Astrocaryum vulgare: Difference between revisions
Tree pollination systems |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
||
It is a characteristic palm of ''terra firme'' (rainforest which is never inundated under water), low vegetation cover, and open fields. ''Astrocaryum vulgare'' is considered a [[pioneer plant]] with aggressive growth, has the ability to grow new shoots after a fire, and mainly inhabits [[secondary forest]]s and pastures.<ref name="Morais"/> It is never found in undisturbed old-growth rainforest. In the Guianas it is typically found on rather dry, sandy soil. It is very common in white-sand savanna. The seeds are probably mostly dispersed by [[capuchin monkey]]s and [[Hoarding (animal behavior)|scatter-hoarding]] rodents ([[agouti]]s and [[Acouchi|achouchis]]).<ref name=Roosmalen1985/> In Guyana, researchers found its inflorescences produce heat and odor during nocturnal anthesis, which draws hordes of different beetles to feed, mate, and oviposition. Although beetles pollinate, wind pollination was also employed, and experiments showed the palm also self-fertilized. <ref name= |
It is a characteristic palm of ''terra firme'' (rainforest which is never inundated under water), low vegetation cover, and open fields. ''Astrocaryum vulgare'' is considered a [[pioneer plant]] with aggressive growth, has the ability to grow new shoots after a fire, and mainly inhabits [[secondary forest]]s and pastures.<ref name="Morais"/> It is never found in undisturbed old-growth rainforest. In the Guianas it is typically found on rather dry, sandy soil. It is very common in white-sand savanna. The seeds are probably mostly dispersed by [[capuchin monkey]]s and [[Hoarding (animal behavior)|scatter-hoarding]] rodents ([[agouti]]s and [[Acouchi|achouchis]]).<ref name=Roosmalen1985/> In Guyana, researchers found its inflorescences produce heat and odor during nocturnal anthesis, which draws hordes of different beetles to feed, mate, and oviposition. Although beetles pollinate, wind pollination was also employed, and experiments showed the palm also self-fertilized. <ref name=Consiglio2001> |
||
==Uses== |
==Uses== |
||
| Line 60: | Line 60: | ||
*Schultes, Richard E. (1974). Palms and religion in the northwest Amazon. ''[[Principes (botany)|Principes]]'' 18 (1): 3-21. |
*Schultes, Richard E. (1974). Palms and religion in the northwest Amazon. ''[[Principes (botany)|Principes]]'' 18 (1): 3-21. |
||
*{{in lang|pt}} Freitas, C. O.; Silva, M. M., Silva, I. Q., Rodrigues, A. M. C. [ ''Características Físicas da Oleaginosa Tucumã'' (''Astrocaryum vulgare'' Mart.)] |
*{{in lang|pt}} Freitas, C. O.; Silva, M. M., Silva, I. Q., Rodrigues, A. M. C. [ ''Características Físicas da Oleaginosa Tucumã'' (''Astrocaryum vulgare'' Mart.)] |
||
*Consiglio, T.K. & G.R. Bourne, Pollination and breeding system of a neotropical palm Astrocaryum vulgare in Guyana: a test of the predictability of syndromes. ''[[J. Trop. Ecol.]]'' 17, 577–592 |
|||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
| Line 66: | Line 67: | ||
*[http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=3522 ''Astrocaryum vulgare''] photo of fruit |
*[http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=3522 ''Astrocaryum vulgare''] photo of fruit |
||
*[http://www.tropilab.com/awarra.html ''Astrocaryum vulgare''] |
*[http://www.tropilab.com/awarra.html ''Astrocaryum vulgare''] |
||
*{{in lang|pt}} [http:// |
*{{in lang|pt}} [http://florabrasi |
||
liensis.cria.org.br/search?taxon_id=13369 Flora Brasiliensis: ''Astrocaryum vulgare''] |
|||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q684877}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q684877}} |
||
Revision as of 08:06, 24 February 2022
| Astrocaryum vulgare | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Arecales |
| Family: | Arecaceae |
| Genus: | Astrocaryum |
| Species: | A. vulgare
|
| Binomial name | |
| Astrocaryum vulgare | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Astrocaryum vulgare is a very spiny palm native to the Guianas and the Amazon. It is species which has greatly benefited from deforestation, as it cannot grow in undisturbed rainforest. In Brazil it is considered typical of Pará state in the north of the lower Amazon. This plant has edible fruit.
Astrocaryum vulgare was first described in the book Flora Brasiliensis by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius.
