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'''Robert Colebunders''' (born 19 April 1950) is a Belgian clinician and researcher known for his contributions to the study of infectious diseases, particularly on [[Ebola]], [[AIDS]], [[tuberculosis]] and, more recently, on [[COVID-19]], [[monkeypox]] and [[onchocerciasis]].
'''Robert Colebunders''' (born 19 April 1950) is a Belgian clinician and researcher known for his groundbreaking contributions to the study and management of infectious diseases, with a focus on [[Ebola]], [[AIDS]], [[tuberculosis]] and, more recently, [[COVID-19]], [[monkeypox]] and [[onchocerciasis]].


Colebunders was a key member of the teams that investigated the Kikwit [[Ebola]].<ref>Bwaka MA, Bonnet MJ, Calain P, Colebunders R, De Roo A, Guimard Y, Katwiki KR, Kibadi K, Kipasa MA, Kuvula KJ, Mapanda BB, Massamba M, Mupapa KD, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Ndaberey E, Peters CJ, Rollin PE, Van den Enden E, Van den Enden E. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical observations in 103 patients. J Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;179 Suppl 1:S1-7. doi: 10.1086/514308. PMID: 9988155.</ref> and the Durba [[Marburg Virus]] outbreaks <ref>Colebunders R, Tshomba A, Van Kerkhove MD, Bausch DG, Campbell P, Libande M, Pirard P, Tshioko F, Mardel S, Mulangu S, Sleurs H, Rollin PE, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Jeffs B, Borchert M; International Scientific and Technical Committee "DRC Watsa/Durba 1999 Marburg Outbreak Investigation Group". Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Durba and Watsa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical documentation, features of illness, and treatment. J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 15;196 Suppl 2:S148-53. doi: 10.1086/520543. PMID: 17940943</ref>, contributing to its understanding and clinical management. Moreover, he emerged as a pioneering figure in AIDS research, being amongst the first to describe and define the clinical manifestations of HIV infection in Africa <ref>Colebunders R, Mann JM, Francis H, Bila K, Izaley L, Kakonde N, Kabasele K, Ifoto L, Nzilambi N, Quinn TC, et al. Evaluation of a clinical case-definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Africa. Lancet. 1987 Feb 28;1(8531):492-4. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92099-x. PMID: 2881049.</ref><ref>Colebunders, R, Kintin, D, Fleerackers, Y, Demeulenaere, T, Vandenbruaene, M, Goeman, J, Kestens, L, Farber, CM & Soete, F 1993, 'Surveillance case definition for AIDS in resource-poor countries [letter]', Lancet, vol. 342, pp. 864-865.</ref> and test diagnostic tests to identify the infection <ref>Mann JM, Francis H, Mwandagalirwa K, Ndongala L, Mavunza-Paka D, Baekert G, Malonga M, Bosenge N, Nzilambi N, Colebunders RC, et al. ELISA readers and HIV antibody testing in developing countries. Lancet. 1986 Jun 28;1(8496):1504. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91541-2. PMID: 2873309.</ref>. From here, he authored numerous studies about how to improve the quality of care in persons with [[HIV]] <ref>Colebunders R, Decock R, Mbeba MJ. Improving the quality of care for persons with HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Geogr Med. 1995;47(2):78-81. PMID: 8592768.</ref> and HIV and [[tuberculosis]] co-infection <ref>Colebunders RL, Braun MM, Nzila N, Dikilu K, Muepu K, Ryder R. Evaluation of the World Health Organization clinical case definition of AIDS among tuberculosis patients in Kinshasa, Zaire. J Infect Dis. 1989 Nov;160(5):902-3. doi: 10.1093/infdis/160.5.902. PMID: 2809263.
Colebunders played a pivotal role in investigating significant disease outbreaks, including the Kikwit [[Ebola|Ebola Virus]]<ref>Bwaka MA, Bonnet MJ, Calain P, Colebunders R, De Roo A, Guimard Y, Katwiki KR, Kibadi K, Kipasa MA, Kuvula KJ, Mapanda BB, Massamba M, Mupapa KD, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Ndaberey E, Peters CJ, Rollin PE, Van den Enden E, Van den Enden E. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical observations in 103 patients. J Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;179 Suppl 1:S1-7. doi: 10.1086/514308. PMID: 9988155.</ref> and Durba [[Marburg Virus]] outbreaks<ref>Colebunders R, Tshomba A, Van Kerkhove MD, Bausch DG, Campbell P, Libande M, Pirard P, Tshioko F, Mardel S, Mulangu S, Sleurs H, Rollin PE, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Jeffs B, Borchert M; International Scientific and Technical Committee "DRC Watsa/Durba 1999 Marburg Outbreak Investigation Group". Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Durba and Watsa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical documentation, features of illness, and treatment. J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 15;196 Suppl 2:S148-53. doi: 10.1086/520543. PMID: 17940943</ref>, where his expertise significantly contributed to understanding and managing these deadly pathogen. His pioneering work in AIDS research during the 1980s was instrumental in defining the clinical manifestations of HIV infection in Africa<ref>Colebunders R, Mann JM, Francis H, Bila K, Izaley L, Kakonde N, Kabasele K, Ifoto L, Nzilambi N, Quinn TC, et al. Evaluation of a clinical case-definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Africa. Lancet. 1987 Feb 28;1(8531):492-4. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92099-x. PMID: 2881049.</ref><ref>Colebunders, R, Kintin, D, Fleerackers, Y, Demeulenaere, T, Vandenbruaene, M, Goeman, J, Kestens, L, Farber, CM & Soete, F 1993, 'Surveillance case definition for AIDS in resource-poor countries [letter]', Lancet, vol. 342, pp. 864-865.</ref> and developing diagnostic tests to identify the virus<ref>Mann JM, Francis H, Mwandagalirwa K, Ndongala L, Mavunza-Paka D, Baekert G, Malonga M, Bosenge N, Nzilambi N, Colebunders RC, et al. ELISA readers and HIV antibody testing in developing countries. Lancet. 1986 Jun 28;1(8496):1504. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91541-2. PMID: 2873309.</ref>. This early research laid the foundation for subsequent advancements in HIV/AIDS diagnosis, treatment and surveillance.
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</ref> and how to organise care and treatment more effectively <ref>Suwanpimolkul G, Gatechompol S, Kawkitinarong K, Ueaphongsukkit T, Sophonphan J, Siriyakorn N, Jirajariyavej S, Khusuwan S, Panarat P, Wannalerdsakun S, Saetiew N, Chayangsu S, Wiwatrojanagul S, Noopetch P, Danpornprasert P, Mekviwattanawong S, Fujitnirun C, Lertpiriyasuwat C, Han WM, Kerr SJ, Ruxrungtham K, Avihingsanon A; the HIV-TB study team. Incidence of active tuberculosis among people living with HIV receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy in high TB/HIV burden settings in Thailand: implication for tuberculosis preventive therapy. J Int AIDS Soc. 2022 Apr;25(4):e25900. doi: 10.1002/jia2.25900. PMID: 35384317; PMCID: PMC8982319.</ref>.


