List of human disease case fatality rates
Appearance
This is a list of human disease case fatality rates ( CFRs ). A CFR is the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die during the course of the disease (cf. mortality rate). Data are based on optimally treated patients and exclude isolated cases or minor outbreaks, unless otherwise indicated.
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Disease | Treatment | CFR | Notes | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies | Treatable | 10% | Includes Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and all its variants, fatal familial insomnia, kuru, Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome and others. | [1] |
African trypanosomiasis | Untreated | ~ 100% | [2] | |
Visceral leishmaniasis | Untreated | ~ 100% | [3] | |
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva | Currently Incurable | ~ 100% | Death almost always results from complications of FOP, life expectancy is about 40 years | [4] |
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, Naegleria fowleri | Untreated | ~ 99% | Amphotericin B has shown efficacy in the limited survivorship population. Around 7 documented survivors | [1] |
Rabies | Untreated | ~ 99% | Preventable with vaccines down to ~0% CFR and treatable with PEP but, once the symptoms manifest, the CFR is near 100%. Around 16 documented survivors after symptom onset, all but 3 did not receive any Rabies (specific) treatment at any time before symptom onset. Of those 3, only 1 survived without the use of a therapeutic coma | [5] |
Balamuthia | Opportunistic & Untreated[6] | ~ 99% | 2 survivors, both have permanent brain damage. | [7] |
Glanders, septicemic | Untreated | 95% | The rate drops significantly to >50% with treatment. | [8] |
Smallpox Variola major – specifically the malignant (flat) or hemorrhagic type | Untreated | ~ 95% | The rate drops significantly to 10% with effective treatments.
Eradicated. |
[9]: 28 [10] |
Ebola virus disease – specifically EBOV | Untreated | 83–90% |
Prognosis improved by early supportive treatments as seen in the West African epidemic and the Kivu outbreak. | [11][12] |
AIDS/HIV infection | Untreated | 80–90% | Data are counted during the first 5 years of infection in developed countries. HIV is not actually lethal but patients are usually killed by respiratory diseases, such as flu or pneumonia because of immunodeficiency caused by HIV virus. | [13]: 1 |
Anthrax, specifically the pulmonary form | Untreated & Unvaccinated | > 85% | Early treatments lower the CFR to 45% as seen in the 2001 AMERITHRAX letter attacks.
Monoclonal antibodies (Obilotoxaximab & Raxibacumab) could lower this further. |
[9]: 88 |
Aspergillosis, invasive pulmonary form | Opportunistic w/COPD, Tuberculosis and Immunocompromised | 50–90% | [14] | |
Smallpox, Variola major – in pregnant women | Unvaccinated | > 65% | [9]: 88 | |
Cryptococcal meningitis | Co-infection with HIV | 40–60% | 6 month mortality is >=60% with fluconazole-based therapy and 40% with amphotercin-based therapy in research studies in low and middle income countries. | [15] |
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 | ~ 60% | [16] | ||
Bubonic plague | Untreated & Unvaccinated | 5–60% | [9]: 57 | |
Tularemia, pneumonic | Untreated | ≤ 60% | [9]: 78 | |
Anthrax, gastrointestinal, intestinal type | Untreated & Unvaccinated | > 50% | [9]: 27 | |
Marburg virus disease – all outbreaks combined | Untreated | 23–90% | 23% in 1967 when it was first identified and 90% in 2004-2005 when the worst outbreak of the disease occurred. Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Filoviridae | [17][18] |
Plague, pneumonic | Untreated & Unvaccinated | 50% | [9]: 58 | |
Tetanus, Generalized | Untreated & Unvaccinated | 50% | CFR drops to 10–20% with effective treatment. | [19] |
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | Untreated | ~ 45% | Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae | [20] |
