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'''''Drymobius margaritiferus''''', commonly known as the '''speckled racer''', is a [[species]] of nonvenomous [[colubrid]] [[snake]] native to the [[Americas]]. The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''margaritiferus'', means "pearl-bearing" in Latin, referring to the pearl-like spots on the dorsal scales.
'''''Drymobius margaritiferus''''', commonly known as the '''speckled racer''', is a [[species]] of nonvenomous [[colubrid]] [[snake]] native to the [[Americas]]. The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''margaritiferus'', means "pearl-bearing" in Latin, referring to the pearl-like spots on the [[dorsal scales]].


==Geographic range and habitat==
==Geographic range and habitat==
This species ranges throughout Central America from the [[Isthmus of Tehuantepec]] and [[Yucatán Peninsula]] southward to [[Panama]] and adjacent areas of northwest [[Colombia]], occurring at elevations from sea level up to 4,750 feet (1,453 m.). Northward it is found in the coastal lowlands and lower exterior slopes of the Sierra Madres of [[Mexico]], up the west coast to [[Sonora]], and up the east coast to northern [[Tamaulipas]]. The northern limit of its distribution ranges into extreme south [[Texas]], USA where it is uncommon to rare in a few of the southernmost counties of the state.<ref name="Werler & Dixon (2000)">Werler, John E. and James R. Dixon. 2000. Texas Snakes: Identification, Distribution, and Natural History. University of Texas Press. Austin, Texas. xv, 417 pp. {{ISBN|0-292-79130-5}}</ref><ref name="Köhler (2008)">Köhler, Gunther. 2008. Reptiles of Central America, 2nd. ed. Herpeton Verlag. Offenbach, Germany. 460 pp. {{ISBN|3-936180-28-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zo.utexas.edu/research/txherps/snakes/drymobius.margaretiferus.html |title=''Drymobius margaritiferus'' |work=Herps of Texas |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref>
This species ranges throughout [[Central America]] from the [[Isthmus of Tehuantepec]] and [[Yucatán Peninsula]], southward to [[Panama]] and adjacent areas of northwest [[Colombia]], occurring at elevations from sea level up to 4,750 feet (1,453 m). Northward, it is found in the coastal lowlands and lower exterior slopes of the [[Sierra Madre Occidental|Sierra Madres]] of [[Mexico]], up the west coast to [[Sonora]], and up the east coast to northern [[Tamaulipas]]. The northern limit of its distribution ranges into extreme south [[Texas]], USA, where it is uncommon to rare in a few of the southernmost counties of the state.<ref name="Werler & Dixon (2000)">Werler, John E. and James R. Dixon. 2000. Texas Snakes: Identification, Distribution, and Natural History. University of Texas Press. Austin, Texas. xv, 417 pp. {{ISBN|0-292-79130-5}}</ref><ref name="Köhler (2008)">Köhler, Gunther. 2008. Reptiles of Central America, 2nd. ed. Herpeton Verlag. Offenbach, Germany. 460 pp. {{ISBN|3-936180-28-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zo.utexas.edu/research/txherps/snakes/drymobius.margaretiferus.html |title=''Drymobius margaritiferus'' |work=Herps of Texas |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref>