Throughout his career, Colebunders has demonstrated a relentless commitment to improving patient outcomes and healthcare delivery. His studies on enhancing the quality of care for individuals living with [[HIV]]<ref>Colebunders R, Decock R, Mbeba MJ. Improving the quality of care for persons with HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Geogr Med. 1995;47(2):78-81. PMID: 8592768.</ref> and HIV and [[tuberculosis]] co-infection<ref>Colebunders RL, Braun MM, Nzila N, Dikilu K, Muepu K, Ryder R. Evaluation of the World Health Organization clinical case definition of AIDS among tuberculosis patients in Kinshasa, Zaire. J Infect Dis. 1989 Nov;160(5):902-3. doi: 10.1093/infdis/160.5.902. PMID: 2809263.
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In 2021, Colebunders was at the forefront of COVID-19 research, investigating its epidemiology in low- and middle-income countries <ref>Colebunders R, Siewe Fodjo JN. COVID-19 in Low and Middle Income Countries. Pathogens. 2022 Nov 11;11(11):1325. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11111325. PMID: 36422577; PMCID: PMC9692955.</ref>, as well as contributing to the definition of post-COVID condition <ref>Villar JC, Gumisiriza N, Abreu LG, Maude RJ, Colebunders R. Defining post-COVID condition. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Mar;22(3):316-317. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00060-3. PMID: 35218747; PMCID: PMC8865876.</ref>. Then, in 2022, he was also involved in [[monkeypox]] research <ref>Mande G, Akonda I, De Weggheleire A, Brosius I, Liesenborghs L, Bottieau E, Ross N, Gembu GC, Colebunders R, Verheyen E, Ngonda D, Leirs H, Laudisoit A. Enhanced surveillance of monkeypox in Bas-Uélé, Democratic Republic of Congo: the limitations of symptom-based case definitions. Int J Infect Dis. 2022 Sep;122:647-655. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.06.060. Epub 2022 Jul 7. PMID: 35809857; PMCID: PMC9628793.</ref> during the 2022-2023 outbreak <ref>https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/monkeypox-oubreak-2022</ref>.
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</ref> have had a profound impact on clinical practice, particularly in resource-limited settings where the burden was highest. Furthermore, his efforts in organising and coordinating care and treatment strategies for persons HIV have led to more effective healthcare delivery models, benefiting countless individuals worldwide<ref>Suwanpimolkul G, Gatechompol S, Kawkitinarong K, Ueaphongsukkit T, Sophonphan J, Siriyakorn N, Jirajariyavej S, Khusuwan S, Panarat P, Wannalerdsakun S, Saetiew N, Chayangsu S, Wiwatrojanagul S, Noopetch P, Danpornprasert P, Mekviwattanawong S, Fujitnirun C, Lertpiriyasuwat C, Han WM, Kerr SJ, Ruxrungtham K, Avihingsanon A; the HIV-TB study team. Incidence of active tuberculosis among people living with HIV receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy in high TB/HIV burden settings in Thailand: implication for tuberculosis preventive therapy. J Int AIDS Soc. 2022 Apr;25(4):e25900. doi: 10.1002/jia2.25900. PMID: 35384317; PMCID: PMC8982319.</ref>.


