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Arnold S. Monto is an American physician and epidemiologist. At the University of Michigan School of Public Health, Monto is the Thomas Francis Collegiate Professor of Public Health, professor of epidemiology, and professor of global public health. His epidemiologic focus is on occurrence, prevention, and treatment of acute infections in the individual and the community.


Education

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Monto graduated from Erasmus Hall High School. He received a B.S. in zoology from Cornell University in 1954 and earned his M.D. from Cornell University Medical College in 1958. During 1958-1960, he completed an internship and residency in medicine from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center. From 1960-1962 he was a Postdoctoral Fellow in Infectious Diseases at Stanford University Medical Center.

Career

Monto fulfilled his national service commitment in the Virus Diseases Section of the Middle America Research Unit, part of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. While there, he began his career-long interest in respiratory illnesses confirming that the same viruses causing illnesses in the temperate zones cause illnesses in the tropics.[1]  He was among the first to observe that influenza in areas where temperatures were stable year-round mainly occurred in the rainy season. In 1965, Monto was recruited to the University of Michigan School of Public Health by Dr. Thomas Francis Jr., professor, and chair of the University of Michigan School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology. Monto rose through the academic ranks from research associate to professor. He served as chair of the University of Michigan School of Public Health Department of Population Planning and International Health from 1993 to 1996, and as director of the University of Michigan Center for Population Planning[2]. From 2002-2004, Monto was director of the University of Michigan Bioterrorism Preparedness Initiative.[3] In 2010, he was named the Thomas Francis Collegiate Professor of Public Health[4]. He is the founder and director of the University of Michigan-Israel Public Health Partnership[5] for collaborative research and education (2014-present) and is co-director of the Michigan Flu Lab, one of five centers across the country that collects data for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[6] Monto spent periods as a visiting scientist at Northwick Park Hospital Clinical Research Center, Harrow England; at the World Health Organization, Geneva, working on implications of lower respiratory infections globally; and, at the National Research Council, Washington DC organizing studies of the causes of respiratory infections in low-resourced countries.

He is author of over 350 research papers focusing mainly on the epidemiology and implications of respiratory infections and co-editor of Textbook of Influenza-Second Edition[7].

In a career spanning seven decades Monto has been involved in pandemic planning and emergency response[8] to influenza and other respiratory virus outbreaks, including the 1968 Hong Kong influenza pandemic, avian influenza, SARS,[9] MERS[10], and the current Covid-19 pandemic.[11]

In 2015. the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established an award in honor of Monto for innovation in epidemiology and vaccinology. "Dr. Monto’s work has helped us understand the value of measuring vaccine effectiveness in the communities where vaccines are used and taking that data to help enhance influenza prevention programs," said Dr. Joe Bresee, Chief of the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch of CDC's Influenza Division."[12] The Arnold S. Monto Award is presented annually to recognize innovation in epidemiology and vaccinology. 

Research

Throughout his career, Monto has focused on the occurrence, prevention, and control of respiratory infections, with a particular interest in influenza. At the University of Michigan in 1965, he developed the Tecumseh Study of Respiratory Illness which described the specific viruses involved in causing illnesses in American families over an 11-year period.[13]  During the 1968 influenza pandemic, he found that vaccinating school-age children reduced infection in the entire community, an early demonstration of herd immunity[14]. Subsequently, he was involved in evaluating a variety of strategies to control influenza including vaccines, antivirals, and non-pharmaceutical interventions such as antiseptic tissues and face masks.[15] In particular, he designed and carried out critical studies evaluating the value of the neuraminidase inhibitors now in use for influenza. In the 2000’s he was involved in developing pandemic control strategies including social distancing leading to work at WHO and in the US during the 2009 influenza pandemics.[16] He also led clinical trials establishing the superiority of inactivated vaccines compared to live attenuated vaccines in preventing influenza in adults.[17]

In 2010, Monto returned to the study of respiratory illnesses in families with the establishment of the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study. The design is a comprehensive one allowing researchers to study many aspects of infection occurrence and prevention over time. The study has resulted in several notable findings related to natural infection with different viruses and the immune correlates of protection from different influenza vaccines. It was the first to demonstrate the potential problems with the serial use of such vaccines.[18] These issues are now being addressed as part of the Universal Influenza Vaccine Program[19]. Monto was the plenary speaker for a 2017 NIH-led workshop of U.S. and international experts from academia, industry, and government to develop a strategic plan and research agenda aimed at the development of a universal influenza vaccine.[20] The design also allows study over time of other respiratory viruses including the coronaviruses. Monto is involved in other studies assessing influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing medical encounters and hospitalization with a goal of improving protection. [21] A study in progress addresses the role of antivirals in seasonal and pandemic influenza control.

