Dubingiai massacre: Difference between revisions
which source states that "MOSTof the casualties were civilians"? they mention that they were civilian casualties in the total number, but I don't see that specific qualification |
+, rm some nonesensical claims (prayer books?) |
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'''Dubingiai massacre''' was an [[execution]] of up to 27 [[Lithuanians]] in the town of [[Dubingiai]] during on [[23 June]] [[1944]] (during [[World War II]]) by Polish resistance unit of [[Armia Krajowa]]. |
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==Background== |
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[[Polish-Lithuanian relations during World War II]] were problematic due to the conflicts between Lithuanian pro-Nazi administration and military units and the anti-Nazi Polish resistance. On 20 June 1944 Polish resistance killed 4 and wounded several other members of the Lithuanian police in the village of [[Glitiškės]] (Glinciszki); in retaliation the Lithuanian police murdered 36 mostly Polish villagers (the [[Glinciszki massacre]]).<ref name="Boradyn">{{pl icon}} Henryk Piaskunowicz, ''Działalnośc zbrojna Armi Krajowej na Wileńszczyśnie w latach 1942-1944'' in {{cite book | author =Zygmunt Boradyn | coauthors =Andrzej Chmielarz, Henryk Piskunowicz | title =Armia Krajowa na Nowogródczyźnie i Wileńszczyźnie (1941-1945) | year =1997 | editor =[[Tomasz Strzembosz]] | pages =p. 40-45 | publisher =Institute of Political Sciences, [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] | location =Warsaw | isbn=8390716803 }}</ref> After receiving this report, as well as information about intensified pacification actions by the Lithuanian forces in other areas, Armia Krajowa command for the Vilnius region (under [[Aleksander Krzyżanowski]] "Wilk") decided that it represented a beginning of a new, large anti-Polish operation and only a demonstration of a Polish force in the region could stop the suffering of the Polish civilians.<ref name="Boradyn"/> Leaflets were distributed throught the region that AK is planning to execute members of the Lithuanian units guilty of the Glinciszki massacre.<ref name="Boradyn"/> AK learned that some of the responsible individuals were stationed in the police station in Dubingai, an AK unit - a company of the 5th AK Brigade under Jan Wiktor Wiącek "Rakoczy" (the entire Brigade was under command of [[Zygmunt Szendzielarz]] aka "Łupaszko"<ref name="Galinis"> {{lt icon}} Tadas Galinis. ''Dubingių skerdynės'' (Dubingiai massacre) in ''"Armijos Krajovos ..."'', pp. 76-80. </ref>) - was tasked with eliminating the police station as well as executing several Nazi-Lithuanian informants in the village.<ref name="Boradyn"/> The order for the action was later revoked, but the courier from AK headquaters in Vilnius did not reach the local commanders in time.<ref name="Boradyn"/> |
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==Events in Dubingai== |
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| ⚫ | On [[23 June]] [[1944]], the local [[Armia Krajowa]] unit commanded by entered the town and murdered a number of Lithuanians in a retaliation for [[Glinciszki massacre|an earlier massacre]] of Polish villagers in [[Glitiškės]] (Glinciszki) done by Nazi-sponsored Lithuanian police. The village was warned about the coming of the Polish forces, and in fact many individuals - including the policeman who participated in the Glinciszki massacre - escaped before the Polish forces secured the village.<ref name="Boradyn"/> Polish partisans were selective in targeting their victims (as they had a list of collaborators);<ref name="Boradyn"/> they also did not kill Lithuanian men married to Polish women.<ref name="Galinis"> {{lt icon}} Tadas Galinis. ''Dubingių skerdynės'' (Dubingiai massacre) in ''"Armijos Krajovos ..."'', pp. 76-80.</ref> |
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The number of Lithuanian victims in Dubingiai is estimated at 20 to 27.<ref name="Piotrowski-L">Piotrowski, [http://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&sig=Pq-OjHaAP-wfOIIJb_Gqu2GI3aQ p.168], [http://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA169&lpg=PA169&sig=mRA3077GHq2inwmDltCl0gNnCh4 p.169]</ref><ref name="Gazeta20010214">{{pl icon}} [[Gazeta Wyborcza]], 2001-02-14, ''[http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/swiat/1,34175,151474.html Litewska prokuratura przesłuchuje weteranów AK''] (Lithuanian prosecutor questioning AK veterans), last accessed on 7 June 2006</ref> |