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In response to emerging infectious threats, Colebunders has been at the forefront of research initiatives aimed at understanding and combating diseases such as COVID-19 and monkeypox. His work during the COVID-19 pandemic epidemiology in low- and middle-income countries<ref>Colebunders R, Siewe Fodjo JN. COVID-19 in Low and Middle Income Countries. Pathogens. 2022 Nov 11;11(11):1325. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11111325. PMID: 36422577; PMCID: PMC9692955.</ref>, and contributions to defining post-COVID conditions have informed global response efforts and public health policies<ref>Villar JC, Gumisiriza N, Abreu LG, Maude RJ, Colebunders R. Defining post-COVID condition. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Mar;22(3):316-317. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00060-3. PMID: 35218747; PMCID: PMC8865876.</ref>. Then, in 2022, he participated in [[monkeypox]] research<ref>Mande G, Akonda I, De Weggheleire A, Brosius I, Liesenborghs L, Bottieau E, Ross N, Gembu GC, Colebunders R, Verheyen E, Ngonda D, Leirs H, Laudisoit A. Enhanced surveillance of monkeypox in Bas-Uélé, Democratic Republic of Congo: the limitations of symptom-based case definitions. Int J Infect Dis. 2022 Sep;122:647-655. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.06.060. Epub 2022 Jul 7. PMID: 35809857; PMCID: PMC9628793.</ref> during the 2022-2023 outbreak<ref>Mpox (monkeypox) outbreak. (2022). World Health Organization. At https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/monkeypox-oubreak-2022</ref>.
Currently, Colebunders is involved in research to identify the cause of the [[nodding syndrome]] and [[epilepsy]] in onchocerciasis-endemic regions.<ref>Colebunders R, Njamnshi AK, Menon S, Newton CR, Hotterbeekx A, Preux PM, Hopkins A, Vaillant M, Siewe Fodjo JN. Onchocerca volvulus and epilepsy: A comprehensive review using the Bradford Hill criteria for causation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Jan 7;15(1):e0008965. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008965. PMID: 33411705; PMCID: PMC7790236.