It occurs in a wide variety of habitats, including forest, forest edges and clearings, secondary growth, [[riparian zones]], savannahs, marshlands, pastures, and roadsides.<ref name="Werler & Dixon (2000)" /><ref name="Savage (2002)">Savage, J. M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, A Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. xx, 934 pp.</ref> It is often said to favor humid and wet areas with permanent water sources<ref name="Conant1975"/><ref name="Werler & Dixon (2000)" /><ref name="Lee (1996)">Lee, J. C. 1996. The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Yucatán Peninsula. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. xii, 500 pp. {{ISBN|0-8014-2450-X}}</ref> however, these snakes have been found in areas where no water was apparent and habitats include tropical dry forest and tropical arid forest,<ref name="Wilson & Meyer (1985)">Wilson, Larry David, and John R. Meyer. 1985. The Snakes of Honduras, 2nd. ed. Milwaukee Public Museum. x, 150 pp. {{ISBN|0-89326-115-7}}</ref><ref name="Farr & Lazcano (2011)">Farr, William L. and David Lazcano (2011). Natural History Notes: Drymobius margaritiferus, Thanatosis. Herpological Review, 42(4); 613.</ref><ref name="McCranie (2011)">McCranie, J. R. 2011. The Snakes of Honduras: Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation.. Contributions to Herpetology, Vol. 26. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. x, 714 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-916984-81-6}}</ref> In Costa Rica it is described as " ubiquitous in ''all but'' the most humid lowland and pre-montane zones" including dry lowland forest.<ref name="Savage (2002)" />
Speckled racers occur in a wide variety of habitats, including: forest, forest edges and clearings, [[Secondary forest|secondary growth]], [[riparian zones]], [[Savanna|savannahs]], [[Marsh|marshlands]], [[Pasture|pastures]], and roadsides.<ref name="Werler & Dixon (2000)" /><ref name="Savage (2002)">Savage, J. M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, A Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. xx, 934 pp.</ref> It is often said to favor humid and wet areas with permanent water sources.<ref name="Conant1975"/><ref name="Werler & Dixon (2000)" /><ref name="Lee (1996)">Lee, J. C. 1996. The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Yucatán Peninsula. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. xii, 500 pp. {{ISBN|0-8014-2450-X}}</ref> However, these snakes have been found in areas where no water was apparent, and habitats include [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry forests]] and tropical arid forests.<ref name="Wilson & Meyer (1985)">Wilson, Larry David, and John R. Meyer. 1985. The Snakes of Honduras, 2nd. ed. Milwaukee Public Museum. x, 150 pp. {{ISBN|0-89326-115-7}}</ref><ref name="Farr & Lazcano (2011)">Farr, William L. and David Lazcano (2011). Natural History Notes: Drymobius margaritiferus, Thanatosis. Herpological Review, 42(4); 613.</ref><ref name="McCranie (2011)">McCranie, J. R. 2011. The Snakes of Honduras: Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation.. Contributions to Herpetology, Vol. 26. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. x, 714 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-916984-81-6}}</ref> In [[Costa Rica]], it is described as "ubiquitous in ''all but'' the most humid lowland and [[Premontane humid forest|pre-montane]] zones," including dry lowland forests.<ref name="Savage (2002)" />


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Drymobius margaritiferus.jpg|left|thumb|''Drymobius margaritiferus'']]
[[File:Drymobius margaritiferus.jpg|left|thumb|''Drymobius margaritiferus'']]
The speckled racer is typically black in color with distinctive yellow and blue spotting, one light-colored spot on each scale,<ref name="Schmidt&Davis1941">{{cite book|author1=Schmidt, K.P.|author-link=Karl Patterson Schmidt|author2=D.D. Davis|year=1941|title=Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada|url=https://archive.org/details/FieldBookSnakes00Schm|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York}} 365 pp. (''Drymobius margaritiferus'', pp. 131-133, Figure 31.)</ref> which gives the snake an overall greenish hue. The [[Labial scale|labials]] are yellow, with black sutures.<ref name="Blgr1894">{{cite book|author=Boulenger, G.A.|author-link=George Albert Boulenger|year=1894|title=Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ|location=London|publisher=Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) xi + 328 pp. + Plates I.- XX. (Drymobius margaritiferus, pp. 17-18.)}}</ref> The underside is typically yellow to green. They average 30–40 in. (76–102&nbsp;cm) in length, record 50 in. (127&nbsp;cm).<ref name="Conant1975">{{cite book|author=Conant, Roger|author-link=Roger Conant (herpetologist)|year=1975|title=A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Second Edition|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston}} 429 pp. {{ISBN|0-395-19977-8}} (paperback). (''Drymobius margaritiferus'', p. 186 + Plate 32 + Map 142.)</ref>
The speckled racer is typically black in color, with distinctive yellow and blue spotting, and one light-colored spot on each scale,<ref name="Schmidt&Davis1941">{{cite book|author1=Schmidt, K.P.|author-link=Karl Patterson Schmidt|author2=D.D. Davis|year=1941|title=Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada|url=https://archive.org/details/FieldBookSnakes00Schm|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York}} 365 pp. (''Drymobius margaritiferus'', pp. 131-133, Figure 31.)</ref> which gives the snake an overall greenish hue. The [[Labial scale|labials]] are yellow, with black sutures.<ref name="Blgr1894">{{cite book|author=Boulenger, G.A.|author-link=George Albert Boulenger|year=1894|title=Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ|location=London|publisher=Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) xi + 328 pp. + Plates I.- XX. (Drymobius margaritiferus, pp. 17-18.)}}</ref> The underside is typically yellow to green. They average 30–40 in. (76–102&nbsp;cm) in length, with a record specimen documented at 50 in. (127&nbsp;cm).<ref name="Conant1975">{{cite book|author=Conant, Roger|author-link=Roger Conant (herpetologist)|year=1975|title=A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Second Edition|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston}} 429 pp. {{ISBN|0-395-19977-8}} (paperback). (''Drymobius margaritiferus'', p. 186 + Plate 32 + Map 142.)</ref>