Reye's Syndrome | > 40% | [21] | ||
Baylisascariasis | ~40% | With occurrence of Neural Larva Migrans; early, aggressive treatment necessary for survival, but only 2 full recoveries from NLM ever documented | [22] | |
Plague, septicemic | Untreated & Unvaccinated | 30–50% | [9]: 58 | |
Tularemia, typhoidal | Untreated | 3–35% | [9]: 77 | |
Yellow fever | Unvaccinated | 7.5% | [23] | |
Eastern equine encephalitis virus | ~ 33% | [24] | ||
Anthrax, gastrointestinal, oropharyngeal type | 10–50% | [9]: 27 | ||
Tuberculosis, HIV Negative | Vaccine | 43% | Vaccines have been developed but have been frequently dismissed for having received controversial and improper testing on African populations. | [25] |
Smallpox, Variola major | Unvaccinated | 30% | [9]: 88 | |
Varicella (chickenpox), in newborns | Untreated | ~ 30% | Where the mothers develop the disease between 5 days prior to, or 2 days after delivery. | [13]: 110 |
Cancer (overall) | Treated | 30% | [26] | |
Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) | Untreated | 26% | Dengue haemorrhagic fever is also known as severe dengue.[27] | [28] |
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) | Untreated | ~21% | Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Bunyavirales | [29] |
Leptospirosis | < 5–30% | [13]: 352 | ||
Legionellosis | ~ 15% | [13]: 665 | ||
Anorexia Nervosa | Cohort summary | 16% | [30] | |
Meningococcal disease | Untreated & Unvaccinated | 10–20% | [31] | |
Typhoid fever | Untreated & Unvaccinated | 10–20% | [13]: 665 | |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | 11% | Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae | [32] | |
Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) | Early estimate of case fatality rate between 1.4%-6.5% | Viral infection. Outbreak starting in December 2019 originating in Wuhan, China, ongoing as of January 2020. Case fatality rate assumed to be lower than SARS, but has asymptomatic transmission period of 9 days. | [33][34] | |
Intestinal capillariasis | Untreated | ~ 10% | [35] | |
Visceral leishmaniasis | ~ 10% | [36] | ||
Botulism | Treated | < 10% | Untreated foodborne botulism is thought to be ~50% | [37] |
Diphtheria, respiratory | Untreated & Unvaccinated | ~ 5–10% | [38] | |
Pertussis (whooping cough), infants in developing countries | Unvaccinated | ~ 3.7% | [13]: 456 | |
Smallpox, Variola major | Vaccinated | 3% | [9]: 88 | |
Spanish (1918) flu | Treated | > 2.5% | [39] | |
Measles (rubeola), in developing countries | Unvaccinated | ~ 1–3% | May reach 10–30% in some localities. | [13]: 431 |
Brucellosis | Untreated | ≤ 2% | [13]: 87 | |
Hepatitis A, adults > 50 years old | Unvaccinated | ~ 1.8% | [13]: 278 | |
Lassa fever | ~ 1% | 15% in hospitalized patients; higher in some epidemics. | [13]: 334 | |
Mumps encephalitis | Unvaccinated | ~ 1% | [13]: 431 | |
Pertussis (whooping cough), children in developing countries | Unvaccinated | ~ 1% | For children 1–4 years old. | [13]: 456 |
Smallpox, Variola minor | Unvaccinated | 1% | [9]: 87–88 | |
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) | < 1% | [9]: 97–98 | ||
Anthrax, cutaneous | < 1% | [9]: 27 | ||
Malaria | ~ 0.3% | [40] | ||
Hepatitis A | Unvaccinated | 0.1–0.3% | [13]: 278 | |
Asian (1956–58) flu | ~ 0.1% | [41] | ||
Hong Kong (1968–69) flu | ~ 0.1% | [41] | ||
Influenza A, typical pandemics | < 0.1% | [39] | ||
Varicella (chickenpox), adults | Unvaccinated | 0.02% | This is 1:5,000. | [13]: 110 |
Hand, foot and mouth disease, children < 5 years old | 0.01% | This is 1:10,000. | [42] | |
Varicella (chickenpox), children | Unvaccinated | 0.001% | This is 1:100,000. | [13]: 110 |
See also
- Lists of diseases
- List of infectious diseases
- List of causes of death by rate
- List of notifiable diseases – diseases that should be reported to public health officials
References
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- ^ "African Sleeping Sickness". Seattle Biomed. 2014.