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</ref> Thanks to the collaborative efforts of Colebunders and his team, they are at the forefront of studying promising hypotheses surrounding the aetiology and pathogenesis of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE), including nodding syndrome.<ref>Hadermann A, Amaral LJ, Van Cutsem G, Siewe Fodjo JN, Colebunders R. Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: an update and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol. 2023 Feb;39(2):126-138. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.010. Epub 2022 Dec 15. PMID: 36528471.
</ref> Notably, his team's research has documented that onchocerciasis control interventions have effectively prevented the emergence of new OAE cases in numerous onchocerciasis-endemic regions with high ongoing transmission throughout Africa.<ref>Colebunders R, Njamnshi AK, van Oijen M, Mukendi D, Kashama JM, Mandro M, Gumisiriza N, Preux PM, Suykerbuyk P, Idro R. Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: From recent epidemiological and clinical findings to policy implications. Epilepsia Open. 2017 Apr 26;2(2):145-152. doi: 10.1002/epi4.12054. PMID: 29588943; PMCID: PMC5719844.
Currently, Colebunders leads pioneering research on onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE), a debilitating condition prevalent in onchocerciasis-endemic regions<ref>Colebunders R, Njamnshi AK, Menon S, Newton CR, Hotterbeekx A, Preux PM, Hopkins A, Vaillant M, Siewe Fodjo JN. Onchocerca volvulus and epilepsy: A comprehensive review using the Bradford Hill criteria for causation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Jan 7;15(1):e0008965. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008965. PMID: 33411705; PMCID: PMC7790236.
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</ref>. His collaborative efforts have advanced our understanding of the complex interplay between onchocerciasis and epilepsy, termed onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE), leading to innovative approaches for disease prevention and management<ref>Hadermann A, Amaral LJ, Van Cutsem G, Siewe Fodjo JN, Colebunders R. Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: an update and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol. 2023 Feb;39(2):126-138. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.010. Epub 2022 Dec 15. PMID: 36528471.
</ref>. Notably, his research has demonstrated the effectiveness of onchocerciasis control interventions in preventing new OAE cases<ref>Colebunders R, Njamnshi AK, van Oijen M, Mukendi D, Kashama JM, Mandro M, Gumisiriza N, Preux PM, Suykerbuyk P, Idro R. Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: From recent epidemiological and clinical findings to policy implications. Epilepsia Open. 2017 Apr 26;2(2):145-152. doi: 10.1002/epi4.12054. PMID: 29588943; PMCID: PMC5719844.
</ref><ref>Jada SR, Amaral LJ, Lakwo T, Carter JY, Rovarini J, Bol YY, Logora MY, Hadermann A, Hopkins A, Fodjo JNS, Colebunders R. Effect of onchocerciasis elimination measures on the incidence of epilepsy in Maridi, South Sudan: a 3-year longitudinal, prospective, population-based study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1260-e1268. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00248-6. PMID: 37474232.
</ref><ref>Jada SR, Amaral LJ, Lakwo T, Carter JY, Rovarini J, Bol YY, Logora MY, Hadermann A, Hopkins A, Fodjo JNS, Colebunders R. Effect of onchocerciasis elimination measures on the incidence of epilepsy in Maridi, South Sudan: a 3-year longitudinal, prospective, population-based study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1260-e1268. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00248-6. PMID: 37474232.
</ref><ref>Bhwana D, Amaral LJ, Mhina A, Hayuma PM, Francis F, Siewe Fodjo JN, Mmbando BP, Colebunders R. Impact of a bi-annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin programme on the incidence of epilepsy in an onchocerciasis-endemic area of Mahenge, Tanzania: A population-based prospective study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023 Jun 28;17(6):e0011178. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011178. PMID: 37379350; PMCID: PMC10335697.
</ref><ref>Bhwana D, Amaral LJ, Mhina A, Hayuma PM, Francis F, Siewe Fodjo JN, Mmbando BP, Colebunders R. Impact of a bi-annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin programme on the incidence of epilepsy in an onchocerciasis-endemic area of Mahenge, Tanzania: A population-based prospective study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023 Jun 28;17(6):e0011178. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011178. PMID: 37379350; PMCID: PMC10335697.
</ref> Beyond research, Colebunders is also deeply invested in pragmatic interventions for managing individuals with OAE. This encompasses both the provision of antiseizure medication and initiatives aimed at mitigating the stigma associated with epilepsy.<ref>Colebunders R, Siewe Fodjo JN, Hopkins A, Hotterbeekx A, Lakwo TL, Kalinga A, Logora MY, Basáñez MG. From river blindness to river epilepsy: Implications for onchocerciasis elimination programmes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 Jul 18;13(7):e0007407. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007407. PMID: 31318857; PMCID: PMC6638735.
</ref>, underscoring the importance of integrated public health strategies. Moreover, he has explored how OAE may include [[Nodding syndrome]] and Nakalanga syndrome<ref>Van Cutsem G, Siewe Fodjo JN, Dekker MCJ, Amaral LJ, Njamnshi AK, Colebunders R. Case definitions for onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy and nodding syndrome: A focused review. Seizure. 2023 Apr;107:132-135. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.03.024. Epub 2023 Mar 31. PMID: 37023626.</ref>, and has developed pragmatic interventions for managing individuals with OAE. This encompasses both the provision of antiseizure medication and initiatives aimed at mitigating the stigma associated with epilepsy<ref>Colebunders R, Siewe Fodjo JN, Hopkins A, Hotterbeekx A, Lakwo TL, Kalinga A, Logora MY, Basáñez MG. From river blindness to river epilepsy: Implications for onchocerciasis elimination programmes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 Jul 18;13(7):e0007407. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007407. PMID: 31318857; PMCID: PMC6638735.
</ref><ref>Jada SR, Tionga MS, Siewe Fodjo JN, Carter JY, Logora MY, Colebunders R. Community perception of epilepsy and its treatment in onchocerciasis-endemic villages of Maridi county, western equatoria state, South Sudan. Epilepsy Behav. 2022 Feb;127:108537. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108537. Epub 2022 Jan 10. PMID: 35026562.
</ref><ref>Jada SR, Tionga MS, Siewe Fodjo JN, Carter JY, Logora MY, Colebunders R. Community perception of epilepsy and its treatment in onchocerciasis-endemic villages of Maridi county, western equatoria state, South Sudan. Epilepsy Behav. 2022 Feb;127:108537. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108537. Epub 2022 Jan 10. PMID: 35026562.
</ref><ref>Jada SR, Siewe Fodjo JN, Abd-Elfarag G, Tionga M, Carter JY, Logora MY, Newton C, Colebunders R. Epilepsy-related stigma and cost in two onchocerciasis-endemic areas in South Sudan: A pilot descriptive study. Seizure. 2020 Oct;81:151-156. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.08.003. Epub 2020 Aug 11. PMID: 32810838.
</ref><ref>Jada SR, Siewe Fodjo JN, Abd-Elfarag G, Tionga M, Carter JY, Logora MY, Newton C, Colebunders R. Epilepsy-related stigma and cost in two onchocerciasis-endemic areas in South Sudan: A pilot descriptive study. Seizure. 2020 Oct;81:151-156. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.08.003. Epub 2020 Aug 11. PMID: 32810838.
</ref><ref>O'Neill S, Irani J, Siewe Fodjo JN, Nono D, Abbo C, Sato Y, Mugarura A, Dolo H, Ronse M, Njamnshi AK, Colebunders R. Stigma and epilepsy in onchocerciasis-endemic regions in Africa: a review and recommendations from the onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy working group. Infect Dis Poverty. 2019 May 20;8(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s40249-019-0544-6. PMID: 31109376; PMCID: PMC6526597.
</ref><ref>O'Neill S, Irani J, Siewe Fodjo JN, Nono D, Abbo C, Sato Y, Mugarura A, Dolo H, Ronse M, Njamnshi AK, Colebunders R. Stigma and epilepsy in onchocerciasis-endemic regions in Africa: a review and recommendations from the onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy working group. Infect Dis Poverty. 2019 May 20;8(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s40249-019-0544-6. PMID: 31109376; PMCID: PMC6526597.
</ref>
</ref>.