Selected service, international and national

  • Pandemic Influenza Task Force, Infectious Disease Society of America], 2007-[22]
  • Board Member, European Scientific Working Group on Influenza, 2009-2016[23]
  • WHO Influenza Pandemic Emergency Committee, 2009-2010[24]
  • President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology H1N1 Working Group], 2009[25]
  • Co-chair Neuraminidase Inhibitor Susceptibility Network[26], 2006-2013
  • Co-chair, Infectious Disease Society of America Meetings on Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza, 2006–2010[27]
  • Acute Respiratory Infections Subcommittee, US/Japan – Cooperative Medical Science Panel, 2010
  • Briefing on Pandemic Influenza, State Department, Washington, DC, Health Committees of House of Commons and Senate, Ottawa, Canada, 2006–2007
  • Advisor, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Department of Defense, 2005 2009
  • Pulmonary Diseases Advisory Committee, NHLBI, 1979-83

Awards

  • 2012 Charles Merieux Award, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases[28]
  • 2009 Alexander Fleming Award for Lifetime Achievement, Infectious Diseases Society of America[29]

Selected publications

  1. Monto AS, Cavallaro JJ. The Tecumseh study of respiratory illness II Patterns of occurrence of infection with respiratory pathogens, 1965-1969. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1971; 94:280-9. PMID: 4328569 PMID: 5910213
  2. Monto AS, Ullman BM. Acute respiratory illness in an American community The Tecumseh study. JAMA. 1974; 227:164-9.  PMID: 4357298
  3. Monto AS, Koopman JS, Longini IM Jr. Tecumseh study of illness XIII Influenza infection and disease, 1976-1981. Am J Epidemiol. 1985; 121:811-22.  PMID: 4014174
  4. Monto AS, Davenport FM, Napier JA, Francis T Jr. Modification of an outbreak of influenza in Tecumseh, Michigan by vaccination of schoolchildren. J Infect Dis. 1970; 122:16-25.  PMID: 5433709
  5. Aiello AE, Murray GF, Perez V, Coulborn RM, Davis BM, Uddin M, Shay DK, Waterman SH, Monto AS. Mask use, hand hygiene, and seasonal influenza-like illness among young adults: a randomized intervention trial. J Infect Dis. 2010; 201:491-8.  PMID: 20088690
  6. Monto AS, Robinson DP, Herlocher ML, Hinson JM Jr, Elliott MJ, Crisp A. Zanamivir in the prevention of influenza among healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999; 282:31-5. PMID: 10404908
  7. Monto AS, Black S, Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA. Response to the 2009 pandemic: effect on influenza control in wealthy and poor countries. Vaccine. 2011; 29:6427-31. PMID: 21763381
  8. Ohmit SE, Victor JC, Rotthoff JR, Teich ER, Truscon RK, Baum LL, Rangarajan B, Newton DW, Boulton ML, Monto As. Prevention of antigenically drifted influenza by inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355:2513-22.  PMID: 17167134
  9. Monto AS, Malosh RE, Evans R, Lauring AS, Gordon A, Thompson MG, et al. Data resource profile: Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study. Int J Epidemiol 2019. PMID: 31038700
  10. Krammer F, Fouchier RAM, Eichelberger MC, et al. NAction! How Can Neuraminidase-Based Immunity Contribute to Better Influenza Virus Vaccines? MBio 2018;9(2). PMID: 29615508
  11. Petrie JG, Monto AS. Untangling the effects of prior vaccination on subsequent influenza vaccine effectiveness. J Infect Dis 2017. PMID: 28453852
  12. Monto AS, Fukuda K. Lessons from Influenza Pandemics of the last 100 Years. Clin Infect Dis 2019. PMID: 31420670

