Skunks as pets
A pet skunk is a skunk kept by humans for companionship and enjoyment. Although capable of living indoors with humans similarly to dogs or cats, pet skunks are relatively rare, partly due to restrictive laws and the complexity of their care. Pet skunks are mainly kept in the United States, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy.
In the United States, pet skunks can be purchased from licensed animal shelters, non-profit skunk educational organizations such as the American Domestic Skunk Association, Inc., or breeders with a permit from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Baby skunk availability peaks during springtime, immediately following the skunk mating season. Some large fur farms sell surplus skunks to pet stores.
Skunks are probably best known for their ability to spray foul-smelling fluid as a defense against predators. Most wild skunks spray only when injured or attacked, as a defense mechanism. The mercaptan-emitting scent glands are usually removed in pet skunks at about four weeks of age.[1]
History
Skunks are native to the Americas and are noted in historical accounts of Christopher Columbus. Skunks were reportedly kept as pets by some Native American nations. Farmers valued domesticated skunks for their ability to kill rodents and other pests. Skunk pelts were also used for coats and frequently passed off as marten fur. Before the 1950s, they were sold under ambiguous names such as "American sable" and "Alaskan sable".[2] The courts finally ruled that the customer must be informed of any purchase that contained skunk parts. The skunk fur market subsequently collapsed. Since then, skunks have been mainly bred as pets.
In the 20th century, most U.S. states outlawed the keeping of wild animals as part of their efforts to stem the spread of rabies. Only about one-third of states continued to allow domestic skunks. In the 1990s, skunk enthusiasts began establishing mailing lists and organized for skunk law reform. In the 2000s, similar initiatives took place in Canada.
Temperament
Skunks are sensitive, intelligent animals.[3] They also tend to be highly curious. Skunks will open cupboards that are left unlocked. Skunks tend to be very friendly, loving, entertaining and playful. However, they can also be stubborn and headstrong. Some owners have noticed skunks smelling something that was spilled on the carpet long ago, and attempting to dig to find out what is buried there. Like ferrets, their curiosity can lead them into danger, especially if they crawl inside reclining chairs or other machinery.[4] Due to the complexity of their care, and the negative image of skunks as foul-smelling animals, many people will not keep a skunk as a pet.
Skunk care
Handling skunks
A new skunk will be rather disoriented after arriving in a new home. It should be held and cuddled as much as possible, so that it will grow into a friendly, affectionate pet. Skunks that are not touched much as babies tend to become shy and retreat from humans.[5]
In particular, it is important to touch, rub, and play with their feet and toes to get them used to humans touching their feet. This will make it easier to trim their claws later.[6] This is also the time to start hand-feeding the skunk so that he will learn to avoid biting fingers at treat time.
Skunk expert Jane Bone writes:[7]
- The more you gently handle and fondle your baby skunk, the more docile it will be when it grows up. The more you hold and talk to a baby skunk, the more love will come your way from this skunk as it grows. More homes have been cleaned, meals prepared or football games watched with a baby skunk snuggled inside a T-shirt tucked into a waistband than you could ever imagine. Being this close to you, the baby skunk will learn that it is great to be part of your family as you protect it and calm it down, feeling warm and wonderful all over that you are its new Mom or Dad!
One of the most charming modes of play with a baby pet skunk is to get on one's hands and knees, and playfully tap the floor with the fingers of one hand, while moving the hand toward the skunk. They quickly get the idea, and will respond with a sort of cat-like rearing up and coming down on their front feet in a playfully threatening way. The amusing thing about baby skunks, however, is as they make their move, they will be looking you straight in the eyes with their two black eyes, while aiming, with tail raised high, their potent "weapon" directly at your eyes simultaneously.
It is better to avoid playing rough with baby skunks, or they may become aggressive as they get older. Bare hands can be used for loving and cuddling the skunk, but a stuffed toy or hand puppet should be used when playing with them due to their sharp teeth and extremely long fangs.[8]
Spanking or hitting a skunk is not recommended, since it will cause him to become vengeful. Discipline should be in the tone and volume of voice. A squirt from a spray bottle may be helpful.[9]
Housebreaking
Most skunks can be housebroken by corner training. After they choose a corner, a litter pan with unscented litter can be placed there. If the skunk misses the litter pan, after cleanup, the area should be saturated with plain white vinegar to remove the scent, so that they will not return to that spot. After the skunk's bathroom has been established, it can be moved about four inches a day to a different location. The skunk may or may not follow. If he doesn't, it may be necessary to give in, let the skunk have that corner, and block the view with a chair or bookcase placed in the corner or some other decorative idea.[10]
For covered cat litter boxes, it will probably be necessary to cut a larger opening for the skunk.[11] With any litter pan, bear in mind that regular cleaning is necessary since skunks will avoid a dirty bathroom.