== Career ==
== Career ==


Robert Colebunders began his medical career in Setif, Algeria, in 1974, where he served as the Head of the Department of Paediatrics in a major urban hospital.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/staff/robert-colebunders/my-website/ | title=About Robert Colebunders &#124; Robert Colebunders &#124; University of Antwerp }}</ref> Shortly after, he took on the responsibility of healthcare for a vast rural area in Bougaa, Algeria <ref>https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/staff/robert-colebunders/my-website/</ref>. From 1976 to 1982, he underwent a Medical Residency in Internal Medicine at St Pierre, Brussels <ref>Colebunders R, Mariage JL, Coche JC, Pirenne B, Kempinaire S, Hantson P, Van Gompel A, Niedrig M, Van Esbroeck M, Bailey R, Drosten C, Schmitz H. A Belgian traveler who acquired yellow fever in the Gambia. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Nov 15;35(10):e113-6. doi: 10.1086/344180. Epub 2002 Oct 28. PMID: 12410495.</ref>. Following that, between 1982 and 1984, he held the position of Senior Fellow in Internal Medicine, serving both at the University Hospital Antwerp in the Department of Cardiology and the Hospital St.-Mariagasthuis in Berchem, Belgium <ref>https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/staff/robert-colebunders/my-website/</ref>.
Robert Colebunders embarked on his medical journey in Setif, Algeria, in 1974, where he assumed the role of Head of the Department of Pediatrics in a major urban hospital<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/staff/robert-colebunders/my-website/ | title=About Robert Colebunders &#124; Robert Colebunders &#124; University of Antwerp }}</ref>. Shortly thereafter, he extended his reach to encompass healthcare provision in the expansive rural landscape of Bougaa, Algeria<ref>https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/staff/robert-colebunders/my-website/</ref>. Between 1976 and 1982, he pursued a Medical Residency in Internal Medicine at St Pierre, Brussels, honing his expertise in the intricate field of internal medicine <ref>Colebunders R, Mariage JL, Coche JC, Pirenne B, Kempinaire S, Hantson P, Van Gompel A, Niedrig M, Van Esbroeck M, Bailey R, Drosten C, Schmitz H. A Belgian traveler who acquired yellow fever in the Gambia. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Nov 15;35(10):e113-6. doi: 10.1086/344180. Epub 2002 Oct 28. PMID: 12410495.</ref>.

From 1982 to 1984, Colebunders held the esteemed position of Senior Fellow in Internal Medicine, making significant contributions to both the University Hospital Antwerp's Department of Cardiology and the Hospital St.-Mariagasthuis in Berchem, Belgium<ref name=":0">About Robert Colebunders. (2020). University of Antwerp. At https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/staff/robert-colebunders/my-website/</ref>. In 1984, he embarked on a pivotal role as the coordinator of clinical studies on HIV/AIDS for "[[Project SIDA]]" ("Project AIDS" in English) in Kinshasa, Zaire, a position headeptly executed until 1987<ref>Piot, Peter (2012). No Time to Lose: A Life in Pursuit of Deadly Viruses. London and New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393084115.</ref>. Subsequently, in 1988, he assumed the mantle of visiting scientist at the International Activities HIV/AIDS program at the [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC) in Atlanta, USA<ref name=":0" /><ref>Emerging Infectious Diseases'': Emergomyces africanus'' in Soil, South Africa. Centers for Diseases Control and Prevnetion. At https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/2/17-1351-f1</ref>.


From 1989 to 2004, Colebunders spearheaded the coordination of HIV/AIDS patient care and clinical research at the [[Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp]] (ITM) in Belgium<ref>Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp</ref>. In 1995, he ascended to the esteemed position of Professor in Tropical Diseases and [[Sexually Transmitted Diseases]] (STDs) at ITM, Antwerp. A year later, he expanded his academic purview, assuming the role of Professor in Infectious Diseases at the [[University of Antwerp]] (UA)<ref name=":1">Robert Colebunders. (2022). Research Gate. At https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert-Colebunders</ref>.
In 1984, Colebunders transitioned to a role as the Coordinator of clinical studies on HIV/AIDS for the "[[Project SIDA]]" ("Project AIDS" in French) in Kinshasa, Zaire, a position he held until 1987 <ref>Piot, Peter (2012). No Time to Lose: A Life in Pursuit of Deadly Viruses. London and New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393084115.</ref>. After this, in 1988, he took on a role as a visiting scientist at the International Activities HIV/AIDS program at the [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC) in Atlanta, USA <ref>https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/2/17-1351-f1</ref> <ref>https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/staff/robert-colebunders/my-website/</ref>. From 1989 to 2004, he spearheaded the coordination of HIV/AIDS patient care and clinical research at the [[Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp]] (ITM) in Belgium <ref>Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp</ref>.


In 1995, Colebunders was appointed Professor in Tropical Diseases and [[Sexually Transmitted Diseases]] (STDs) at the ITM, Antwerp, and a year later, he also began serving as a Professor in Infectious Diseases at the [[University of Antwerp]] (UA) <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert-Colebunders</ref>. He took a sabbatical in 2004 to serve as a Senior Clinical Investigator at the [[Infectious Diseases Institute]] in Kampala, Uganda. Upon his return, between April 2005 and April 2014, he headed the clinical HIV/STD Unit in the Department of Clinical Sciences at the ITM, Antwerp https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert-Colebunders. Since October 2014, he has been honoured with the title of [[Emeritus Professor]] at ITM, mostly focusing on onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy research <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert-Colebunders/research?ev=brs_act</ref>. He received a HORIZON grant in 2015-2020 <ref>https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/research-groups/global-health-institute/research/research-projects/south-sudan/</ref> and FWO senior research project in 2022 <ref>https://www.itg.be/en/health-stories/articles/fwo-awards-senior-research-projects</ref> to further understand the potential causal link between onchocerciasis and epilepsy. In September 2023, Colebunders co-organised the "2nd International Workshop on Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy", which enabled contributions from 113 experts across 24 countries, including major representation from 14 African nations and organizations such as the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] <ref>https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/research-groups/oae/oae-alliance/activities/oae-2023/</ref>.
In 2004, Colebunders embarked on a sabbatical, serving as a Senior Clinical Investigator at the [[Infectious Diseases Institute]] in Kampala, Uganda.Upon his return, he helmed the clinical HIV/STD Unit in the Department of Clinical Sciences at ITM, Antwerp, from April 2005 to April 2014. Since October 2014, Colebunders has been honored with the distinguished title of [[Emeritus Professor]] at ITM, where he currently stands developing onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy research<ref name=":1" />. His unwavering commitment to advancing knowledge in this field has been further underscored by prestigious grants, including a HORIZON grant in 2015-2020 <ref>South Sudan. (2019). University of Antwerp. At https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/research-groups/global-health-institute/research/research-projects/south-sudan/</ref> and an FWO senior research project in 2022<ref>FWO awards 5 ITM senior research projects. (2022). Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp. At https://www.itg.be/en/health-stories/articles/fwo-awards-senior-research-projects</ref>.In September 2023, Colebunders co-organised the "2nd International Workshop on Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy," fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange among experts from across the globe, including major representation from esteemed organisations such as the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] <ref>2nd International workshop on Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy. (2024). University of Antwerp. At https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/research-groups/oae/oae-alliance/activities/oae-2023/</ref>.
== Personal life ==
{{Unsourced|date=October 2023}}
Colebunders is fluent in English, French, and Dutch <ref>https://be.linkedin.com/in/bob-colebunders-b523968</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 18:52, 13 March 2024

