Snuff film
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A snuff film is a pop culture term for any number of possible definitions regarding a motion picture purporting to depict an actual death.
Problems of definition
The term "snuff film" does not, at least currently, have a clear definition. Neither the Motion Picture Association of America, The Federal Communications Commission, The Federal Bureau of Investigation, nor any U.S. Agency have put forth legislation or terminology that would define the term "snuff film" authoritatively. Some possible definitions include; a number of acts (murder of animals, faked deaths, accidental deaths, suicides, murders) which are filmed and only later distributed for commercial gain and/or entertainment. Some definitions state that snuff films must be pornographic in nature.[1]
The most common definition of a snuff film is that its a motion picture showing the actual murder of a human being and is produced, perpetrated, and distributed solely for the purpose of profit. This definition thereby excludes recordings of murders caught by accident, and videotapes of actual murders that were never intended to be released as entertainment films. Given these criteria, the existence of snuff films is highly questionable, and commercial snuff films have long been relegated by skeptics to the realm of urban legend and moral panic. To date, no film generally accepted as fitting this definition has been found.[2]
History
It is popularly believed that the first recorded use of the term "snuff film" was in Ed Sanders's book about the Manson Family murders, The Family: The Story of Charles Manson's Dune Buggy Attack Battalion (1971). In Sanders' book, the interview subject who described the production of such films had never actually seen one himself.
The metaphorical use of the term "snuff" to denote killing is derived from a verb for the extinguishing of a candle flame, and can be traced to several decades before Sanders's book, for example in Edgar Rice Burrough's fifth Tarzan book Tarzan And The Jewels Of Opar (1916),[1], while "snuff it", meaning to die, was used repeatedly in the novel A Clockwork Orange (1962).
The concept of a "snuff movie" subsequently reappeared and became more widely known in 1976 in the context of the film Snuff. Originally a horror film designed to cash in on the hysteria of the Manson Family murders, the film's distributor tacked on a new ending that allegedly depicts an actual murder. In order to generate buzz the producer wrote angry letters to the New York Times posing as a concerned citizen and hired actors to stand outside and protest against the film. The concept of snuff films was further publicised by the Paul Schrader film Hardcore (1979), the Alejandro Amenabar film Tesis (1996) and the Joel Schumacher film 8mm (1999).
It was also not unknown for decadent films in Europe prior to World War II to contain scenes of murder as part of an artistic underground.[citation needed]
Recorded murders
Some murderers have in various instances recorded their acts on video; however, the resultant footage is not usually considered to be a snuff film because it is not made for the express purpose of distribution. An example is the video taken in 2001 by Armin Meiwes of the killing of Bernd Jürgen Armando Brandes. The Canadian serial killers Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka videotaped some of their sex crimes. Though their crimes ended in murder, the actual murders were not videotaped. Only a select few people have ever seen this footage, as viewing was restricted to lawyers and other courtroom personnel. The footage has since reportedly been destroyed.
There is undoubtedly a widespread market for genuine footage of murderous violence, whatever the context: as early as the 1940s, Weegee found fame for his photographs of victims of street crime in New York City. In later decades, the American public was fascinated by the Zapruder film of the assassination of John F. Kennedy; the Zapruder film has since been featured in Oliver Stone film JFK, among other fictional works. Similarly, Professione: reporter, a film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni, contains a sequence that depicts an actual execution by firing squad.
The Faces of Death film series found popularity in the 1980s on videocassette, and even on broadcast television, shows like World's Wildest Police Videos have been successful (though for broadcast television, more gruesome footage is usually censored).
In the internet age, it's possible to download videos depicting actual murders or deaths (e.g. the filmed decapitations of Daniel Pearl, Nick Berg, Paul Johnson, Kim Sun-il, and a Russian sergeant, the shooting of Yitzhak Rabin, and the gun suicides of Ricardo Cerna, Christine Chubbuck and Budd Dwyer). In 1994, Russia was exposed to a stream of videos depicting real murders, production of which started during the conflict in Chechnya (1991-1994), and peaking during and between both Chechen Wars (1994-1996) and (1999-). A fair number of these are still available on peer-to-peer networks.
In Vietnam, the government distributes and circulates videos of executions in an effort to deter serious crime.
Perhaps the most famous instance of an alleged recorded death is the scene in The Crow (film) in which lead Brandon Lee was accidentally shot. Urban legend claims that the footage of his fatal wounding was included in the final cut of the film. However, after police review, that portion of film was actually destroyed, and the scene was re-created with a body double.
However, it is not clear that the fascination engendered by these records would extend to filmed murders carried out expressly for the purpose of filming a murder (actual snuff films). Since it is trivially easy today to produce a film that simulates a murder in a completely believable way, there is little commercial incentive to risk the legal repercussions of producing a film in which a murder is actually committed (much less documented on film).
False snuff films
The Guinea Pig films
The first two films in the Japanese Guinea Pig series are designed to look like authentic snuff films; the video is grainy and unsteady, as if recorded by amateurs. In the late 1980s, the Guinea Pig films were one of the inspirations for Japanese serial killer Tsutomu Miyazaki's murders of preschool girls.