The [[dorsal scales]], which are feebly [[Keeled scales|keeled]] middorsally, but smooth on the flanks, are arranged in 17 rows. The [[Ventral scales|ventrals]] number 142-168; the [[Subcaudal scales|subcaudals]], 85-126.<ref>[[Hobart Muir Smith|Smith, H.M.]]; E.D. Brodie, Jr. (1982). ''Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification''. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. {{ISBN|0-307-13666-3}} (paperback). (''Drymobius margaritiferus'', pp. 188-189.)</ref>
The [[dorsal scales]], which are feebly [[Keeled scales|keeled]] middorsally, but smooth on the flanks, are arranged in 17 rows. The [[Ventral scales|ventrals]] number 142–168; the [[Subcaudal scales|subcaudals]], 85–126.<ref>[[Hobart Muir Smith|Smith, H.M.]]; E.D. Brodie, Jr. (1982). ''Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification''. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. {{ISBN|0-307-13666-3}} (paperback). (''Drymobius margaritiferus'', pp. 188-189.)</ref>


==Natural history==
==Natural history==
As the name "racer" implies, it is a fast, agile, and predominantly a diurnal species.<ref name=" Lee (1996)" /> It has been described as a nervous species and will not hesitate to bite in self defensive when restrained or handled.<ref name="Werler & Dixon (2000)" /><ref name="Schmidt&Davis1941"/>
As the name "racer" implies, it is a fast and agile species that is predominantly [[Diurnality|diurnal]].<ref name=" Lee (1996)" /> It has been described as a nervous species, and will not hesitate to bite in self-defense when restrained or handled.<ref name="Werler & Dixon (2000)" /><ref name="Schmidt&Davis1941"/>
Death feigning behavior, or [[thanatosis]], was reported for two out of seven (28.5%) specimens that were caught and handled during field surveys conducted in Tamaulipas, Mexico.<ref name="Farr & Lazcano (2011)" />
Death feigning behavior, or [[thanatosis]], was reported for two out of seven (28.5%) specimens that were caught and handled during field surveys conducted in [[Tamaulipas]], Mexico.<ref name="Farr & Lazcano (2011)" />


