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Distracted driving

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Template:Globalize/United States Distracted driving is the act of driving while engaged in other activities that take the driver's attention away from the road. All distractions compromise the safety of the driver, passengers, bystanders, and those in other vehicles.[1]

According to the United States Department of Transportation, "text messaging while driving creates a crash risk 23 times higher than driving while not distracted."[2] Despite these statistics, more than 37% of drivers have admitted to sending or receiving text messages while driving, and 18% admit doing so regularly.[3]

Types

Distractions while driving can be separated into three distinct groups: visual, manual, and cognitive. Visual distraction involves taking one's eyes off the road, for example, looking at a GPS system or checking a child's seatbelt in the rearview mirror. Manual distraction involves taking one's hands off the wheel, for example, when searching for something in a bag, or eating or drinking in the car. Cognitive distraction occurs when an individual's focus is not directly on the act of driving and his/her mind "wanders".[4]

Technological distractions, especially text messaging or talking on the phone, can require a combination of visual, manual, and cognitive attention from the driver, thus making these types of distractions particularly dangerous.[5]

Texting while driving is the most widely reported form of "distracted driving", but it is not the only one. Having passengers in the vehicle, changing radio stations, searching for the cell phone charger, or putting make-up on are all distractions that can easily lead to an accident. According to a study by AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 15 percent of reported crashes were due to a teen driver distracted by talking with a passenger, while another 12 percent of crashes occurred because a teen was on a cell phone talking, texting or searching for information while driving. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration determined that distracted driving accounts for 25 percent of all crashes involving teenage drivers.[6]

Exposure assessment

According to the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), in 2008, nearly 11 percent of drivers—approximately one million individuals—used a mobile device at some time while driving. Additionally, 35 to 50 percent of drivers admit to using a smartphone while driving, while 90 percent of drivers fear those who do.[7]

Some foods and drinks can lead to dangerous distractions as well. McKeel Hagerty, president of Hagerty Classic Insurance Company, did a study to find out which foods were the worst to try to consume while driving. Coffee was the top offender because of its tendency to spill even if in a cup with a travel lid. Hot soup was second followed by tacos and chili. Hamburgers and barbecued food came in fifth and sixth. Eating while driving is not only dangerous, it's messy and it means you're not watching the road.[8]

According to a HealthDay poll from November 2011,[3] most adults who drive admit to engaging in distracted driving behaviors. This poll, which included 2,800 American adults, found that:

  • Approximately 86 percent of drivers have admitted to eating or drinking while driving.
  • Approximately 37 percent of drivers have texted while driving at least once, while 18 percent of drivers have said they have formed the habit of doing it often.
  • Approximately 41 percent of adult drivers have set or changed a GPS system while driving, and 21 percent do it "more frequently."
  • Approximately 36 percent of adult drivers have used a map as road guidance while driving.
  • At least 20 percent drivers have admitted to combing or styling their hair while driving.
  • Approximately 14 percent of drivers have applied makeup while driving.
  • Approximately 24 percent of adult drivers have browsed the Internet while driving.[9]

Data from this poll also revealed that younger drivers have a greater tendency to be involved in distracted driving than older individuals. Additionally, males have a greater tendency to engage in distracted driving activities, including driving while drowsy, after drinking alcohol, while reading a map, using a GPS system, or using the Internet.

Studies

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a study about distracted driving in 2011. This study presented the following data: In the United States, 69 percent of the people surveyed between ages 18–64 admitted to making a phone call while driving in a period of 30 days prior to the survey. The study also found that 31 percent of drivers in the United States between the ages 18–64, sent or read an email or text message while driving 30 days prior to the survey.[10]

Another survey performed in February 2015 by Harris Poll in the interest of Erie Insurance, shows that in addition to phone usage, there are many other causes for distracted driving. This survey also disclosed important information regarding drivers who text and drive by region, gender and age groups. By region, the incidence of people texting and driving was 24 percent in the Northeast, 28 percent in the Midwest, 30 percent in the West, and 35 percent in the South. By gender, the survey revealed that men were more inclined to text and drive; 32 percent of men admitted to texting and driving, compared to 28 percent of women. In regard to age groups, the survey found that 51 percent of the 18-34 age group and 39 percent of the 35-44 age group admitted to texting and driving. The next three age groups were classified as 45-54, 55-64 and 65 and older, with rates of 33 percent, 14 percent and 7 percent respectively.[11]