References

  1. ^ Monto, A.S. (1967). "A community study of respiratory infections in the tropics I Description of the community and observations on the activity of certain respiratory agents". Am J Epidemiology. 86 (1): 78–92. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120735. PMID 4951566.
  2. ^ "Monto, chair, Population Planning and International Health". UM International Certificate in International Health and Social Development. University of Michigan. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  3. ^ "School of Public Health launches bioterrorism initiative". Michigan News. university of michigan. 21 February 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  4. ^ "Arnold S. Monto". School of Public Health, University of Michigan. University of Michigan. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  5. ^ "Ben-Gurion U. announces new School of Public Health and U. Michigan partnership". EurekaAlert. AAAS. 11 Oct 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  6. ^ Mayberry, Sarah (14 Dec 2018). "What will this flu season look like". clickondetroit.com. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  7. ^ Webster, Robert; Monto, Arnold; Braciale, Thomas; Lamb, Robert (2013). Textbook of Influenza (second ed.). John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9780470670484.
  8. ^ Knobler, Stacey; Mack, Alison; Mahmoud, Adel; Lemon, Stanley (2005). The Threat of Pandemic Influenza Are We Ready? Workshop Summary. Washington DC, US: National Academies Press. ISBN 9780309095044. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  9. ^ Anstett, Patricia (June 3, 2003). "SARS has virus hunter very busy". Knight-Ridder Newspapers. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  10. ^ Monto, Arnold (5 June 2019). Exploring Lessons Learned from a Century of Outbreaks: Readiness for 2030: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press. pp. 52–56. ISBN 9780309490351.
  11. ^ "Michigan Study Finds Common Human Coronaviruses Seasonal, Like Flu".
  12. ^ "Arnold S. Monto Award for Exceptional Contribution to the Understanding of Influenza Epidemiology and Prevention". cdc.gov. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  13. ^ Monto, AS; Koopman, JS; Longini, IM (1985). "Tecumseh study of illness XIII Influenza infection and disease, 1976-1981". Am J Epidemiol. 121 (6): 811–22. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114052. PMID 4014174.
  14. ^ Monto, AS; Olazabal, F (1966). "Asian influenza in the Panama Canal zone: isolation of a virus variant and protective effect of a vaccine containing A2/Japan/305/57". Am J Epidemiol. 83 (Jan): 101–12. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120558. PMID 5910213.
  15. ^ Aiello, AE; Murray, GF; Perez, V; Coulborn, RM; Davis, BM; Uddin, M; Shay, DK; Waterman, SH; Monto, AS (2010). "Mask use, hand hygiene, and seasonal influenza-like illness among young adults: a randomized intervention trial". J Infect Dis. 201 (4): 491–8. doi:10.1086/650396. PMID 20088690.
  16. ^ Monto, AS (2005). "The threat of an avian influenza pandemic". N Engl J Med. 352 (4): 323–5. doi:10.1056/NEJMp048343. PMID 15668220.
  17. ^ Monto, AS; Ohmit, SE; Petrie, JG; Johnson, E; Truscon, R; Teich, E; Rotthoff, J; Boulton, M; Victoer, JC (2009). "Comparative efficacy of inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines". N Engl J Med. 361 (13): 1260–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808652. PMID 19776407.
  18. ^ Ohmit, SE; Petrie, JG; Malosh, RE; Cowling, BJ; Thompson, MG; Shay, DK; Monto, AS (2013). "Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the community and the household". Clin Infect Dis. 56 (10): 1363–9. doi:10.1093/cid/cit060. PMC 3693492. PMID 23413420.
  19. ^ Branswell, Helen (5 March 2018). "Despite push for a universal flu vaccine, the 'holy grail' stays out of reach". STAT.
  20. ^ Paules, Catherine; Marston, Hilary D; Eisinger, Robert W; Baltimore, David; Fauci, Anthony S. (17 Oct 2017). "The Pathway to a Universal Influenza Vaccine". Immunity. 47 (4): 600. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.007. PMID 29045889.
  21. ^ Monto, Arnold; Petrie, Joshua (2019). "Improving Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: Ways to Begin Solving the Problem". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 69 (November): 1824–1826. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz416. PMID 31102404. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  22. ^ "Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza Principles for United States Action" (PDF). IDSA (September): i. 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  23. ^ "ESWI: Who we are, what we do" (PDF). eswi.org. ESWI. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  24. ^ "List of Members of, and Advisor to, the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee concerning Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009". WHO.int. who. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  25. ^ Holdren, John; Lander, Eric; Varmus, Harold. "Report to the president on U.S. Preparations for 2009 h1n1 influenza" (PDF). obamawhitehouse.archives.gov. Executive Office of the President. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  26. ^ Monto, Arnold (2006). "Neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility network position statement: antiviral resistance in influenza A/H5N1 viruses". Antiviral Therapy. 11 (1): 873–7. PMID 16430192.
  27. ^ Monto, Arnold (2008). "Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza: A 2007 Update on Challenges and Solutions". Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 46 (7): 1024–1031. doi:10.1086/528720. PMID 18444819. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  28. ^ "Dr. Charles Mérieux Award for Achievement in Vaccinology and Immunology". nfid.org. National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  29. ^ "Alexander Fleming Award for Lifetime Achievement". idsociety.org. Infectious Disease Society of America. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

External links


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