They will consume a wide variety of prey, but primarily feed on [[frog]]s and [[toad]]s.<ref name="Conant1975"/> One study of 36 Guatemalan and Mexican specimens with food items in their stomachs found 86% had anurans (predominantly ''[[Eleutherodactylus]]''), 8% lizards, 4% reptiles eggs, and 2% small mammals.<ref>Seib, R. L. (1984). Prey use in three syntopic neotropical racers. Journal of Herpetology. 18(4): 412-420.</ref> Juveniles are known to eat insects.<ref name="Savage (2002)" />
They will consume a wide variety of prey, but primarily feed on [[frog]]s and [[toad]]s.<ref name="Conant1975"/> One study of 36 Guatemalan and Mexican specimens with food items in their stomachs found 86% had [[anurans]] (predominantly ''[[Eleutherodactylus]]''), 8% lizards, 4% reptile eggs, and 2% small mammals.<ref>Seib, R. L. (1984). Prey use in three syntopic neotropical racers. Journal of Herpetology. 18(4): 412-420.</ref> Juveniles are known to eat [[Insect|insects]].<ref name="Savage (2002)" />


They are [[oviparous]] typically laying eggs in the spring, although in southern areas it is known to deposit eggs as early as February and March. Clutch size range from two to eight eggs that are usually 1.5 inches (3.8&nbsp;cm.) in length. Incubation is typically eight to nine weeks with hatchling measuring six to ten and a half inches (15.2-27.6&nbsp;cm.) long.<ref name="Werler & Dixon (2000)" />
They are [[oviparous]], typically laying eggs in the spring, although in southern areas, the species is known to deposit eggs as early as February and March. Clutch sizes range from two to eight eggs that are usually 1.5 inches (3.8&nbsp;cm) in length. Incubation is typically eight to nine weeks, with hatchlings measuring 6 to 10½ inches (15.2–27.6&nbsp;cm) long.<ref name="Werler & Dixon (2000)" />


==Subspecies==
==Subspecies==
There are four recognized [[subspecies]] of ''D. margaritiferus'':
There are four recognized [[subspecies]] of ''D. margaritiferus'':


* ''Drymobius m. margaritiferus'' <small>([[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1837)</small>, Northern speckled racer:<ref name="Liner & Cass-Andreu (2008)">Liner, Ernest A. and Gustavo Cass-Andreu. (2008). Standard Spanish, English and Scientific Names of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Mexico (2nd. ed.). Herpetological Circular No. 38. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. iv, 162 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-916984-75-5}}</ref> Atlantic versant, Texas to Colombia and sections of Pacific in [[Chiapas]], Mexico and southern range.<ref name="Wilson & Meyer (1985)" />
* ''Drymobius m. margaritiferus'' <small>([[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1837)</small>, Northern speckled racer:<ref name="Liner & Cass-Andreu (2008)">Liner, Ernest A. and Gustavo Cass-Andreu. (2008). Standard Spanish, English and Scientific Names of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Mexico (2nd. ed.). Herpetological Circular No. 38. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. iv, 162 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-916984-75-5}}</ref> Atlantic versant, Texas to Colombia, and sections of Pacific in [[Chiapas]], Mexico and southern range.<ref name="Wilson & Meyer (1985)" />
* ''Drymobius m. fistulosus'' <small>[[Hobart Muir Smith|H.M. Smith]], 1942</small> Central American speckled racer:<ref name="Liner & Cass-Andreu (2008)" /> Pacific versant from southern Sonora to the [[Isthmus of Tehuantepec]].<ref name="Wilson & Meyer (1985)" />
* ''Drymobius m. fistulosus'' (<small>[[Hobart Muir Smith|H.M. Smith]], 1942),</small> Central American speckled racer:<ref name="Liner & Cass-Andreu (2008)" /> Pacific versant, from southern Sonora to the [[Isthmus of Tehuantepec]].<ref name="Wilson & Meyer (1985)" />
* ''Drymobius m. occidentalis'' <small>[[Marie Firmin Bocourt|Bocourt]], 1890</small> Western speckled racer:<ref name="Liner & Cass-Andreu (2008)" /> Pacific versant from eastern Chiapas, Mexico to [[El Salvador]].<ref name="Wilson & Meyer (1985)" />
* ''Drymobius m. occidentalis'' (<small>[[Marie Firmin Bocourt|Bocourt]], 1890),</small> Western speckled racer:<ref name="Liner & Cass-Andreu (2008)" /> Pacific versant, from eastern [[Chiapas]], Mexico to [[El Salvador]].<ref name="Wilson & Meyer (1985)" />
* ''Drymobius m. maydis'' <small>[[J.D. Villa|Villa]], 1968</small><ref>The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref> [[Corn Islands]], Nicaragua.<ref name="Wilson & Meyer (1985)" />
* ''Drymobius m. maydis'' (<small>[[J.D. Villa|Villa]], 1968)</small>:<ref>The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref> [[Corn Islands]], Nicaragua.<ref name="Wilson & Meyer (1985)" />


