ^ Kojiten - furusato no kotoba ni-jū-hachi hyōgo-ken (〈小辞典〉ふるさとのことば28兵庫県)
  11. ^ Gekkan gengo (月刊言語)
  12. ^ Hyōgo-ken dai-hyakkajiten (ge) (兵庫県大百科事典(下))
  13. ^ Kōbe shinbun sōgō shuppan sentā (神戸新聞総合出版センター)
  14. ^ Tajima oyobi shūhen chiiki no akusento (但馬および周辺地域のアクセント)
  15. ^ Taniguchi Yutaka (谷口裕)

See also

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