Hazard assessment

A study in 2013 estimated the following risks of a crash or near-crash among novice drivers:[12]

Activity Odds ratio
Calling on a phone 8.3
Reaching for a phone 7.1
Sending or receiving text messages 3.9
Reaching for an object other than a phone 8.0
Looking at a roadside object (Rubbernecking) 3.9
Eating 3.0
Interaction with radio (or head unit) 1.0

Among experienced drivers, calling on a phone is estimated to increase the risk of a crash or near-crash by odds ratio 2.5.[12]

In September 2017, the NHTSA released a report on distracted driving fatalities for 2015. The NHTSA considers distracted driving to include the following distractions: other occupants in the car, eating, drinking, smoking, adjusting the radio, adjusting environmental control, reaching for objects in the car, and phone use. The report stated that 3,477 people were killed and 391,000 individuals were injured in motor vehicle crashes involving distracted drivers in 2015. Of those individuals killed, 995 were believed to be killed by drivers distracted by phones. The report does not state whether this is an under- or over-representation of the level of phone use amongst drivers, or whether there is a causal relationship.[13]

The NHTSA states that 80% of accidents and 16% of highway deaths are the results of distracted drivers. The National Safety Council (NSC) estimates that 1.6 million (25%) of crashes annually are due to calling on a smartphone, and another 1 million (18%) traffic accidents are due to text messaging on a phone while driving. These numbers equate to one accident every 24 seconds attributed to distracted driving by phone use. The NSC also reported that speaking in a call while driving reduces focus on the road and the act of driving by 37%, irrespective of hands-free calling operation.[14]

The US Department of Transportation estimates that reaching for a phone distracts a driver for 4.6 seconds, or the equivalent of the length of a football field if the vehicle is traveling 55 miles per hour.[15] It has been shown that reaching for something inside the vehicle increases the accident risk by 9 times. Texting while driving increases the risk of an auto accident by 23 times.

Driving with a dog or any pet can be very dangerous. An uncaged or unharnessed animal can be a constant distraction.[16]

Driving with a dog can be very dangerous. According to a national study by AAA (American Automobile Association), 31 percent of the people that responded admitted to being distracted by their dogs. Fifty-nine percent of people that were surveyed had participated in at least one distracting behavior while driving with their dog. Eighty percent of respondents said they'd driven with their pets, and only 17 percent said they used any form of pet restraint. The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety found that looking away from the road for only two seconds doubles a driver's risk of being in a crash.[17]

A 2003 study of U.S. crash data states that driver inattention is estimated to be a factor in 20–50 percent of all police-reported crashes. Driver distraction has been determined to be a contributing factor in estimated 8–13 percent of all vehicle crashes. Of distraction-related accidents, phone use may range from 1.5 to 5 percent of contributing factors, according to a 2003 study.[18]

"Outside person, object, or event" (commonly known as rubbernecking) is the most reported cause of distraction-related accidents, followed by "adjusting radio/cassette player/CD". "Using a phone" is the eighth most reported cause of distraction-related accidents, according to the study.

According to the article "NHTSA distracted driving guidelines" in the August 2013 Motor Age magazine issue, the NHTSA released voluntary guidelines covering the use of in-car infotainment and communication devices, that have some bearing on connected car technologies and telematics. "Proposed items include disabling manual text entry and video-based systems prohibiting the display of text messages, social media or webpages while the car is in motion or in gear. The goal: Don't take the driver's eyes off the road for more than two seconds at a time, or 12 seconds in total by limiting drivers to six inputs or touches to the screen in 12 seconds". In 2011, according to the NHTSA, 1/3 of the accidents were caused by distracted driving.[19]