The number of Lithuanian victims in Dubingiai is estimated at 20 to 27.<ref name="Piotrowski-L">Piotrowski, [http://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&sig=Pq-OjHaAP-wfOIIJb_Gqu2GI3aQ p.168], [http://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA169&lpg=PA169&sig=mRA3077GHq2inwmDltCl0gNnCh4 p.169]</ref><ref name="Gazeta20010214">{{pl icon}} [[Gazeta Wyborcza]], 2001-02-14, ''[http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/swiat/1,34175,151474.html Litewska prokuratura przesłuchuje weteranów AK''] (Lithuanian prosecutor questioning AK veterans), last accessed on 7 June 2006</ref> |
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==Aftermath== |
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The reprisal actions of AK was not limited to Dubingiai only and other Polish units, in addition to the elements of the 5th Brigade were involved.<ref name="Szendzielarz">Kozłowski, p. 66</ref> <ref name="Boradyn"/> From 25 to 27 June various Polish units carried out a series of actions against Lithuanian police forces and known sympathizers of the Nazi regime.<ref name="Boradyn"/> Polish sources note that a number of civilian casualties, both Lithuanian and Polish, ocurred as a result of the intensified fighting during that period.<ref name="Boradyn"/><ref name="Janiszki">Patryk Kozłowski confirms that 12 Lithuanians were killed in the area of Joniškis (Janiszki) by the squad commanded by "Maks" ("Jeden z wyklętych ...", p. 64){{dubious}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | According to Lithuanian sources<ref name="zizas19421944"> {{lt icon}} [[Rimantas Zizas]] in ''"Armijos Krajovos ..."'', pp. 14-39. Vykdydama atsakomasias keršto akcijas, AK 5-oji brigada Molėtų raj, Dubingių, Bijutiškio, Joniškio, Inturkės ir kitose apylinkėse nužudė apie 100 lietuvių. Translation=During retaliation actions AK 5-th brigade killed around 100 Lithuanians in the vincinity of Moletai region towns Dubingiai, Bijutiškis, Joniškis, Inturkė and others.</ref><ref name="bubnys_beginnings"> {{lt icon}} [[Arūnas Bubnys]] in ''"Armijos Krajovos ..."'', pp. 6-13. Ypač žiauriai išžudytė Dubingių gyventojus 1944 birželio pabaigoje. Negalutiniais duomenimis lenkų partizanai čia išžudė 70 taikių lietuvių, tarp jų daug senelių ir mažamečių vaikų. | Translation=Especially brutally were murdered Dubingiai inhabitants on the end of June 1944. According to a non final data Polish partisants did kill here around 70 peacefull people, including old men and underage kids.</ref> between 70-100 Lithuanians, mostly including civilians,{{Dubious}}<ref name="bubnys_beginnings"/><ref name="zizas19421944"/> were killed in total by the end of June 1944, not only in Dubingiai but also in the neighbouring villages of [[Joniškis (Moletai)|Joniškis]], [[Inturkė]], [[Bijutiškis]], and [[Giedraičiai]]<ref name="bubnys_beginnings"/>. |
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The reprisal action of 23-27 June has succeeded in cowing the Lithuanian authorities, as it demonstrated that AK will react to further persecution of Polish civilians and answer with deadly force; no further large scale atrocities against Polish civilians were committed.<ref name="Boradyn"/> This action was the only reprisal action ever carried out by Armia Krajowa (which never condoned the actions against a civilian population);<ref name="Boradyn"/> nonetheless it has still managed to stain the reputation of AK in Lithuania. |
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See "[[Polish-Lithuanian relations during World War II]]" for a broader discussion of the event. |
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{{Lithuania-hist-stub}} |
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Revision as of 00:39, 26 March 2008
Dubingiai massacre was an execution of up to 27 Lithuanians in the town of Dubingiai during on 23 June 1944 (during World War II) by Polish resistance unit of Armia Krajowa.