Some owners have reported that their skunk could not be corner-trained or taught to use a litter box, according to Skunk Haven's Deborah Cipriani.[12]
Letting skunks outside by themselves is risky since, like ferrets, they lack a homing instinct and can easily get lost.[13] Descented skunks lack their most powerful defense against predators such as coyotes and foxes. Their nearsightedness also makes them susceptible to becoming roadkill.
Diet
Skunks need a wider variety of food than most pets. They tend to have a voracious appetite, making obesity a common problem.[14] It is important not to overfeed them. Some types of food, such as chocolate, are known to be harmful to almost all animals.
The topic of what to feed skunks is very controversial, according to Owners of Pet Skunks.[15] Mary Kaye Ashley's book, A Comprehensive Guide to Raising a Pet Skunk, recommends a ratio of 50 percent vegetables, 40 percent Skunkie Delight, and 10 percent other whole foods. Skunkie Delight is a blend of a cooked grain (millet, oats, barley, or brown rice), raw ground turkey, eggs, vegetable oil, and a variety of vitamin and mineral powders.[16] Since it is not available commercially, the owner has to mix it.
Jane Bone's Skunk Stuff describes a diet of vegetables, fruits, dairy, yogurt, vitamins and minerals, fiber, carbohydrates, and eggs.[17] Skunk Haven disagrees with this diet, and recommends their own sample diet.[18] Skunk expert Mary Kaye Ashley, as well as the American Domestic Skunk Association, Inc. also disagree with this diet.
Eugie and Matthew Foster have tried a lacto-ovum vegetarian diet with good results, with rice and beans with yogurt, cottage cheese, the occasional boiled egg, and unsalted peanuts for protein needs, and including nutritional yeast, cold-pressed safflower oil, and various vitamin supplements (including taurine and D-3) in addition to vegetables and fruit.[19]
Lynnda Butler, President of Florida Skunks as Pets, believes a small amount of sugar can be beneficial for skunks and recommends an eighth of a graham cracker or vanilla wafer a day. Others (e.g. Skunk Haven) eschew feeding skunks processed sugar altogether, citing the risk of diabetes. Skunk expert Mary Kaye Ashley, as well as the American Domestic Skunk Association, also strongly disagree with the feeding of any form of processed sugar products. Per Ms. Ashley, natural sugars (such as a small amount of fruit) can be included in the diet several times a week provided that the skunk does not suffer from hypoglycemia or diabetes. The choice of diet is ultimately up to the skunk owner.
Skunks generally do not drink a great deal of water, but clean water should always be available.
Veterinary care
Baby skunks from the pet store generally have not had any medical treatment other than scent gland removal, and will require spaying or neutering, shots, and worming. They will need to be tested for coccidia and other protozoa as well as parasites. Skunks also need to have regular yearly checkups. Dr. Frank Krupka and Skunk Haven have developed a blood panel to show if supplements or changes in diet are needed, and recommend a blood panel as part of a yearly check up.[20]
Veterinary understanding of skunks is rather limited, since scientists have not conducted as much research on skunks as they have on more common pets. Skunks do not always respond to medicines the same way as cats or dogs. As a result, there is considerable disagreement about how best to treat them. Some veterinarians say they are in the hamster family and treat them as such.(Hamsters are Rodents and Skunks are Mephitids (Mustelids by some authorities) unrelated to Rodents; based upon this and other errors this article should be more carefuly reviewed for content.]
There are several different pet skunk organizations giving out conflicting advice on skunk care. Particularly in the medical realm, it would be wise to consult multiple sources rather than rely on any one source of information from the Internet.
Spaying/neutering: Males should be neutered between 3 and 4 months of age. Females should be spayed between 4 and 6 months of age.