Driving and eating is very distracting. A correspondent for the Boston Globe, Lucia Huntington, stated "Distracted driving is the cause of many of today's traffic accidents. In a world of ever-extending commutes and busy schedules, eating while operating a vehicle has become the norm, but eating while behind the wheel proves costly for many drivers. Soups, unwieldy burgers, and hot drinks can make steering a car impossible. Although the danger of eating while driving are apparent and well known, drivers ignore them repeatedly, accounting for many crashes and near-misses." During a study done by NHTSA, the NHTSA blames "inattentive driving" for 80% of all car accidents. 2.1 percent of the total were daydreaming, personal hygiene, and eating. The location of where people live also causes people to eat and drive. Now that more people are living in the suburbs, longer commutes to work are required for some. [20]

A study by Monash University found that having one or more children in the car was 12 times more distracting than calling while driving.[21]

According to David Petrie of the Huntington Post, Children in the back seat are the worst distraction for drivers. While the focus on texting while driving is laudable, it has failed to address long-standing issues. In both cases an incoming call and a crying child create a situation where the driver should pull over and not attempt to multitask.[8]

A study by AAA found that talking to a passenger was as distracting as talking in a call on a hands-free smartphone.[22]

Today's youth is being blamed for most of the distracted driving, but really adults are at fault too. More than 600 parents and caregivers were surveyed in two Michigan emergency rooms while their children, ages 1–12 years, were being treated for any reason. During this survey, almost 90% of drivers reported engaging in at least one technology-related distraction while driving their children in the past month. The parents who disclosed conducting call on their phone—hand held or hands free—while driving—were 2.6 times likely to have reportedly been involved in a motor vehicle crash.[23]

Risk characterization

The rising annual rate of fatalities from distracted driving corresponds to both the number of cell phone subscriptions per capita, as well as the average number of text messages sent per month. From 2009 to 2011, the number of text messages sent increased by nearly 50 percent.[24]

Distracted driving offenders are more likely to report driving while drowsy, going 20 miles per hour over the speed limit, driving aggressively, not stopping at a red light or stop sign, and driving while under the influence of alcohol.[25]

The American Automobile Association (AAA) reports that younger drivers are overwhelmingly more likely than older drivers to text message and talk on cell phones while driving. However, the proportion of drivers aged 35–44 who reported talking on cell phones while driving is not significantly lower than those drivers aged 18–24 who report doing so.[26]

Cultural change is needed to stop teens from texting while driving. It took ten years to get people to buckle up. Now eighty-five percent of people in cars wear seatbelts. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator David Strickland says the standards need to be consistent from state to state. The only way to do that is national legislation. Federal seat belt and drunk driving initiatives have already made a difference. In the end, battling distracted driving is going to have to be a cultural change.[8]

Accident risk assessment

In 2011, Shutko and Tijerina reviewed a large naturalistic study of in field operational tests on cars, heavy product vehicles, and commercial vehicles and buses and concluded that:

  • Most of the collisions and near misses that occur involve inattention as a contributing factor.
  • Visual inattention (looking away from the road ahead) is the single most significant factor contributing to crash and near-crash involvement.
  • Cognitive distraction associated with listening to, or talking on, a handheld or hands-free device is associated with crashes and near-miss events to a lesser extent than is commonly believed, and such distractions may even enhance safety in some instances.[27]

Effects on the brain

Brain activity without distractions

The somatosensory association, parietal and visual cortices are not significantly activated during simple driving tasks, like driving straight or making a right-hand turn. A left turn with no oncoming traffic presents a little more activation in the premotor cortex, somatosensory area, visual and parietal cortices, as well as the cerebellum. When oncoming traffic is introduced while trying to make a left-hand turn, there is a significant activation multiple bilateral regions in the mid-posterior braid, which includes motor and premotor areas, visual, parietal, and somatosensory regions, and the cerebellum.[28]