==Conservation status==
==Conservation status==
The speckled racer is a [[threatened species]] in the state of Texas, USA where it is uncommon to rare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/wildlife_diversity/texas_rare_species/listed_species/herptiles.phtml |title=Endangered Species |publisher=Texas Parks and Wildlife Department |accessdate=2012-10-16}}</ref> In some regions of Mexico and Central America it is a common species.<ref name="Werler & Dixon (2000)" /><ref name="Savage (2002)" />
The speckled racer is a [[threatened species]] in the state of Texas, USA, where it is uncommon to rare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/wildlife_diversity/texas_rare_species/listed_species/herptiles.phtml |title=Endangered Species |publisher=Texas Parks and Wildlife Department |accessdate=2012-10-16}}</ref> In some regions of Mexico and Central America, it is a common species.<ref name="Werler & Dixon (2000)" /><ref name="Savage (2002)" />


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 00:31, 24 March 2024

Drymobius margaritiferus
Drymobius margaritiferus, Tamaulipas, Mexico
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Genus: Drymobius
Species:
D. margaritiferus
Binomial name
Drymobius margaritiferus
(Schlegel, 1837)
Synonyms

Drymobius margaritiferus, commonly known as the speckled racer, is a species of nonvenomous colubrid snake native to the Americas. The specific name, margaritiferus, means "pearl-bearing" in Latin, referring to the pearl-like spots on the dorsal scales.

Geographic range and habitat[edit]

This species ranges throughout Central America from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and Yucatán Peninsula, southward to Panama and adjacent areas of northwest Colombia, occurring at elevations from sea level up to 4,750 feet (1,453 m). Northward, it is found in the coastal lowlands and lower exterior slopes of the Sierra Madres of Mexico, up the west coast to Sonora, and up the east coast to northern Tamaulipas. The northern limit of its distribution ranges into extreme south Texas, USA, where it is uncommon to rare in a few of the southernmost counties of the state.[3][4][5]

Speckled racers occur in a wide variety of habitats, including: forest, forest edges and clearings, secondary growth, riparian zones, savannahs, marshlands, pastures, and roadsides.[3][6] It is often said to favor humid and wet areas with permanent water sources.[7][3][8] However, these snakes have been found in areas where no water was apparent, and habitats include tropical dry forests and tropical arid forests.[9][10][11] In Costa Rica, it is described as "ubiquitous in all but the most humid lowland and pre-montane zones," including dry lowland forests.[6]

Description[edit]

Drymobius margaritiferus

The speckled racer is typically black in color, with distinctive yellow and blue spotting, and one light-colored spot on each scale,[12] which gives the snake an overall greenish hue. The labials are yellow, with black sutures.[2] The underside is typically yellow to green. They average 30–40 in. (76–102 cm) in length, with a record specimen documented at 50 in. (127 cm).[7]

The dorsal scales, which are feebly keeled middorsally, but smooth on the flanks, are arranged in 17 rows. The ventrals number 142–168; the subcaudals, 85–126.[13]

Natural history[edit]

As the name "racer" implies, it is a fast and agile species that is predominantly diurnal.[8] It has been described as a nervous species, and will not hesitate to bite in self-defense when restrained or handled.[3][12] Death feigning behavior, or thanatosis, was reported for two out of seven (28.5%) specimens that were caught and handled during field surveys conducted in Tamaulipas, Mexico.[10]

