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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by PCommission (talk | contribs) at 00:02, 10 October 2020 (→Filipino art). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

I contribute to pages about biodiversity and culture.

File:HovikB.jpg
Patience is the only way. Let us pray. Psalm 145:8

Recently contributing to Arts in the Philippines. Previously contributed on species under the EDGE species program of the Zoological Society of London. I'm also researching for the creation of pages for Filipino art and Filipino astronomy.

Pages created

Filipino astronomy

Astronomy in the Philippines has a long history, dating back to the classical era, before contacts were made between eastern and western cultures of the 16th century.

Terminilogy

Each ethnic groups within the Philippines has their own generic name for star. The similarities of the word among Filipino ethnic groups is attributed to the proto-Austronesian languages, which spread in the archipelago around 3,000 BC. Some generic terms for star include:[1]

  • Aklanon: bituon
  • Bikol: bituon
  • Binukid: bituin
  • Gaddang: bitun
  • Hiligaynon: bituon
  • Ibanag: bitun
  • Ilokano: baggak
  • Itawis: bitun
  • Kinamigin: bituun
  • Kordilyera: talaw
  • Maguindanao: bituon
  • Mangyan: magirim, pangesam
  • Manobo: bituin
  • Mansaka: bituun
  • Sama (Tawi-Tawi): mamahi
  • Sama (others): bituun
  • Samar-Leyte: bituon
  • Sambal: bituin
  • Sebu: bituon
  • Subanun: bitun
  • Tagalog: bituin
  • Tagbanua: bituun
  • Tausug: bituun

Constellations

The ancient proto-Austronesian languages are also the reason why many constellations have similar names among current languages in the Philippines. Some constellation examples include:[1]

  • Balatik: wild boar trap
  • Bubu: fish trap
  • Kupu: butterfly
  • Lepu: bent or crippled
  • Manuk: bird
  • Niyu: young coconut
  • Pudun: twisted
  • Pungul: chopped
  • Rara: red
  • Timbang: balanced

These constellations are utilized by the natives for important activities, such as farming. The importance of some constellations were first documented by Loarca and Plasencia in the late 16th century.[2] By the 17th century, scholars such as San Buenaventura, San Antonio, Mentrida, and Lisboa inputted some of these terms into a dictionary. Ethnic studies increased in the Philippines by the 20th century, revealing more of the traditions of Filipinos pertaining to astronomy.

Revel recorded at least 24 constellations among the Palawan people of Palawan province.[3] Six other constellations were recorded by Matuan and Schlegel among the Maranao people of Lanao and the Teduray people of Cotabato.[4] Casiño recorded 16 constellations among the Jama Mapun of Tawi-tawi,[5] while during Ambrosio's later research, he re-confirmed 15 Jama Mapun constellations, while recording 60.[6] Some scholars recorded certain constellations, but did not document the constellation's name in line with modern astronomy. Frake recorded 7 constellations used for farming among the Sindangan Subanen.[7] Cole wrote about the 8 constellations of the Bukidnon people.[8] The Mangyan people were recorded by Kasberg to have at least 16 constellations.[9] In the research of both Lambrecht and Vanoverbergh, they found that both the Ifugao people and Kankanaey people pray to more than 10 stars.[10]

In a study of Ambrosio (2005), it was found that the most widespread constellation known among various Filipino ethnic groups is Balatik and Moroporo.

Balatik is composed of multiple bright stars that are lined and have balanced spaces from each other. The Tagalog people call them Tres Marias, a name derived from the colonial age, which is the same withOrion's Belt from Western astronomy. The Pleiades is called Supot ni Hudas or Rosaryo by the Christian Tagalogs, while its non-colonial old Tagalog name is Mapulon. In the Visayas and Mindanao regions, the Pleiades is traditionally called Moroporo, or a related name. Both Balatik and Moroporo are used in agriculture, where by November and December, the land is chosen through the constellations, and come January and February, the cleaning of the land is prioritized. By March and April, the land is sun-dried, and by middle of April, it is burned to replenish its nutrients before planting is undertaken by May, where the rains traditionally start.

The vast array of ethnic cultures in the Philippines brought with it hundreds of constellations, stars, and astronomical traditions. Some of which have been influenced by other cultures, especially during the colonial era, which also resulted in the loss of some indigenous constellation and star names.