Brain activity with distractions

When something as simple as answering general knowledge true or false questions are introduced as a distraction to the driver, the brain activity is increased during both straight driving and when turning left with the presence of oncoming traffic. When just driving straight, which showed very little brain activation without distraction, is paired with answering simple questions, there is a significant increase in brain activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally, along with the auditory cortex and parietal lobes. There was also decreased activation in occipital-visual regions of the brain. When a left turn plus traffic, which already yielded the most activation of the undistracted driving tasks, had audio tasks added to the tasking, auditory, motor, somatosensory, visual, parietal, and cerebellar regions were activated. There was also significant additional activation bilaterally in the anterior brain areas, mainly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontal polar region.[28]

Driving ability

The areas of the brain that have decreased activation during a moment of multitasking are areas of spatial processing and spatial attention. Because of this, it is important for drivers to focus on only the task at hand, driving. Even though driving becomes a primary cognitive function, when drivers are distracted (e.g.on their cell phones, talking to passengers, or fiddling with the radio), the areas of the brain that need to be activated to safely operate the vehicle are not.[29]

Consequences

Distracted driving is a growing problem in the United States. It is responsible for many deaths that could otherwise be prevented, especially in the younger generation of drivers. In 2008, there were 23,059 accidents involving 16- to 19-year-olds, which led to 194 deaths. Of these deaths, 10 percent were reported to be caused by distracted driving. Throughout the United States, over 3,000 deaths and 416,000 injuries annually can be attributed to distracted driving.[30] To further illustrate the seriousness of this "epidemic," driving while texting is about 4 times more likely to result in an accident than drinking while driving. Not only is distracted driving more likely to result in an accident, but the risk of injury requiring hospital visitation is 3–5 times greater than the rate for other accidents.[31]

Some distracted driving accidents include:-

In 2017, Thames Valley Police in England issued a video of a truck driver who killed a family by driving whilst using his mobile phone.[32]

In 2013, numerous people were also killed in the Santiago de Compostela derailment where the driver had been using the telephone.

Solutions

Thirty-nine states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) have passed laws related to distracted driving.[33] Additionally, 41 states, DC and Guam have banned text messaging for all drivers, and 10 states, DC and Guam prohibit drivers from holding phones while driving.[34] However, no state currently completely bans all use of the device, including hands-free.[35] Each state varies in the restrictions placed upon drivers.[36]

Current US laws are not strictly enforced. Punishments are so mild that people pay little attention. Drivers are not categorically prohibited from using phones while driving. For example, using earphones to talk and texting with a hands-free device remain legal.[33]

Laws have not led to consistent driver compliance. Hand-held phone usage fell in New York in the five months after the hands-free law took effect. However, it returned to near the prior level by the 16-month mark.[37]

Another approach is through education. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and NHTSA conducted a series of initiatives and campaigns, such as "One Text or Call Could Wreck It all", "Stop the Texts, Stop the Wrecks" advertisement, and "Faces of Distracted Driving". The "Stop the Texts, Stop the Wrecks" commercials advocate safe driving habits via vivid scenarios,[38] attempting to make the consequences of distraction more tangible. The "Faces of Distracted Driving" is a DOT online video series that focuses on individuals who have been personally affected.[39]

The cellular network providers AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile and several hundred other organizations have teamed up to create the "It Can Wait" campaign, that started on May 20, 2013 (Wireless Leaders Unite for "It Can Wait" Campaign to Curb Texting While Driving, 2013). The campaign is an attempt to inform young drivers that no phone call or text message is worth a life.[40]

Washington State has also created a video PSA to educate people about the dangers of distracting driving.[citation needed]

Avoiding distracted driving

Some employers have taken steps to reduce distracted driving beyond current legislation. The military permits only hands-free use of phones. Freight companies ban phone use while driving.[41]

In October 2009, President Obama signed an executive order banning federal employees from sending texts in government cars.[8]

U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood introduced his "Blueprint for Ending Distracted Driving," a plan for reducing distracted driving accidents and related deaths.[42] This blueprint encourages the eleven states without distracted driving laws to enact such legislation. It challenges the auto industry to adopt guidelines to reduce the potential for distraction. It recommended that states partner with driving educators on new curriculum materials.[43]