Vaccinations: Most skunk organizations recommend Galaxy DA2PPvL+Cv and Eclipse 4 given as a baby and then a yearly booster.[21] Some veterinarians do not recommend giving skunks even these common shots, since they were developed for dogs and cats.
Declawing: Skunks should not be declawed, since they use their claws to handle food. Instead, their claws should be trimmed occasionally. Skunks have "digging" claws like dogs, as opposed to "ripping" claws like cats.
Roundworms: Many skunks have died from roundworms. Baylisascaris columnaris is the species that infests skunks most commonly. Baylisascaris eggs can remain viable in the environment for many years, despite hot or freezing weather or certain harsh chemicals.
Skunks can be infested with roundworms for several weeks before eggs begin to be shed in feces. It is common for new skunks to have roundworms, which may be too early in development to be detected by fecal tests. Skunk experts agree that all new skunks need to be treated for roundworms, and that more than one treatment is needed. Diagnostic Parasitologist Matt Bolek recommends that "A deworming program should probably start at 7-8 weeks of age and deworm biweekly for 3-4 treatments".[22]
The frequency with which adults need to be treated for roundworms is controversial:
- Skunk Haven as well as skunk expert Mary Kaye Ashley and ADSA, Inc. recommend: "After the first series of wormings, you should worm every 4-6 months".[23]
- Owners of Pet Skunks recommends "over the counter worm medication given every couple of months and a yearly stool sample check at the vet".[24]
- Skunk expert Jane Bone recommends that all skunks be wormed once a month.[25]
The consensus is that Evict or Nemex 2 are good over-the-counter wormers for skunks. A veterinarian may have more powerful wormers. Safe, natural alternatives include seeds from cantaloupe, fig juice or cloves, according to Jane Bone.
General considerations
Overall, caring for skunks is more complicated and challenging than raising other pets. The difficulty in finding a veterinarian with experience treating skunks, the conflicting advice offered by different pet skunk organizations, and the scarcity of scientific knowledge about skunk physiology make it necessary for many skunk owners to fend for themselves. In addition, some skunks - especially those that were mistreated - may bite, refuse to use a litter box, or exhibit other negative behaviors, according to Jane Bone and Skunk Haven.
According to James Furniss, a good skunk owner needs to be a do-it-yourselfer and willing to put in a lot of effort. There are, however, relocation options if a pet skunk does not work out, including skunk shelters.[26]
Rabies
Skunks and other mammals can contract rabies by being bitten by an infected animal or eating the carcass of an infected animal. Although it is quite rare for domesticated skunks to get rabies, there have been many unfortunate cases in which an uninfected pet skunk bit a person, and then was euthanized by animal control personnel so that its brain cells could be tested for rabies.
In the United States, there is no government-approved rabies vaccine or quarantine period for skunks. In Canada, Imrab 3 is approved for off-label use as a skunk rabies vaccine.[27] If a skunk nips or bites, and the owner can produce proof of vaccination, a 2-week quarantine is required, according to Vivianne Chernoff of Skunks as Pets Canada.[28]
Many countries, such as Japan, require all newly imported skunks to be quarantined.[29] The Guardian recently reported that the UK lacks quarantine kennels licensed to hold skunks.[30]
Legality
Canadian pet skunks must be purchased from a USDA-certified breeder in the United States. An import permit is required from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency to bring the skunk into the country. The skunk must be spayed or neutered, and receive a microchip implant or tattoo. A vet check fee must also be paid. Black-and-white skunks are illegal in Canada. Pet skunks kept for any reason are banned in the Canadian province of Ontario, as of 1999. A brief attempt to lobby the provincial government to allow for captive-bred skunks to be excluded from the regulation, which pertained to wildlife native to Ontario being kept in captivity, was unsuccessful.
Inside the European Union, purchasing or transferring skunks between countries is not regulated in any way.[citation needed] Skunks also carry no contagious diseases, which would mandate quarantining them or requiring pet passports or vet certifications. Importing skunks from outside the EU area might not be allowed; laws differ from country to country.
American laws on skunk ownership vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Some states, such as Georgia, will allow only certain colors (no black-and-whites). The reasoning is that black-and-white skunks too closely resemble wild skunks. Banning black-and-whites reduces the chance that people will steal skunks from the wild and pass them off as pen-bred skunks.