  • Comment: Still the same issues as my last decline. A lot of 'Career' is unsourced, all of 'Personal life' is unsourced - RichT|C|E-Mail 14:36, 24 January 2024 (UTC)
  • Comment: A lot of 'Career' is unsourced, all of 'Personal life' is unsourced - RichT|C|E-Mail 16:47, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Robert Colebunders
Born (1950-04-19) 19 April 1950 (age 74)
NationalityBelgian
Alma materUniversity of Antwerp
Free University of Brussels
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp
Scientific career
FieldsInfectious Diseases
InstitutionsGlobal Health Institute
University of Antwerp
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp
Websiteuantwerpen.be/en/staff/robert-colebunders/my-website/

Robert Colebunders (born 19 April 1950) is a Belgian clinician and researcher known for his groundbreaking contributions to the study and management of infectious diseases, with a focus on Ebola, AIDS, tuberculosis and, more recently, COVID-19, monkeypox and onchocerciasis.

Colebunders played a pivotal role in investigating significant disease outbreaks, including the Kikwit Ebola Virus[1] and Durba Marburg Virus outbreaks[2], where his expertise significantly contributed to understanding and managing these deadly pathogen. His pioneering work in AIDS research during the 1980s was instrumental in defining the clinical manifestations of HIV infection in Africa[3][4] and developing diagnostic tests to identify the virus[5]. This early research laid the foundation for subsequent advancements in HIV/AIDS diagnosis, treatment and surveillance.

Throughout his career, Colebunders has demonstrated a relentless commitment to improving patient outcomes and healthcare delivery. His studies on enhancing the quality of care for individuals living with HIV[6] and HIV and tuberculosis co-infection[7] have had a profound impact on clinical practice, particularly in resource-limited settings where the burden was highest. Furthermore, his efforts in organising and coordinating care and treatment strategies for persons HIV have led to more effective healthcare delivery models, benefiting countless individuals worldwide[8].

In response to emerging infectious threats, Colebunders has been at the forefront of research initiatives aimed at understanding and combating diseases such as COVID-19 and monkeypox. His work during the COVID-19 pandemic epidemiology in low- and middle-income countries[9], and contributions to defining post-COVID conditions have informed global response efforts and public health policies[10]. Then, in 2022, he participated in monkeypox research[11] during the 2022-2023 outbreak[12].

Currently, Colebunders leads pioneering research on onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE), a debilitating condition prevalent in onchocerciasis-endemic regions[13]. His collaborative efforts have advanced our understanding of the complex interplay between onchocerciasis and epilepsy, termed onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE), leading to innovative approaches for disease prevention and management[14]. Notably, his research has demonstrated the effectiveness of onchocerciasis control interventions in preventing new OAE cases[15][16][17], underscoring the importance of integrated public health strategies. Moreover, he has explored how OAE may include Nodding syndrome and Nakalanga syndrome[18], and has developed pragmatic interventions for managing individuals with OAE. This encompasses both the provision of antiseizure medication and initiatives aimed at mitigating the stigma associated with epilepsy[19][20][21][22].

Career

Robert Colebunders embarked on his medical journey in Setif, Algeria, in 1974, where he assumed the role of Head of the Department of Pediatrics in a major urban hospital[23]. Shortly thereafter, he extended his reach to encompass healthcare provision in the expansive rural landscape of Bougaa, Algeria[24]. Between 1976 and 1982, he pursued a Medical Residency in Internal Medicine at St Pierre, Brussels, honing his expertise in the intricate field of internal medicine [25].

From 1982 to 1984, Colebunders held the esteemed position of Senior Fellow in Internal Medicine, making significant contributions to both the University Hospital Antwerp's Department of Cardiology and the Hospital St.-Mariagasthuis in Berchem, Belgium[26]. In 1984, he embarked on a pivotal role as the coordinator of clinical studies on HIV/AIDS for "Project SIDA" ("Project AIDS" in English) in Kinshasa, Zaire, a position headeptly executed until 1987[27]. Subsequently, in 1988, he assumed the mantle of visiting scientist at the International Activities HIV/AIDS program at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, USA[26][28].

From 1989 to 2004, Colebunders spearheaded the coordination of HIV/AIDS patient care and clinical research at the Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM) in Belgium[29]. In 1995, he ascended to the esteemed position of Professor in Tropical Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) at ITM, Antwerp. A year later, he expanded his academic purview, assuming the role of Professor in Infectious Diseases at the University of Antwerp (UA)[30].

