Draft:Armenia in the Early Bronze Age

• Comment: The use of terms like "Probably" is not in line with encyclopedic style and gives the article a more essay-like tone. The presence of speculative language detracts from the article's overall clarity and factual presentation, which is essential for Wikipedia's encyclopedic standards. Jonatan Svensson Glad (talk) 19:23, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

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In the middle of the 4th millennium BC, during the Early Bronze Age, a culture was formed in Armenia, which survived for more than a millennium and grew to cover a vast territory extending from the North Caucasus (Chechnya) to Israel (Dead Sea), and from Eastern Asia Minor (Amid) to Central Iran (Godin Tepe). It had the Armenian Highlands at its core -particularly the Ararat valley and the foothills near it. The Armenian civilization, attested in the territories of 12 modern states, is known to the scientific world under various names. Among which, the most widespread are the denominations Kur-Araks and Shengavit.

This civilization was characterized by an agricultural sedentary economy with more than a thousand settlements covering the fertile riverside valleys, high plateaus and high mountain zones of the Armenian Highlands and neighbouring regions. The Early Bronze Age artificial hill-settlements were characterized by multiple cultural layers, which in some places spread to tens of meters (Mokhrablur of Nakhijevan, Norsun-Tepe).

Economy

The economy was based on irrigated agriculture and cattle raising. It was at this period, that the irrigation systems built on the slopes of the Aragats and Geghama mountains were formed and at the sources of canals, artificial water pools and springs, dragon stones (vishapakar) made from onepiece basalt, typical of Armenian culture, were erected. Another prerequisite for unprecedented economic development was copper production. A large number of weapon and tools made of arsenical bronze are attested by both the finds- treasures near Yerevan and the stone andclay molds found in various ancient sites of Shengavit civilization (Shengavit, Margahovit, etc.). In the Shengavit ancient site, weight standards, similar to those used in the Levant, were found, which testify the Armenia's involvement in the newly formed international trade relations in the Early Bronze Age. Diverse types of weapons are found: arrows, daggers, battle axes, spears and other weapons made of obsidian, flint, bone and bronze.

Culture

Mud-brick architecture was characteristic of this culture. The mud-brick made from sandy clay with the help of mold forms and dried in the sun. It was the main building material from which 10 to 11 walls, temples, residential and economic buildings, hydro-engineering structures were built. The foundations of the houses were made of river stones, cracked or unprocessed basalt (Shengavit, Harich, Karaz, Amiranis-gora, etc.), on which mud-brick walls were raised. Round buildings with a diameter of 4-10 m and rectangular floorplan were widespread. The latter had a flat, log roof, and the buildings with round floorplan had primitive roofs of “hazarashen” type, covered with clay mud-bricks with reed, with a skylights hole in the centre of the roof, that solved the issues of light and ventilation of the house (Shengavit, Mokhrablur). The floors were of rammed earth. There were also plaster covered, up to 10 cm thick (Shengavit) and red painted (Garakepek-Tepe) floors. There are found samples of attempts to enliven the monotonous clay walls with decoration and with shaped arrangement of bricks of different color and to enlighten the monotonous appearance of the walls with various colors (Shengavit, Mokhrablur in Nakhijevan, Yanik-tepe, etc).

Religious system

Among the settlements with an area of 1-10 ha, the central ones were surrounded by fortified walls built of stone (Shengavit, Garni, Persi, Khorenia-Javakhk) and of mud-brick (Mokhrablur, Goy-tepe, Gudaberteke), with artificial puddles (Norabats, Kvatskhelebi, Khizannat-gora). Noteworthy is the fortified wall of Shengavit with its stone foundations, reinforced with rectangular masonry walls and a tiled secret passage leading to Hrazdan river. The central urban areas, which are characterized by dense construction (Shengavit, Mokhrablur, etc.), were surrounded by satellite -residences. The bearers of the Shengavit culture had a complex religious system. In the central part of the Mokhrablur settlement, in the III construction horizon, a volume-spatial creation was uncovered: a structure-tower with a rectangular plan (7,4x5,5 m) constructed with hard tuff, in the eastern part of which a 3,9 m long one-piece basalt altar was placed. Near this stone structure, clay buildings and ash pits were uncovered, in which the ashes of the sacred hearths had been accumulated. Many tufa idols, clay hearths were excavated in the Shengavit settlement. In 2012 year a complex cult system was excavated-a room with a rectangular plan, designed specifically for ritual ceremonies, inside which a clay altar was uncovered decorated with relief ornaments on its front. A statue of an idol was affixed into the altar and goblets for libation were placed in front of the heart. To the right from the stairs leading to the semi-subterranean room of the shrine, two clay–packed basins were found, in which the ashes from the sacred fire were kept. A phallic pendant-idol was found in the shrine, which was the identifying symbol of the priestess. The adjacent room of the complex reflects household activities. A similar cultic complex was found at the ancient site of Pulur (Sakyol). Inside the religious structures, in front of the altars, terracotta cult hearths were located, which were unique to the Shengavit culture, with a diameter of up to one meter, the edges of the inner space resembled a ship bow divided into three parts, the upper platforms were red-painted and decorated with geometric figures. Statuette of women and men, as well as of worship animals, such as horses, bulls and rams were found near these hearths. The horseshoe-shaped mobile shrines with ram protomes, threelegged pedestals, phallus-shaped pendant figures were also of religious nature.

Shengavit, black-polished karas 29th–27th cc. BC

Burial rituals

One of the spheres of religious practice was the burial ritual. Outside the settlements, burial grounds were formed in their immediate vicinity. Both individual tombs with earthen and tiled walls, as well as wide ancestral tombs with stone walls were revealed, in which the deceased (Joghaz) of the upper-class family were sequentially buried. In the final stage of the this civilization, collective burials were performed, in which human sacrifices were also performed. These tombs contain numerous artifacts, that indications of social stratification: gold and silver jewelry, bronze tools and weapons, imported valuable items. Early city-type settlements, temples, fortified walls, advanced craftsmanship-metallurgy, stonework/masonry, pottery, textile production, wine and beer production, transport, unified weight system, ritually formed system, elite tombs.