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GAL was founded by the Italian Governor-General in Libya, [[Italo Balbo]], in October 1935.<ref name="trip">Munzi, Massimiliano. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf-aIBlXm0YC L'epica del ritorno: archeologia e politica nella Tripolitania italiana]''. Saggi di storia antica, 17. Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2001. 83</ref> GAL functioned as the Libyan counterpart of the [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio|Italian Lictor Youth]] (GIL).<ref name="balbo">Segrè, Claudio G. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eblfCoh5Mh8C Italo Balbo: A Fascist Life]''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. p. 328</ref> GAL was divided into ''Aftal'' (organizing children up to twelve years of age, similar to the ''[[Opera Nazionale Balilla]]'' movement in Italy) and ''Sciubban'' (organizing youngsters between thirteen and eighteen years of age). GAL was mainly based in the larger cities along the [[Mediterranean]] coast.<ref name="trip"/> GAL contingents marched at virtually all parades <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archivioluce.com/archivio/jsp/schede/videoPlayer.jsp?tipologia=&id=&physDoc=1123&db=cinematograficoDOCUMENTARI&findIt=false&section=%2F |title=Original Video of 1937 with GAL parade (in Italian) |access-date=2019-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024070759/http://www.archivioluce.com/archivio/jsp/schede/videoPlayer.jsp?tipologia=&id=&physDoc=1123&db=cinematograficoDOCUMENTARI&findIt=false&section=%2F |archive-date=2015-10-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and festivals held in Libya at the time.<ref name="balbo"/>
GAL was founded by the Italian Governor-General in Libya, [[Italo Balbo]], in October 1935.<ref name="trip">Munzi, Massimiliano. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf-aIBlXm0YC L'epica del ritorno: archeologia e politica nella Tripolitania italiana]''. Saggi di storia antica, 17. Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2001. 83</ref> GAL functioned as the Libyan counterpart of the [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio|Italian Lictor Youth]] (GIL).<ref name="balbo">Segrè, Claudio G. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eblfCoh5Mh8C Italo Balbo: A Fascist Life]''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. p. 328</ref> GAL was divided into ''Aftal'' (organizing children up to twelve years of age, similar to the ''[[Opera Nazionale Balilla]]'' movement in Italy) and ''Sciubban'' (organizing youngsters between thirteen and eighteen years of age). GAL was mainly based in the larger cities along the [[Mediterranean]] coast.<ref name="trip"/> GAL contingents marched at virtually all parades <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archivioluce.com/archivio/jsp/schede/videoPlayer.jsp?tipologia=&id=&physDoc=1123&db=cinematograficoDOCUMENTARI&findIt=false&section=%2F |title=Original Video of 1937 with GAL parade (in Italian) |access-date=2019-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024070759/http://www.archivioluce.com/archivio/jsp/schede/videoPlayer.jsp?tipologia=&id=&physDoc=1123&db=cinematograficoDOCUMENTARI&findIt=false&section=%2F |archive-date=2015-10-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and festivals held in Libya at the time.<ref name="balbo"/>


The organization provided pre-military and cultural education to Libyan Arab youth. These training programmes became an important part of the educational system during fascist rule in Libya, preparing young Libyans for military service in the Italian armed forces.<ref>McLaren, Brian. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_lrYlxdX7DIC Architecture and Tourism in Italian Colonial Libya: An Ambivalent Modernism]''. Studies in modernity and national identity. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. p. 101</ref><ref>Kotschnig, Walter M.. ''[https://www.jstor.org/pss/1976535 Review: The School in Colonial Expansion]''</ref> GAL also had sports activities; it was one of two sports organization in Libya at the time which was open to Muslims.<ref>Scego, Igiaba.''[http://esserecomunisti.it/index.aspx?m=77&f=2&IDArticolo=25940&print=1 Apartheid italico]'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722032628/http://esserecomunisti.it/index.aspx?m=77&f=2&IDArticolo=25940&print=1 |date=July 22, 2011 }}</ref> The sporting activities of the organization were led by Ramadan Alì.<ref>Gabrielli, Gianluca. ''[http://www.centroginocchi.it/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=14&Itemid=18 L'attività sportiva nelle colonie italiane durante il fascismo.]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''</ref>
The organization provided pre-military and cultural education to Libyan Arab youth. These training programmes became an important part of the educational system during fascist rule in Libya, preparing young Libyans for military service in the Italian armed forces.<ref>McLaren, Brian. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_lrYlxdX7DIC Architecture and Tourism in Italian Colonial Libya: An Ambivalent Modernism]''. Studies in modernity and national identity. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. p. 101</ref><ref>Kotschnig, Walter M. ''[https://www.jstor.org/pss/1976535 Review: The School in Colonial Expansion]''</ref> GAL also had sports activities; it was one of two sports organization in Libya at the time which was open to Muslims.<ref>Scego, Igiaba. ''[http://esserecomunisti.it/index.aspx?m=77&f=2&IDArticolo=25940&print=1 Apartheid italico]'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722032628/http://esserecomunisti.it/index.aspx?m=77&f=2&IDArticolo=25940&print=1 |date=July 22, 2011 }}</ref> The sporting activities of the organization were led by Ramadan Alì.<ref>Gabrielli, Gianluca. ''[http://www.centroginocchi.it/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=14&Itemid=18 L'attività sportiva nelle colonie italiane durante il fascismo.]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''</ref>