Common names
This palm is known by the common names of tucumã[1] or tucumã-do-Pará in Brazil (Portuguese), awara (French) and wara (Creole) in French Guiana, wara awara in Guyana (Guyanese Creole),[citation needed] awara (Arawak, Carib, Sranantonga) or muru-muru (Paramaccan) in Suriname,[2] chontilla in Ecuador (Spanish).[citation needed]
Description
The tree can grow 10–15 m (33–49 ft) in height,[1] although it is usually shorter. In habitus it usually presents as a few to many trunks, each trunk of the same height and width. The trunks grow 15-18cm in diameter.[2] By growing multiple stems, it regenerates easily after damage.[1]
The palm is covered in vicious spines, the trunk is densely covered in different lengths of black, flattened spines which grow to 12cm long, and the infructescence is also covered in black, 1-3cm long spikes. The spadices are held erect, and the inner spathe is two metres long, sometimes more.[2]
The fruit is an orange-coloured, round or roundish drupe, with a shortly pointed apex. The fruit is contained in a cupule (like an acorn), this is flat, some 1 by 2cm, and laciniate-crenulate at its margin.[2] The fruit has an oily, fibrous-fleshy, yellow or yellow-orange pulp,[1][2][3] On average, the fruit weighs about 30 g (1 oz),[1] and is some 4.5 by 3-3.5cm in size.[2] It contains a large nut with a very hard woody shell, which is almost black in color. The nut contains an oily white substance.[3] The nut (a pyrene) is usually narrowed to the base and one-seeded, although it may also be globose in shape if it contains two seeds. The shell is 3mm thick.[2]
Distribution
This species is native to French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname[2] and the northern Amazonian region of Brazil. It is common in Pará state of Brazil[1] and throughout the Guianas, being very abundant in the populated coastal regions, as well as extremely abundant in the white-sand savanna belt.[2]
Ecology
It is a characteristic palm of terra firme (rainforest which is never inundated under water), low vegetation cover, and open fields. Astrocaryum vulgare is considered a pioneer plant with aggressive growth, has the ability to grow new shoots after a fire, and mainly inhabits secondary forests and pastures.[1] It is never found in undisturbed old-growth rainforest. In the Guianas it is typically found on rather dry, sandy soil. It is very common in white-sand savanna. The seeds are probably mostly dispersed by capuchin monkeys and scatter-hoarding rodents (agoutis and achouchis).[2] In Guyana, researchers found its inflorescences produce heat and odor during nocturnal anthesis, which draws hordes of different beetles to feed, mate, and oviposition. Although beetles pollinate, wind pollination was also employed, and experiments showed the palm also self-fertilized. Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).[4][5][6][7]
Experimental uses
Two types of oils can be produced from the fruit: the oil of external pulp and the seed.[3] 34% of the fruit weight corresponds to the external pulp that has 14% to 16% of the oil when it is raw.[1]
It has been theorised that in the future this species might be exploited as an alternative to oil palm for the production of biodiesel. In one hectare, 400 palm clusters could be planted, each cluster with three trunks. In total, this equals 1200 palm trunks. A mature tree can produce up to 50 kg (110 lb) of fruits per year, which corresponds to 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) of pulp oil and 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) of seed oil. Thus, if everything went well, this could result in 4.8 tons of fatty material per hectare.[1]
-
Fruits of Astrocaryum vulgare -
Seeds
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Morais, Luiz Roberto Barbosa Química de oleaginosas : valorização da biodiversidade amazônica = Chemistry of vegetable oils : valorization of the amazon biodiversity. — Belém, PA : Ed. do Autor, 2012. — (Oleaginosas). CDD-633.850981
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j van Roosmalen, Marc G.M. (1985). Fruits of the Guianan Flora. Utrecht: Institute of Systemic Botany, Utrecht University. p. 340. ISBN 90-9000987-6.
- ^ a b c PESCE, Celestino. Oleaginosas da Amazônia. –Belém: Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, 2009.334 p.: il. ISBN 978-85-61377-06-9 (MPEG) e 978-85-60548-39-2 (MDA).
- ^ 'O Anel De Tucum' (1994) Conrado Berning, 70 mins in Português,Verbo Filmes
- ^ Eneida Duarte Gaspar 'O Caminho da cruz' 2001 (ISBN 8534702969)
- ^ en.tucum.org - Ceará’s Community Tourism Network receives the To Do! Award in Berlin Archived November 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ our ring Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- Schultes, Richard E. (1974). Palms and religion in the northwest Amazon. Principes 18 (1): 3-21.
- (in Portuguese) Freitas, C. O.; Silva, M. M., Silva, I. Q., Rodrigues, A. M. C. [ Características Físicas da Oleaginosa Tucumã (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.)]
- Consiglio, T.K. & G.R. Bourne, Pollination and breeding system of a neotropical palm Astrocaryum vulgare in Guyana: a test of the predictability of syndromes. J. Trop. Ecol. 17, 577–592
External links
- Astrocaryum vulgare photo of fruit
- Astrocaryum vulgare
- (in Portuguese) [http://florabrasi
liensis.cria.org.br/search?taxon_id=13369 Flora Brasiliensis: Astrocaryum vulgare]