American skunk dealers earning more than $500 a year on the skunk trade are regulated by the United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA/APHIS), which has established three classes of licensed skunk dealers.[31] A class A license allows one to breed skunks; a class B license allows one to sell skunks; and a class C license allows one to display them to the public.
Skunk regulations can change from time to time, so prospective skunk owners may want to check with the Fish and Game Commission or Department of Conservation and Natural Resources in their state.
| State | Legality | Statute |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Legal, if bred in state | |
| Alaska | Illegal | |
| Arkansas | Illegal | Game and Fish Commission Code 15.18 |
| Arizona | Illegal | |
| California | Illegal | Health Requirements Governing the Admission of Animals |
| Colorado | Illegal | |
| Connecticut | Illegal | |
| Connecticut | Illegal | |
| Delaware | Illegal | |
| Florida | Legal, with permit | |
| Georgia | Legal, except black & whites | Dept. of Natural Resources Laws Related to Native Wildlife |
| Hawaii | Illegal | |
| Idaho | Illegal | Statute 25-236 |
| Illinois | Illegal | |
| Indiana | Legal, with permit | |
| Iowa | Legal | |
| Kansas | Illegal | |
| Kentucky | Legal in some counties | Administrative Regulations 301 2:081(6)(2)(g) |
| Louisiana | Illegal | |
| Maine | Illegal | |
| Maryland | Illegal | Maryland Code §10-621(b)(1)) |
| Massachusetts | Legal, with permit | |
| Michigan | Legal with permit; outside cage must be built; must be Michigan bred. | |
| Minnesota | Illegal | Statute 145.365 |
| Mississippi | Illegal | |
| Missouri | Illegal | Wildlife Code 3 CSR 10-9 |
| Montana | Illegal | Montana code 50-23-101 and 50-23-102 |
| Nebraska | Illegal | Statute 37-477(2) |
| Nevada | Illegal | Health Requirements Governing the Admission of Animals |
| New Hampshire | Striped skunks illegal; hooded and spotted legal. | |
| New Jersey | Legal, with permit & if bred in state. | Health Requirements Governing the Admission of Animals |
| New Mexico | Legal, with permit | Administrative Code 7.4.2.12 |
| New York | Legal with permit, in some areas only. | |
| North Carolina | Illegal | Administrative Code 52B.0212(a)(1) |
| North Dakota | Illegal | State Board of Animal Health Animal Importation Requirements |
| Ohio | Legal, with permit | |
| Oklahoma | Legal, but must have import permit and health certificate. | |
| Oregon | Legal, if bought outside of the state, with import permit and health certificate. Illegal to sell or trade skunks. | |
| Pennsylvania | Legal, with permit | |
| Rhode Island | Illegal | |
| South Carolina | Permit now required; currently owned are legal, but no more will be permitted. Illegal to buy or sell skunks. | Code of Laws Title 47 Chapter 5 and Title 50 Chapter 16 Section 50-16-20 |
| South Dakota | Legal without permit; only one skunk per person. | |
| Tennessee | Illegal | Tennessee Code 10-101(18) and 10-108(2) |
| Texas | Illegal | |
| Utah | Illegal | |
| Vermont | Illegal | |
| Virginia | Illegal | Virginia Administrative Code 4 15-20-50 and 4 15-30-10. See Legality of pet skunks in Virginia. |
| Washington | Illegal | Administrative Code 246-100-191(1)(b)(ii) |
| West Virginia | Legal, with permit | |
| Wisconsin | Legal, with permit | Wisconsin Statutes Chapter 169 and Dept. of Natural Resurces Chapter NR 16 |
| Wyoming | Legal (classified as predatory animals; as such may be kept as pets with no license required) | Statute 23-1-101 |
| Washington, D.C. | Illegal |
Politics
Several activists are seeking legalization of pet skunks in the jurisdictions where they are currently banned. Their activities have included supporting bills and testifying before legislative panels.