Balatik

  • Tagalog people: The constellation of Balatik was initially thought to be the counterpart of Europe's Ursa Major, as recorded by Plasencia in 1589.[11] However, later scholars corrected this, properly ascribing it as the counterpart of Orion. At the time, it was also called Ballesta, a type of trap, and Tres Marias, corresponding to the era's Spanish rule.[12] Among the Tagalog people of Tayabas, the constellation is defined as a bladed trap for animals and a star conglomerate.[13]
  • Hiligaynon people: For the Hiligaynon people, their Balatik is the counterpart of Astillejo,.[14] a Spanish constellations made up of Castor and Pollux of Gemini.[15]
  • Bisaya people: In 1994, Scott concluded that the Balatik of the Bisaya people are the two bright stars of the Western constellation, Gemini.[16] The Bisaya version of the constellation has been described as an arrow made of two woods buried into the land with a vine.[17]
  • Mindanao (general): In Mindanao, Cole described the constellation as a vined tree or branch with an arrow or spear.[18]
  • Sama-Bajau: Scholars have noticed that the vined tree constellations from Mindanao are the equivalent of one of the Badjao's constellations.[19] Among the Jama Mapun, Balatik is called Batik, which is pointed towards a boar.[20]
  • Ifugao: The constellation is described as "trap" by the Ifugao people who call it Balbalays.[21]
  • Palawan people: For the Palawan people, the constellation is referred as Binawagan magsasawad,[22] which is depicted as a trap.[23]
  • Teduray people: The constellation is referred as Sereter among the Teduray, who view it s a hunter. The hunter's body is the equivalent of Orion's Belt, whil the right hand is equivalent to Betelgeuse and the left hand is equivalent to Rigel. It also has a sword in a yantik sheath, equivalent to Orion's Sword.[24]
  • Bukidnon: The constellation is also a hunter for the Bukidnon people, who call it Magbangal.[25]
  • Igorot (general): The Igorot use the constellation, named as Gaganeyan.[26]
  • Ilocano people: The constellation, which is the equivalent of Tres Marias, is called Gagan-ayan by the Ilocano. It is depicted as a warping frame.[27]
  • Batanes: For the Itbayaten of Batanes, it is called Trismariiya, most likely due to Christian influences.[28]

Moroporo

Ilokano

  • Gagan-ayan: equivalent to Orion
  • Maroprop: equivalent to Pleiades
  • Sunay: equivalent to Southern Cross and Northern Cross

Tagalog

  • Balatik
  • Mapulon
  • Tala: the morning star
  • Macapanis: equivalent to Booyes or Arcturus
  • May carang: depicted as the roof of a carang vehicle
  • Hampil: vehicle fence
  • Camalyng: equivalent to Southern Cross
  • Tanglao daga: equivalent to Venus
  • Bulansaguan
  • Balais
  • Talang Batugan: also called Tala sa umaga and Talang Bakero; a star that shines during dawn; large but the movement is slow; star of shepherds when referred to as Talang Bakero
  • Talang Bilaran: composed of four stars from Mapulon
  • Bituing Bumbong: found above the Krus na Bituin
  • Krus na Bituin

Bicolano

  • Moroporo: equivalent to Pleiades
  • Lubang: equivalent to Orion
  • Macadadamlag: equivalent to Venus
  • Paglong: equivalent to Southern Cross
  • Pogot: used as a sign for fishing and storms
  • Soag: four stars forming a square; used as a sign for midnight
  • Torang: three stars that are used a sign for storms when they are at the upper sky at night

Bisaya

  • Losong: equivalent to Ursa Major or Big Dipper; depicted as a rice mortar
  • Alimango: equivalent to Aries
  • Labi: depicted as a coconut palm
  • Malopolo

Waray

  • Losong

Teduray

The following six constellations are notable in mythology, where the hero Lagey Lingkuwus asked the six to remain in the sky to aid in the people's farming. The six constellations agreed.

  • Fegeferafad: equivalent to Canis Major, Canis Minor, and Gemini; it is the nickname of Keluguy, the fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar; shaped like a human, where the head has a headcloth (which is equivalent to Procyin) and chicken wings (which is equivalent to Gomeisa), which symbolize courage; its right hand is equivalent to Gemini including Castor and Pollux, while it left hand is equivalent to Canis Major including Sirius and Murzim; one of the four constellations utilized at night for farming
  • Kufukufu: equivalent to Pleiades; one of the four constellations utilized at night for farming
  • Baka: equivalent to Hyades; one of the four constellations utilized at night for farming
  • Seretar: equivalent to Orion; one of the four constellations utilized at night for farming
  • Singkad: part of Aquila; in mythology, the star is the spouse of Kenogon; another fathery figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar; its blurriest star is its comb, which is nearest to Singkad; one of the two constellations watched over during dawn for farming
  • Kenogon: equivalent to Delphinus; in mythology, the star is the spouse of Singkad; one of the two constellations watched over during dawn for farming
  1. ^ a b Ambrodio, Dante. "Balatik: Etnoastronomiya, Kalangitan at Kabihasnang Pilipino". University of the Philippines Journal. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  2. ^ Loarca 165; Plasencia 186
  3. ^ Revel 217-218
  4. ^ Matuan 93-94; Schlegel 16-20
  5. ^ Casiño 16-18
  6. ^ Ambrosio. 2000 43-64
  7. ^ Frake 80
  8. ^ Cole 1956 124-125
  9. ^ Kasberg 68
  10. ^ Lambrecht, Ritual I 112-113; Vanoverbergh, Kankanaey 90-91
  11. ^ Plasencia 186-189
  12. ^ Noceda and Sanlucar 29; San Antonio 29; San Buenaventura 314
  13. ^ Manuel, 55
  14. ^ Mentrida 45
  15. ^ de la Cadena 63
  16. ^ Scott 124
  17. ^ Scott, Barangay 44
  18. ^ Cold, Wild Tribes 187
  19. ^ Revel 213
  20. ^ Lambrecht, Ritual VII 14; Revel 213
  21. ^ Lambrecht, Ritual VII 14; Revel 213
  22. ^ Lambrecht, Ritual VII 14; Revel 213
  23. ^ Cold, Wild Tribes 187
  24. ^ Schlegel 18
  25. ^ Cole, Bukidnons 124
  26. ^ Scott, Barangay 259
  27. ^ Scott, Barangay 281
  28. ^ Lacsamana-Ambrosio; Yamada, 161
  29. ^ Lacsamana-Ambrosio; Yamada, 161
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