In 2004, Colebunders embarked on a sabbatical, serving as a Senior Clinical Investigator at the Infectious Diseases Institute in Kampala, Uganda.Upon his return, he helmed the clinical HIV/STD Unit in the Department of Clinical Sciences at ITM, Antwerp, from April 2005 to April 2014. Since October 2014, Colebunders has been honored with the distinguished title of Emeritus Professor at ITM, where he currently stands developing onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy research[30]. His unwavering commitment to advancing knowledge in this field has been further underscored by prestigious grants, including a HORIZON grant in 2015-2020 [31] and an FWO senior research project in 2022[32].In September 2023, Colebunders co-organised the "2nd International Workshop on Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy," fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange among experts from across the globe, including major representation from esteemed organisations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [33].

References

  1. ^ Bwaka MA, Bonnet MJ, Calain P, Colebunders R, De Roo A, Guimard Y, Katwiki KR, Kibadi K, Kipasa MA, Kuvula KJ, Mapanda BB, Massamba M, Mupapa KD, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Ndaberey E, Peters CJ, Rollin PE, Van den Enden E, Van den Enden E. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical observations in 103 patients. J Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;179 Suppl 1:S1-7. doi: 10.1086/514308. PMID: 9988155.
  2. ^ Colebunders R, Tshomba A, Van Kerkhove MD, Bausch DG, Campbell P, Libande M, Pirard P, Tshioko F, Mardel S, Mulangu S, Sleurs H, Rollin PE, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Jeffs B, Borchert M; International Scientific and Technical Committee "DRC Watsa/Durba 1999 Marburg Outbreak Investigation Group". Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Durba and Watsa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical documentation, features of illness, and treatment. J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 15;196 Suppl 2:S148-53. doi: 10.1086/520543. PMID: 17940943
  3. ^ Colebunders R, Mann JM, Francis H, Bila K, Izaley L, Kakonde N, Kabasele K, Ifoto L, Nzilambi N, Quinn TC, et al. Evaluation of a clinical case-definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Africa. Lancet. 1987 Feb 28;1(8531):492-4. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92099-x. PMID: 2881049.
  4. ^ Colebunders, R, Kintin, D, Fleerackers, Y, Demeulenaere, T, Vandenbruaene, M, Goeman, J, Kestens, L, Farber, CM & Soete, F 1993, 'Surveillance case definition for AIDS in resource-poor countries [letter]', Lancet, vol. 342, pp. 864-865.
  5. ^ Mann JM, Francis H, Mwandagalirwa K, Ndongala L, Mavunza-Paka D, Baekert G, Malonga M, Bosenge N, Nzilambi N, Colebunders RC, et al. ELISA readers and HIV antibody testing in developing countries. Lancet. 1986 Jun 28;1(8496):1504. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91541-2. PMID: 2873309.
  6. ^ Colebunders R, Decock R, Mbeba MJ. Improving the quality of care for persons with HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Geogr Med. 1995;47(2):78-81. PMID: 8592768.
  7. ^ Colebunders RL, Braun MM, Nzila N, Dikilu K, Muepu K, Ryder R. Evaluation of the World Health Organization clinical case definition of AIDS among tuberculosis patients in Kinshasa, Zaire. J Infect Dis. 1989 Nov;160(5):902-3. doi: 10.1093/infdis/160.5.902. PMID: 2809263.
  8. ^ Suwanpimolkul G, Gatechompol S, Kawkitinarong K, Ueaphongsukkit T, Sophonphan J, Siriyakorn N, Jirajariyavej S, Khusuwan S, Panarat P, Wannalerdsakun S, Saetiew N, Chayangsu S, Wiwatrojanagul S, Noopetch P, Danpornprasert P, Mekviwattanawong S, Fujitnirun C, Lertpiriyasuwat C, Han WM, Kerr SJ, Ruxrungtham K, Avihingsanon A; the HIV-TB study team. Incidence of active tuberculosis among people living with HIV receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy in high TB/HIV burden settings in Thailand: implication for tuberculosis preventive therapy. J Int AIDS Soc. 2022 Apr;25(4):e25900. doi: 10.1002/jia2.25900. PMID: 35384317; PMCID: PMC8982319.
  9. ^ Colebunders R, Siewe Fodjo JN. COVID-19 in Low and Middle Income Countries. Pathogens. 2022 Nov 11;11(11):1325. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11111325. PMID: 36422577; PMCID: PMC9692955.
  10. ^ Villar JC, Gumisiriza N, Abreu LG, Maude RJ, Colebunders R. Defining post-COVID condition. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Mar;22(3):316-317. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00060-3. PMID: 35218747; PMCID: PMC8865876.
  11. ^ Mande G, Akonda I, De Weggheleire A, Brosius I, Liesenborghs L, Bottieau E, Ross N, Gembu GC, Colebunders R, Verheyen E, Ngonda D, Leirs H, Laudisoit A. Enhanced surveillance of monkeypox in Bas-Uélé, Democratic Republic of Congo: the limitations of symptom-based case definitions. Int J Infect Dis. 2022 Sep;122:647-655. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.06.060. Epub 2022 Jul 7. PMID: 35809857; PMCID: PMC9628793.
  12. ^ Mpox (monkeypox) outbreak. (2022). World Health Organization. At https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/monkeypox-oubreak-2022
  13. ^ Colebunders R, Njamnshi AK, Menon S, Newton CR, Hotterbeekx A, Preux PM, Hopkins A, Vaillant M, Siewe Fodjo JN. Onchocerca volvulus and epilepsy: A comprehensive review using the Bradford Hill criteria for causation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Jan 7;15(1):e0008965. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008965. PMID: 33411705; PMCID: PMC7790236.