The GAL team of football was admitted to play in the last "Campionato tripolino di calcio" (the last "Tripoli championship") in 1940,<ref>[http://www.cddelbocafekini.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/00-ISDR02-Completo.pdf Football in Italian Libya]{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> before [[WW2]] blocked all sport activities in Libya.
The GAL team of football was admitted to play in the last "Campionato tripolino di calcio" (the last "Tripoli championship") in 1940,<ref>[http://www.cddelbocafekini.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/00-ISDR02-Completo.pdf Football in Italian Libya]{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> before [[WW2]] blocked all sport activities in Libya.
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Having had at least one year of membership in GAL was one of the conditions for Libyan Muslims seeking "Cittadinanza Italiana Speciale" (Italian Special citizenship, created for indigenous Libyans only within [[Italian Libya]]; they could not migrate to Italy proper).<ref>Tironi, Stefano. ''[http://www.morasha.it/tesi/trni/trni04.html La comunità ebraica tripolina tra la Libia e Roma]''</ref> There was also a corresponding movements for adults, the [[Muslim Association of the Lictor]] (a referent of the [[National Fascist Party]]).<ref>''[http://www.albertocastagna.com/ventennio_fascista.doc Storia del Ventennio Fascista]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''</ref>
Having had at least one year of membership in GAL was one of the conditions for Libyan Muslims seeking "Cittadinanza Italiana Speciale" (Italian Special citizenship, created for indigenous Libyans only within [[Italian Libya]]; they could not migrate to Italy proper).<ref>Tironi, Stefano. ''[http://www.morasha.it/tesi/trni/trni04.html La comunità ebraica tripolina tra la Libia e Roma]''</ref> There was also a corresponding movements for adults, the [[Muslim Association of the Lictor]] (a referent of the [[National Fascist Party]]).<ref>''[http://www.albertocastagna.com/ventennio_fascista.doc Storia del Ventennio Fascista]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''</ref>

==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==


Latest revision as of 09:20, 29 March 2024

GAL members in uniform

Arab Lictor Youth (Arabic: شباب الليتوريو العرب Shabāb Al-Līttūriw Al-ʿArab, Italian: Gioventù Araba del Littorio, abbreviated G.A.L.) was a fascist youth organization for Arab youth in Italian Libya.

History[edit]

GAL was founded by the Italian Governor-General in Libya, Italo Balbo, in October 1935.[1] GAL functioned as the Libyan counterpart of the Italian Lictor Youth (GIL).[2] GAL was divided into Aftal (organizing children up to twelve years of age, similar to the Opera Nazionale Balilla movement in Italy) and Sciubban (organizing youngsters between thirteen and eighteen years of age). GAL was mainly based in the larger cities along the Mediterranean coast.[1] GAL contingents marched at virtually all parades [3] and festivals held in Libya at the time.[2]

The organization provided pre-military and cultural education to Libyan Arab youth. These training programmes became an important part of the educational system during fascist rule in Libya, preparing young Libyans for military service in the Italian armed forces.[4][5] GAL also had sports activities; it was one of two sports organization in Libya at the time which was open to Muslims.[6] The sporting activities of the organization were led by Ramadan Alì.[7]

The GAL team of football was admitted to play in the last "Campionato tripolino di calcio" (the last "Tripoli championship") in 1940,[8] before WW2 blocked all sport activities in Libya.

As per ideological indoctrination, there is little evidence to suggest that the organization was particularly successful in instilling fascist ideological doctrine amongst the Libyan youth.[2]

Having had at least one year of membership in GAL was one of the conditions for Libyan Muslims seeking "Cittadinanza Italiana Speciale" (Italian Special citizenship, created for indigenous Libyans only within Italian Libya; they could not migrate to Italy proper).[9] There was also a corresponding movements for adults, the Muslim Association of the Lictor (a referent of the National Fascist Party).[10]

Bibliography[edit]

  • Del Boca, Angelo. Gli italiani in Libia. Vol. 1: Tripoli bel suol d'Amore. Milano, Mondadori, 1997.
  • Smeaton Munro, Ion. Through Fascism to World Power: A History of the Revolution in Italy. Ayer Publishing. Manchester (New Hampshire), 1971. ISBN 0-8369-5912-4

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Munzi, Massimiliano. L'epica del ritorno: archeologia e politica nella Tripolitania italiana. Saggi di storia antica, 17. Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2001. 83
  2. ^ a b c Segrè, Claudio G. Italo Balbo: A Fascist Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. p. 328
  3. ^ "Original Video of 1937 with GAL parade (in Italian)". Archived from the original on 2015-10-24. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  4. ^ McLaren, Brian. Architecture and Tourism in Italian Colonial Libya: An Ambivalent Modernism. Studies in modernity and national identity. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. p. 101
  5. ^ Kotschnig, Walter M. Review: The School in Colonial Expansion
  6. ^ Scego, Igiaba. Apartheid italico Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Gabrielli, Gianluca. L'attività sportiva nelle colonie italiane durante il fascismo.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Football in Italian Libya[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ Tironi, Stefano. La comunità ebraica tripolina tra la Libia e Roma
  10. ^ Storia del Ventennio Fascista[permanent dead link]

See also[edit]

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