Technology

Automakers are providing dashboard and heads-up displays to allow driving information to be available without the driver looking away from the road. Gesture- and voice-based interfaces simplify controlling the vehicle and its services. Mobile applications such as LifeSaver, bSafeMobile, DriveScribe and TextLimit disable communication when the phone is moving. A similar approach is under investigation by telecom providers.[44]

On January 7, 2014, an article in CNNMoney announced a partnership between AT&T and car manufacturers Audi and Tesla. AT&T head of emerging devices, Glenn Lurie told CNNMoney that these advancements reflect a major step forward in converting cars form mindless machines to intelligent gadgets. AT&T says everything is going to be connected. The car will be easier to use, safer, reduce distracted driving, and deliver infotainment. When asked "Will these innovations increase distracted driving?", Mr. Laurie replied, "Visual distractions will be limited to passengers as drivers can keep their hands on the wheel." One will need only their voice to send messages and communicate with their car.[45]

Toyota is working on perfecting technology that will monitor driver's eyelids to make sure they are looking at the road. Other carmakers are also working on similar technology. For example, General Motors has a pilot program using it to monitor distraction, and Jaguar Land Rover monitors the driver's eyes to create the 3D image for its "Virtual Windscreen".[46]

Cellebrite has reportedly developed a textalyzer device that can be used to scan a vehicle driver's smartphone after an accident or incident to determine whether the phone was used to make calls or send text messages or e-mails during operation of the vehicle.[47]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Driver Distraction in Commercial Vehicle Operations" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  3. ^ a b "Most U.S. Drivers Engage in 'Distracting' Behaviors: Poll". HealthDay. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  4. ^ "Three main types of distraction". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  5. ^ "Texting while driving". U.S Department of Transportation. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  6. ^ "Distraction and Teen Crashes: Even Worse than We Thought - AAA NewsRoom". 25 March 2015.
  7. ^ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, September 2010
  8. ^ a b c d Kiesbye, Stefan. Distracted Driving. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2012. Print.
  9. ^ Copeland, Larry (12 November 2013). "Drivers still Web surfing while driving, survey finds". USA Today. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  10. ^ "Distracted Driving." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 07 Mar. 2016. Web. 12 Apr. 2016.
  11. ^ "Erie Insurance Distracted Driving Survey Finds Drivers Doing All Sorts of Dangerous Things behind the Wheel-from PDA to Taking Selfies to Changing Clothes." Erie Insurance.
  12. ^ a b Klauer, S. G.; Guo, F.; Simons-Morton, B. G.; Ouimet, M. C.; Lee, S. E.; Dingus, T. A. (2014). "Distracted Driving and Risk of Road Crashes among Novice and Experienced Drivers". New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (1): 54–59. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1204142. PMC 4183154. PMID 24382065.
  13. ^ "U.S. DOT National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Distracted Drive Report released September 2017". Retrieved 16 Oct 2017.
  14. ^ Understanding the Distracted Brain (PDF), National Safety Council, March 2010
  15. ^ Distracted Driving: What You Need to Know, US Department of Transportation, retrieved July 18, 2012
  16. ^ "Driver Distractions - Don't Be a Statistic." Driver Distractions - Don't Be a Statistic. Web.
  17. ^ "Driving with your dog can be dangerous: here's why." Dog Watch 14.10 (2010): 2. General OneFile. Web. 27 Sept. 2013.
  18. ^ Eby, David; Lidia Kostyniuk (May 2003). Driver distraction and crashes: An assessment of crash databases and review of the literature (PDF). The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
  19. ^ Albright, Brian. "NHTSA distracted driving guidelines." Motor Age Aug. 2013: 12. General OneFile. Web. 20 Sept. 2013.
  20. ^ Huntington, Lucia. "Eating Behind the Wheel Is a Distraction." Distracted Driving. Ed. Stefan Kiesbye. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from "The Real Distraction at the Wheel." Boston Globe 14 Oct. 2009. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 27 Sept. 2013.