  14. ^ Hadermann A, Amaral LJ, Van Cutsem G, Siewe Fodjo JN, Colebunders R. Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: an update and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol. 2023 Feb;39(2):126-138. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.010. Epub 2022 Dec 15. PMID: 36528471.
  15. ^ Colebunders R, Njamnshi AK, van Oijen M, Mukendi D, Kashama JM, Mandro M, Gumisiriza N, Preux PM, Suykerbuyk P, Idro R. Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: From recent epidemiological and clinical findings to policy implications. Epilepsia Open. 2017 Apr 26;2(2):145-152. doi: 10.1002/epi4.12054. PMID: 29588943; PMCID: PMC5719844.
  16. ^ Jada SR, Amaral LJ, Lakwo T, Carter JY, Rovarini J, Bol YY, Logora MY, Hadermann A, Hopkins A, Fodjo JNS, Colebunders R. Effect of onchocerciasis elimination measures on the incidence of epilepsy in Maridi, South Sudan: a 3-year longitudinal, prospective, population-based study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1260-e1268. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00248-6. PMID: 37474232.
  17. ^ Bhwana D, Amaral LJ, Mhina A, Hayuma PM, Francis F, Siewe Fodjo JN, Mmbando BP, Colebunders R. Impact of a bi-annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin programme on the incidence of epilepsy in an onchocerciasis-endemic area of Mahenge, Tanzania: A population-based prospective study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023 Jun 28;17(6):e0011178. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011178. PMID: 37379350; PMCID: PMC10335697.
  18. ^ Van Cutsem G, Siewe Fodjo JN, Dekker MCJ, Amaral LJ, Njamnshi AK, Colebunders R. Case definitions for onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy and nodding syndrome: A focused review. Seizure. 2023 Apr;107:132-135. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.03.024. Epub 2023 Mar 31. PMID: 37023626.
  19. ^ Colebunders R, Siewe Fodjo JN, Hopkins A, Hotterbeekx A, Lakwo TL, Kalinga A, Logora MY, Basáñez MG. From river blindness to river epilepsy: Implications for onchocerciasis elimination programmes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 Jul 18;13(7):e0007407. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007407. PMID: 31318857; PMCID: PMC6638735.
  20. ^ Jada SR, Tionga MS, Siewe Fodjo JN, Carter JY, Logora MY, Colebunders R. Community perception of epilepsy and its treatment in onchocerciasis-endemic villages of Maridi county, western equatoria state, South Sudan. Epilepsy Behav. 2022 Feb;127:108537. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108537. Epub 2022 Jan 10. PMID: 35026562.
  21. ^ Jada SR, Siewe Fodjo JN, Abd-Elfarag G, Tionga M, Carter JY, Logora MY, Newton C, Colebunders R. Epilepsy-related stigma and cost in two onchocerciasis-endemic areas in South Sudan: A pilot descriptive study. Seizure. 2020 Oct;81:151-156. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.08.003. Epub 2020 Aug 11. PMID: 32810838.
  22. ^ O'Neill S, Irani J, Siewe Fodjo JN, Nono D, Abbo C, Sato Y, Mugarura A, Dolo H, Ronse M, Njamnshi AK, Colebunders R. Stigma and epilepsy in onchocerciasis-endemic regions in Africa: a review and recommendations from the onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy working group. Infect Dis Poverty. 2019 May 20;8(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s40249-019-0544-6. PMID: 31109376; PMCID: PMC6526597.
  23. ^ "About Robert Colebunders | Robert Colebunders | University of Antwerp".
  24. ^ https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/staff/robert-colebunders/my-website/
  25. ^ Colebunders R, Mariage JL, Coche JC, Pirenne B, Kempinaire S, Hantson P, Van Gompel A, Niedrig M, Van Esbroeck M, Bailey R, Drosten C, Schmitz H. A Belgian traveler who acquired yellow fever in the Gambia. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Nov 15;35(10):e113-6. doi: 10.1086/344180. Epub 2002 Oct 28. PMID: 12410495.
  26. ^ a b About Robert Colebunders. (2020). University of Antwerp. At https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/staff/robert-colebunders/my-website/
  27. ^ Piot, Peter (2012). No Time to Lose: A Life in Pursuit of Deadly Viruses. London and New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393084115.
  28. ^ Emerging Infectious Diseases: Emergomyces africanus in Soil, South Africa. Centers for Diseases Control and Prevnetion. At https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/2/17-1351-f1
  29. ^ Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp
  30. ^ a b Robert Colebunders. (2022). Research Gate. At https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert-Colebunders
  31. ^ South Sudan. (2019). University of Antwerp. At https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/research-groups/global-health-institute/research/research-projects/south-sudan/
  32. ^ FWO awards 5 ITM senior research projects. (2022). Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp. At https://www.itg.be/en/health-stories/articles/fwo-awards-senior-research-projects
  33. ^ 2nd International workshop on Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy. (2024). University of Antwerp. At https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/research-groups/oae/oae-alliance/activities/oae-2023/
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