In 2001, Del. George W. Owings III introduced a bill in the Maryland legislature to legalize pet skunks in that state.[32] Several officials spoke in opposition to the measure before the Environmental Matters committee. Mike Slattery, testifying on behalf of the Maryland Department of Natural Resources], criticized the idea, saying it would encourage "Bambi syndrome", the tendency to domesticate wild animals. State health officials pointed out that the bill, HB 91, required rabies vaccinations when there is no federally approved rabies vaccine for skunks.[33]
Rabies has, in fact, been a key issue in skunk-related legislative debates. Since wild skunks account for the second-largest number of rabies cases in wildlife in the US, many legislators have been reluctant to allow domestic skunks without an appropriate vaccine on the market. In addition to the problems at the state level, federal organizations set the policy for dealing with accidental skunk bites, which currently requires euthanizing the animal so rabies tests can be performed.
In February 1990, a rabies vaccine called Imrab 3 was approved for ferrets.[34] Many skunk advocates believe the vaccine would also be effective for skunks, and are pushing to have it tested for this use. They also favor clinical tests to determine the appropriate quarantine/observation period in case of a skunk bite. This would provide a way to test skunks without the need for euthanasia. According to Aspen Skunk Rabies Research, part of the reason this research hasn't been done yet is the high cost of these clinical trials, which would be difficult for drug companies to recoup.[35]
In the early 2000s, People for Domestic Skunks gathered more than 4,000 signatures for its Nationwide Domestic Skunk Petition.[36] According to Aspen Skunk Rabies Research, Inc., the effectiveness of petitions is limited by the fact that many important decisions are made by national organizations.[37] The National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians' annual Rabies Compendium sets the procedures for what to do if a skunk bites someone.
In Canada, Mike Freeman of Freeman's Exotic Skunks was ordered in 1999 by Natural Resources Canada to destroy his entire stock of 100 adult and 700 baby skunks. Although the agency had approved his farm in 1997, the 1998 Fish and Wildlife Act outlawed breeding. NRC Minister John Snobelen ultimately gave him six months to sell or give away the animals in the U.S., saying, "No one wants to see these animals euthanized and that won't have to happen".[38]
Skunks as Pets Canada leader Vivianne Chernoff and other activists subsequently persuaded the Canadian Food Inspection Agency to legalize importation of pen-bred skunks.[citation needed] Although NRC does not recognize the CFIA laws, the CFIA assured Chernoff that NRC cannot confiscate a micro-chipped skunk whose legality is documented with import papers and a health certificate. In 2004, Canadian activists were working on having a tear duct rabies test legalized for skunks.[39]
In the United Kingdom, the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons recommended in 1987 that elective skunk scent gland removal be classified as an unacceptable procedure:[40] The discharge of anal sac contents as a result of fear or other stress is normal, and the removal of normally functioning sacs is not an acceptable procedure. Infection or other pathological conditions can result in recurring or chronic discharge or in fistula and sinus formation. Removal in such circumstances is an acceptable therapeutic measure. Anal sacs are sometimes removed from animals such as the skunk and fox in order to make them more acceptable as domestic animals. The Working Party does not accept that this is an ethical procedure and considers that anal sacs should not be removed for other than therapeutic reasons.
Organizations
Pet skunk organizations can be a source of useful advice for skunk owners. Some organizations also hold annual skunk shows. Prizes are awarded in categories such as Prettiest Tail, Friendliest, Most Talented, etc.
The American Domestic Skunk Association] provides the following services to all skunk owners, prospective owners, and interested parties:[41]
- Education for Skunk Owners & the General Public
- 24-Hour Phone & Web Support
- Skunk Kitten Adoptions
- Rescue, Rehabilitation & Adoption
- Skunk Shows & Events
- Newsletters & Skunk Care Guide
- Research Program
Owners of Pet Skunks is a non-profit organization whose mission is to better the lives of captive-bred skunks. OOPS has an annual picnic and publishes a quarterly newsletter containing informative articles about skunks, human interest stories, puzzles, information on skunk related laws, and regional and national events.[42]
Skunk Haven Skunk Rescue, Shelter, and Education, Inc. is based in Ohio and provides the following services:
- For emergencies, staff are on call 24/7 by phone and/or via the Internet.
- An international network of people helping with rescues. Teaching new owners about diet, health, and behaviors of their pet skunk. Also assisting prospective owners to determine if a skunk is a viable pet to fit their lifestyle phone or email, and also through our Yahoo skunk list, SkunkInfo.