The most infamous Guinea Pig film is probably Flower of Flesh and Blood, in which a woman, apparently drugged, is shown chained to a bed as a man in a samurai costume slowly kills her through torture and dismemberment. After viewing a portion of this film, actor Charlie Sheen was convinced the murder depicted was genuine and contacted the MPAA, who then contacted the FBI. FBI agent Dan Codling informed them that the FBI and the Japanese authorities were already investigating the film makers, who were forced to prove that the special effects were indeed fake.[3] [4] [5]
While the actual Guinea Pig movies are not snuff films themselves, two of them purport to be based on real snuff films. The Devil's Experiment was supposedly based on a film sent to the Tokyo police in which a small group of people dismember a young woman in an attempt to see how much the body can take. "Flower of Flesh and Blood" was supposedly made after manga artist, Hideshi Hino, received a letter, 54 stills, and an 8mm film through the mail. The letter described what was on the film. He watched it and shortly after turned it over to the Tokyo police, who could not identify either the girl or the murderer.
Other alleged snuff films
Italian director Ruggero Deodato was once called before a court in order to prove that a murder depicted in his film Cannibal Holocaust had been faked.
During the early 1990s, rumors spread of gay bars in Boston showing a film involving homeless teenagers, who were told that they were going to star in a porno film, running away in horror from the movie camera until they were caught up with and shot to death on camera. The Boston Herald newspaper published an article on the subject of such murder films being shown in the Boston area, while articles on the Channel 1 computer bulletin board news groups alluded to such films and claimed they were made in New York City.
In 2000 an Italian police operation broke up a gang of child pornographers based in Russia who, it was claimed, were also offering snuff films for sale to their clients in Italy, Germany, America and Britain. It is unclear whether anything other than child pornography films were ever seized. [6]
Snuff in Movies and Fiction
Snuff films have occasionally inspired fictional works. As noted above, there was a wave of such films in the mid-to-late 1970s, and the mid-to-late 1990s saw another cycle of snuff film-inspired motion pictures. Mute Witness (1994) depicts the eponymous heroine's discovery of a snuff film in progress. The Spanish horror movie Tesis (1996) revolves around a student discovering a library of snuff films hidden in a room beneath her college. 8mm (1999) is a similar movie about a private investigator hired by a widow to determine if the film her husband kept hidden in a safe is a real snuff film. My Little Eye a (2002) Marc Evans horror film depicts the story of several teenagers in a Big Brother style house who end up being part of an elaborate live snuff movie. The Brave (1997) tells the story of a man who agrees to be in a snuff film in return for $50,000 to help his poverty-stricken family. Polish movie Billboard (1998) is a story of ad agency worker, who discovers a snuff tape apparently recorded on the set where he works.
The Bret Easton Ellis novel Less Than Zero has a scene in which a snuff film is viewed at a party, featuring rape of an underage girl and boy, castration, and mutiliation with a chainsaw as well as nails being pounded into the girl's neck. Glamorama, another Ellis novel, includes a scene in which a group of models torture and murder a U.S. senator's gay son. Homeboy, a novel by Seth Morgan, includes scenes of the production of snuff films in San Francisco.
An extremely low budget film I Spit on Your Corpse, I Piss on Your Grave, tells the story of a woman who seeks revenge on her rapists by snuffing them on camera. This should not be confused with the more popular and unrelated I Spit on Your Grave.
An episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation from the 2002 season titled "Snuff" involves a murder that is featured on a snuff film.
An episode of Family Guy depicts Peter and Lois watching a snuff film directed by Lois' uncle, with Peter remarking "Are they really going to kill that girl?".
In the scifi movie Strange Days, technology has been created to allow capture of an experience using all the senses, such that someone can re-live anothers experience. Snuff "experiences" are captured in this way.
The video-game Manhunt revolves around a snuff movie.
In an episode of the television murder mystery series The Last Detective, the discovery of a body in an abandoned house leads to a further discovery of an 8mm snuff film depicting the murder of a woman in that same house.
In 1992 Nine Inch Nails released the "Broken" EP. Instead of simply making a video for each single Trent Reznor teamed up with Peter Christopherson of Coil to create what is commonly called "the Broken Movie". It was a mock snuff film in which a man was kidnapped and forced to watch Nine Inch Nails videos (which are spliced in with the movie) while undergoing various tortures. In the end the man is killed and dismembered. Reznor and Christopherson made the film extra grainy to look like a real snuff film that had been copied multiple times. Upon watching the finished product Reznor felt the film was overly realistic and too disturbing to be commercially released. However some copies were given to friends of Reznor's. Eventually the music videos were released on the "Closure" video. A copy of the tape was leaked as well and became a much sought after bootleg item, eventually finding its way to the Internet.
The 1983 film Videodrome's plot, greatly revolves around snuff films. A 'pirate satellite signal' is intercepted by the main character Max Renn (played by James Woods), the program is a "sadistic, plotless program called "Videodrome", that depicts only torture and murder in a bright red room", which inspires Max to attempt to broadcast his own brand of Snuff Television, although all he seems intent on broadcasting is Videodrome. Later in the movie, his seminal girlfriend, Nicki Brand (played by Deborah Harry), later goes in search of and appears on Videodrome, only to be killed on-screen.
The anime/manga Tantei Gakuen Q includes a part where the protagonists are called in to investigate snuff films being sent to a private university, depicting the murder of a student.
The plot of NCIS Episode 3x06 "The Voyeur's Web" follows Gibbs and the team as they try to determine the fate of a Marine's wife who appeared to be murdered on an internet snuff video.
References
- ^ "Definition of "snuff film"". dictionary.com. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
- ^
Institute for Psychological Therapies Journal,Volume 4, 1992 "Biography for Charlie Sheen". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ "Biography for Charlie Sheen". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
- ^ "History page". guineapigfilms.com. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
- ^ "A Pinch of Snuff". snopes.com. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
- ^ UK arrest of Kuznetsov
Other books
- David Kerekes and David Slater. Killing for Culture: Death Film from Mondo to Snuff (Creation Cinema Collection). London: Creation Books, 1996.