Background
Polish-Lithuanian relations during World War II were problematic due to the conflicts between Lithuanian pro-Nazi administration and military units and the anti-Nazi Polish resistance. On 20 June 1944 Polish resistance killed 4 and wounded several other members of the Lithuanian police in the village of Glitiškės (Glinciszki); in retaliation the Lithuanian police murdered 36 mostly Polish villagers (the Glinciszki massacre).[1] After receiving this report, as well as information about intensified pacification actions by the Lithuanian forces in other areas, Armia Krajowa command for the Vilnius region (under Aleksander Krzyżanowski "Wilk") decided that it represented a beginning of a new, large anti-Polish operation and only a demonstration of a Polish force in the region could stop the suffering of the Polish civilians.[1] Leaflets were distributed throught the region that AK is planning to execute members of the Lithuanian units guilty of the Glinciszki massacre.[1] AK learned that some of the responsible individuals were stationed in the police station in Dubingai, an AK unit - a company of the 5th AK Brigade under Jan Wiktor Wiącek "Rakoczy" (the entire Brigade was under command of Zygmunt Szendzielarz aka "Łupaszko"[2]) - was tasked with eliminating the police station as well as executing several Nazi-Lithuanian informants in the village.[1] The order for the action was later revoked, but the courier from AK headquaters in Vilnius did not reach the local commanders in time.[1]
Events in Dubingai
On 23 June 1944, the local Armia Krajowa unit commanded by entered the town and murdered a number of Lithuanians in a retaliation for an earlier massacre of Polish villagers in Glitiškės (Glinciszki) done by Nazi-sponsored Lithuanian police. The village was warned about the coming of the Polish forces, and in fact many individuals - including the policeman who participated in the Glinciszki massacre - escaped before the Polish forces secured the village.[1] Polish partisans were selective in targeting their victims (as they had a list of collaborators);[1] they also did not kill Lithuanian men married to Polish women.[2] The number of Lithuanian victims in Dubingiai is estimated at 20 to 27.[3][4]
Aftermath
The reprisal actions of AK was not limited to Dubingiai only and other Polish units, in addition to the elements of the 5th Brigade were involved.[5] [1] From 25 to 27 June various Polish units carried out a series of actions against Lithuanian police forces and known sympathizers of the Nazi regime.[1] Polish sources note that a number of civilian casualties, both Lithuanian and Polish, ocurred as a result of the intensified fighting during that period.[1][6]
According to Lithuanian sources[7][8] between 70-100 Lithuanians, mostly including civilians,[dubious ][8][7] were killed in total by the end of June 1944, not only in Dubingiai but also in the neighbouring villages of Joniškis, Inturkė, Bijutiškis, and Giedraičiai[8].
The reprisal action of 23-27 June has succeeded in cowing the Lithuanian authorities, as it demonstrated that AK will react to further persecution of Polish civilians and answer with deadly force; no further large scale atrocities against Polish civilians were committed.[1] This action was the only reprisal action ever carried out by Armia Krajowa (which never condoned the actions against a civilian population);[1] nonetheless it has still managed to stain the reputation of AK in Lithuania.
  | This Lithuanian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Template:Pl icon Henryk Piaskunowicz, Działalnośc zbrojna Armi Krajowej na Wileńszczyśnie w latach 1942-1944 in Zygmunt Boradyn (1997). Tomasz Strzembosz (ed.). Armia Krajowa na Nowogródczyźnie i Wileńszczyźnie (1941-1945). Warsaw: Institute of Political Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. p. 40-45. ISBN 8390716803.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Check|isbn=value: checksum (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Template:Lt icon Tadas Galinis. Dubingių skerdynės (Dubingiai massacre) in "Armijos Krajovos ...", pp. 76-80. Cite error: The named reference "Galinis" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Piotrowski, p.168, p.169
- ^ Template:Pl icon Gazeta Wyborcza, 2001-02-14, Litewska prokuratura przesłuchuje weteranów AK (Lithuanian prosecutor questioning AK veterans), last accessed on 7 June 2006
- ^ Kozłowski, p. 66
- ^ Patryk Kozłowski confirms that 12 Lithuanians were killed in the area of Joniškis (Janiszki) by the squad commanded by "Maks" ("Jeden z wyklętych ...", p. 64)[dubious ]
- ^ a b Template:Lt icon Rimantas Zizas in "Armijos Krajovos ...", pp. 14-39. Vykdydama atsakomasias keršto akcijas, AK 5-oji brigada Molėtų raj, Dubingių, Bijutiškio, Joniškio, Inturkės ir kitose apylinkėse nužudė apie 100 lietuvių. Translation=During retaliation actions AK 5-th brigade killed around 100 Lithuanians in the vincinity of Moletai region towns Dubingiai, Bijutiškis, Joniškis, Inturkė and others.
- ^ a b c Template:Lt icon Arūnas Bubnys in "Armijos Krajovos ...", pp. 6-13. Ypač žiauriai išžudytė Dubingių gyventojus 1944 birželio pabaigoje. Negalutiniais duomenimis lenkų partizanai čia išžudė 70 taikių lietuvių, tarp jų daug senelių ir mažamečių vaikų. | Translation=Especially brutally were murdered Dubingiai inhabitants on the end of June 1944. According to a non final data Polish partisants did kill here around 70 peacefull people, including old men and underage kids.
References
- Template:Pl icon Kozłowski, Patryk (2004). Jeden z wyklętych. Zygmunt Szendzielarz "Łupaszko". Warszawa. ISBN 83-7399-073-9.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|Publisher=ignored (|publisher=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Template:Lt icon Garšva, Kazys (1995). "Armijos Krajovos ištakos ir ideologija Lietuvoje" (Beginnings and ideology of Armia Krajowa in Lithuania). Armija Krajova Lietuvoje. Vilnius–Kaunas. ISBN 9986-577-02-0.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Template:En icon Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1997). "Poland's Holocaust". McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.