  21. ^ "Children more distracting than mobile phones, Monash University". Monash.edu. 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  22. ^ "Measuring cognitive distractions" (PDF). Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  23. ^ Kilgore, Christine. "Parents--not just teens--are distracted while driving." Pediatric News July 2013: 4. Academic OneFile. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
  24. ^ Wireless Quick Facts, International Association for Wireless Telecommunications, December 2011
  25. ^ Beck KH, Yan F, Wang MQ. Cell phone users, reported crash risk, unsafe driving behaviors and dispositions: a survey of motorists in Maryland. J Safety Res. 2007;38:683-8
  26. ^ Cell Phones and Driving: Research Update (PDF), Automobile Association of America, December 2008
  27. ^ Shutko, J. and Tijerina, L., (2011), Ford's Approach to Managing Driver Attention: SYNC and MyFord Touch, Ergonomics In Design, Vol. 19, No. 4, October 2011, pp. 13-16
  28. ^ a b Schweizer, T. A.; Kan, K.; Hung, Y.; Fred, T.; Naglie, G.; Graham, S. (2013). "Brain activity during driving with distraction an immersive fMRI study". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 7 (53): 1–11. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00053.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  29. ^ Just, M. A., Keller, T. A., & Cynkar, J. A. (2008) A decrease in brain activation associated with driving when listening to someone speak. Elsevier. 70-80
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  32. ^ Lambert, Maxime (13 July 2017). "Sécurité routière : la police anglaise veut que tous les conducteurs voient la vidéo de cet horrible accident de voiture" (in French). Gentside. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  33. ^ a b Ibrahim, J.K.; Anderson, E. D.; Burris, S. C.; Wagenaar, A. C. (2011). "State Laws Restricting Driver Use of Mobile Communications Devices: Distracted-Driving Provisions, 1992–2010". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 40 (6): 659–665. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.02.024.
  34. ^ "State laws". U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  35. ^ National Safety Council, (2017) The State of Safety - A State-by-State Report. Itasca, IL. accessed at:http://www.nsc.org/NSCDocuments_Advocacy/State-of-Safety/State-Report.pdf
  36. ^ "| GHSA". www.ghsa.org. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
  37. ^ Kolko, J.D. (2009). "The Effects of Mobile Phones and Hands-Free Laws on Traffic Fatalities". The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy. 9 (1): 1–26. doi:10.2202/1935-1682.2004.
  38. ^ "Public Awareness Campaigns". U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  39. ^ "DOT Launches Faces of Distracted Driving Site as Part of Ongoing Awareness Campaign". Professional Safety. 56 (1): 12. 2011.
  40. ^ Quisenberry, Phillip Neil."Texting and Driving: Can it be Explained By the General Theory of Crime?" American Journal of Criminal Justice 40.25 (2015;2014;): 303-16. Web.
  41. ^ National Safety Council. Employer Cell Phone Policies. Available at www.nsc.org. Accessed June 15, 2012. Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS): Cell Phone Policies of Companies with Best Fleet Safety Performance. Available at www.trafficsafety.org. June 15, 2012
  42. ^ ""U.S. Transportation Secretary LaHood Issues 'Blueprint for Ending Distracted Driving,' Announces $2.4 Million for California, Delaware Pilot Projects"". Nhtsa.gov. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  43. ^ "U.S. Transportation Secretary LaHood Issues 'Blueprint for Ending Distracted Driving'". U.S. Department of Transportation. 7 June 2012.
  44. ^ Stay informed today and every day (2013-11-30). "Monitor: Fatal distraction". The Economist. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  45. ^ Feldman, Joel. "The next generation of Audi and Telsa automobiles are about to become more like smartphones on wheels thanks to AT&T." End Distracted Driving. End Distracted Driving, 24 Jan. 2014. Web.
  46. ^ "Toyota takes self-driving step with patent for eyelid detection device". Autoblog.com. 23 March 2015.
  47. ^ David Kravets (2016-04-11). "First came the Breathalyzer, now meet the roadside police "textalyzer"". Arstechnica.com. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
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