- ^ World Health Organization, (2013) "Health Topics: Leishmaniasis."
- ^ Kaplan FS, Zasloff MA, Kitterman JA, Shore EM, Hong CC, Rocke DM (2010). "Early mortality and cardiorespiratory failure in patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 92 (3): 686–91. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00705. PMC 2827822. PMID 20194327.
- ^ "Rabies Fact Sheet N°99". World Health Organization. July 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
- ^ Baig, Abdul Mannan (December 2014). "Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: ghost response of an immunocompromised host?". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 63 (Pt 12): 1763–1766. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.081315-0. ISSN 1473-5644. PMID 25239626.
- ^ (2003)
- ^ New Jersey Department of Agriculture (2003), Glanders: Infections in Humans
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o USAMRIID (2011). USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook (PDF) (7th ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160900150.
- ^ "Smallpox Disease and Its Clinical Management" (PDF). From the training course titled "Smallpox: Disease, Prevention, and Intervention" (www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/training/overview). Retrieved 2007-12-26.
- ^ "Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103". World Health Organization. March 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
- ^ C.M. Fauquet; M.A. Mayo; J. Maniloff; U. Desselberger; L.A. Ball, eds. (2005). Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 648. ISBN 978-0-08057-548-3.
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- ^ M. Kousha, R. Tadi and A.O. Soubani, Pulmonary aspergillosis: a clinical review, European Respiratory Review, September 1, 2011, vol. 20, no. 121, 156–174.
- ^ Rajasingham, Radha; Rolfes, Melissa A.; Birkenkamp, Kate E.; Meya, David B.; Boulware, David R. (25 September 2012). "Cryptococcal Meningitis Treatment Strategies in Resource-Limited Settings: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis". PLOS Med. 9 (9): e1001316. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001316. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 3463510. PMID 23055838.
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- ^ Hovette, P. (2005). "Epidemic of Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Angola". Medecine Tropicale: Revue du Corps de Sante Colonial. 65 (2): 127–128. PMID 16038348.
- ^ "What is the mortality rate for tetanus (lockjaw)?". www.medscape.com. Retrieved 2019-08-14.
- ^ Alsolamy, Sami; Arabi, Yaseen M (2015). "Infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus". Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy. 51 (4): 102. ISSN 1205-9838. PMC 4631129. PMID 26566382.
- ^ Lisa A. Degnan, PharmD, BCPS, USPharmacist.com, (20 March 2012) "Reye’s Syndrome: A Rare But Serious Pediatric Condition."
- ^ Kevin R. Kazacos, (2016) "Baylisascaris Larva Migrans - Circular 1412"
- ^ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/
- ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (16 August 2010) "Eastern Equine Encephalitis."
- ^ Tiemersma EW, van der Werf MJ, Borgdorff MW, Williams BG, Nagelkerke NJ (2011). "Natural history of tuberculosis: duration and fatality of untreated pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV negative patients: a systematic review". PLOS ONE. 6 (4): e17601. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617601T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017601. PMC 3070694. PMID 21483732.
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- ^ Issawi, Fouad; Dheir, Majdi; Ghuneim, Nedal (2013-12-05). "Incidence and case-fatality rate of meningococcal meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia in the Gaza Strip, occupied Palestinian territory, during 2011". The Lancet. 382: S12. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62584-2. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ^ World Health Organization (2003) Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, WHO; p. 10.
- ^ Is the coronavirus outbreak as bad as SARS? [1]
- ^ Cao, Z.; Zeng, D. D. (2020-01-29). "Effective reproduction number of 2019-nCoV". medRxiv. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.20018952.
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- ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (7 February 2011) "Diphtheria."
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