They will consume a wide variety of prey, but primarily feed on frogs and toads.[7] One study of 36 Guatemalan and Mexican specimens with food items in their stomachs found 86% had anurans (predominantly Eleutherodactylus), 8% lizards, 4% reptile eggs, and 2% small mammals.[14] Juveniles are known to eat insects.[6]

They are oviparous, typically laying eggs in the spring, although in southern areas, the species is known to deposit eggs as early as February and March. Clutch sizes range from two to eight eggs that are usually 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in length. Incubation is typically eight to nine weeks, with hatchlings measuring 6 to 10½ inches (15.2–27.6 cm) long.[3]

Subspecies[edit]

There are four recognized subspecies of D. margaritiferus:

Conservation status[edit]

The speckled racer is a threatened species in the state of Texas, USA, where it is uncommon to rare.[17] In some regions of Mexico and Central America, it is a common species.[3][6]

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drymobius margaritiferus.
Wikispecies has information related to Drymobius margaritiferus.
  1. ^ Flores-Villela, O.; Hammerson, G.A.; Ines Hladki, A.; Köhler, G.; Lamar, W.; Ramírez Pinilla, M.; Renjifo, J.; Urbina, N. (2017). "Drymobius margaritiferus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T197481A2488545. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T197481A2488545.en. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b Boulenger, G.A. (1894). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) xi + 328 pp. + Plates I.- XX. (Drymobius margaritiferus, pp. 17-18.).
  3. ^ a b c d e f Werler, John E. and James R. Dixon. 2000. Texas Snakes: Identification, Distribution, and Natural History. University of Texas Press. Austin, Texas. xv, 417 pp. ISBN 0-292-79130-5
  4. ^ Köhler, Gunther. 2008. Reptiles of Central America, 2nd. ed. Herpeton Verlag. Offenbach, Germany. 460 pp. ISBN 3-936180-28-8
  5. ^ "Drymobius margaritiferus". Herps of Texas. University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  6. ^ a b c d Savage, J. M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, A Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. xx, 934 pp.
  7. ^ a b c Conant, Roger (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 429 pp. ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Drymobius margaritiferus, p. 186 + Plate 32 + Map 142.)
  8. ^ a b Lee, J. C. 1996. The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Yucatán Peninsula. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. xii, 500 pp. ISBN 0-8014-2450-X
  9. ^ a b c d e Wilson, Larry David, and John R. Meyer. 1985. The Snakes of Honduras, 2nd. ed. Milwaukee Public Museum. x, 150 pp. ISBN 0-89326-115-7
  10. ^ a b Farr, William L. and David Lazcano (2011). Natural History Notes: Drymobius margaritiferus, Thanatosis. Herpological Review, 42(4); 613.
  11. ^ McCranie, J. R. 2011. The Snakes of Honduras: Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation.. Contributions to Herpetology, Vol. 26. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. x, 714 pp. ISBN 978-0-916984-81-6
  12. ^ a b Schmidt, K.P.; D.D. Davis (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Drymobius margaritiferus, pp. 131-133, Figure 31.)
  13. ^ Smith, H.M.; E.D. Brodie, Jr. (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3 (paperback). (Drymobius margaritiferus, pp. 188-189.)
  14. ^ Seib, R. L. (1984). Prey use in three syntopic neotropical racers. Journal of Herpetology. 18(4): 412-420.
  15. ^ a b c Liner, Ernest A. and Gustavo Cass-Andreu. (2008). Standard Spanish, English and Scientific Names of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Mexico (2nd. ed.). Herpetological Circular No. 38. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. iv, 162 pp. ISBN 978-0-916984-75-5
  16. ^ The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  17. ^ "Endangered Species". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 2012-10-16.

Further reading[edit]

  • Schlegel, H. (1837). Essai sur la physionomie des serpens. Amsterdam: M.H. Schonekat. Partie Générale. xxviii + 251 pp. (Herpetodryas margaritiferus, p. 151.) AND Partie Descriptive. 606 + xvi pp. (Herpetodryas margaritiferus, pp. 184–185.)

External links[edit]


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