- The shelter has Federal USDA/APHIS and State permits to accept surrendered pet skunks into the shelter and to perform adoptions nationally. Also, these permits allow SkunkHaven to perform exhibition and education programs.
- Skunk Haven will provide free Skunk Care brochures to any public or private source upon request.
- Skunk Haven has set blood normals for skunks and has current ongoing collective data being performed by a licensed veterinarian.[43]
- Skunk Haven also maintains a regularly updated list of legal states.[44]
- The homebase of Skunk Haven, in North Ridgeville, OH, is the home of SkunkFest. SkunkFest is held each year on the second Saturday in September. The organization has a newsletter called SkunkNews and a Yahoo discussion list.[45]
- The homebase is also licensed for rehab/release of wild skunks.
Skunks as Pets has chapters in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, North Dakota, Mississippi, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Canada, and Germany.[46]
External links
 | This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. |
General information
- American Domestic Skunk Association, Inc. 501(c)3 non-profit educational group. Mary Kaye Ashley, Board President. Adoptions available (pen-raised babies and homeless adults).
- Aspen Skunk Rabies Research, Inc. ASRR's mission is "to obtain a government approved rabies vaccine and quarantine period for skunks so that skunks, and the people who love them, can live in harmony without fear of rabies or rabies testing."
- Bow to Me for I am the Domestic Skunk, Diana Geiger, BellaOnline. Brief overview of skunk care.
- Comprehensive Guide to Raising a Pet Skunk. Written by Mary Kaye Ashley. Published and distributed by the American Domestic Skunk Association, Inc. First Draft Edition, 1998.
- Detention Period of Dogs, Cats, Raccoons, Foxes and Skunks In Accordance with the Rabies Prevention Law, Animal Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan.
- Finding a Pet Skunk: Tips of Finding and Selecting A Skunk Breeder, Lianne McLeod, Exotic Pets writer. Detailed info on finding a good-quality skunk.
- The History of Ferrets, Pamela Grant, STAR*Ferrets.
- House Bill 91, An Act Concerning Disease Prevention - Rabies - Domestic Skunks, Maryland House of Delegates, 2001.
- Information on Parasites in Skunks by Matt Bolek, Diagnostic Parasitologist.
- Owners of Pet Skunks Skunk care advice, reference materials, photos, and more.
- Puzzola Americana Skunks in Italy
- Report of Working Party Established by RCVS Council to Consider the Mutilation of Animals, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, Feb. 1987.
- Skunk, Vintage Fashion Guild.
- Skunk Colors, The Skunk's Den Shop.
- Skunk Haven Skunk Rescue, Shelter, and Education, Inc.
- Skunk Stuff, a comprehensive guide to skunk ownership covering a variety of topics of interest to prospective skunk owners. The author, Jane Bone, has owned more than 1,000 skunks and done research in conjunction with the San Diego Zoo.
- Skunks 101 Frequently asked questions answered by Eugie and Matthew Foster.
- Skunks as Pets State-by-state legal information, published articles, reproductive facts, and more.
- Skunks as Pets Canada The Canadian SAP chapter has information on importing skunks from other countries.
- So You Think You Might Want a Skunk? A description of skunk personality.
- Stichting Het Stinkdier, Dutch skunk enthusiasts.
- Vicki Fox's skunk page Brief introduction to skunk ownership.
- What to Expect from a Pet Skunk, Lianne McLeod, exotic pets writer.
- Whatever happened to the Wonderful Skunk and Opossum web site, James Firmiss.
- Wild Skunk Information, Dr. Jerry Dragoo, Dragoo Institute for the Betterment of Skunks and Skunk Reputations.
- Alles über Stinktiere, German skunk enthusiasts.
News articles
- 6-Month Reprieve Stinks, Skunk Breeder Says, Theresa Boyle, Toronto Star, Apr. 28, 1999.
- Allowing Skunks as Pets Stinks, Some Lawmakers Say, Nashiah Ahmad, Capital News Service, Jan. 23, 2001.
- Infectious Disease Time-Bomb, Captive Animals Protection Society.
- Millions of Americans Keep Pepe Le Pew as Household Pet, Jamie Spikes.
- Skunk's Allure is Heaven Scent, Owners Told, James Meikle, The Guardian, Aug. 12, 2003.