Gazikumukh Khanate

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Kazikumukh Khanate
1642–1860
CapitalKazi-Kumukh
Religion
Islam
GovernmentConstitutional monarchy
Khan 
History 
• Established
1642
• Disestablished
1860

Kazikumukh Khanate – Lak state that was established in present-day Dagestan after the disintegration of Shamkhalate of Kazi-Kumukh in 1642. After the transfer of capital of Shamkhalate to Tarki, in Kazi-Kumukh the people's assembly elected a ruler with the title "khalklavchi".

Khalklavchi Alibek II

In 1642 in view of military invasion of Dagestan by Persia, the counsel of chiefs in Kazi-Kumukh introduced a new title of the ruler — khalklavchi. Alibek II, son of Tuchilav, son of Alibek I, son of Chopan-shamkhal, son of Budai-shamkhal, was elected to be the khalklavchi of Kazi-Kumukh. The functions of khalklavchi consisted in implementation of his duties as a military leader. In 1658 in Lakia there was formed an alliance of "magals", directed against the unlimited power of feudals of Kazi-Kumukh.[1][2] In 1700 ruler Alibek II dies.[3]

Surkhay-khan I

In 1700 Laks give their ruler a popular title – khan. The council of chiefs elect Surkhay-bek (1680–1748), son of Garey-bek, son of khalklavchi Alibek II from shamkhal family that remained in Kazi-Kumukh, as a new ruler.[4]

Surkhay-khan I, cutting down the rights of jama'ats and abolishing the autonomy of magals, established a unified Lak state with a strong central power. Surkhay-khan I forms regular army and sets political alliences with eighbouring districts as Upper Tabasaran, Kura, Agul, Rutul, Djaro-Balakan, Tsudakhar and Andalal.

Conflict with Persia

In 1709 Afghans rose in revolt against Iran that led to the downfall of Iranian dominance in Kandahar.[5] At the same time revolts blazed up in Mugan and Tabriz. In Azerbaijan Haji-Dawud starts a revolt and seeks the support of Dagestani rulers.

In 1710 an agreement was signed between Kazikumukh Khanate and Avar Khanate, that stipulated questions of extradition of criminals and proclaimed a political-military alliance: "your enemy – is our enemy, and our enemy – is your enemy". In 1711 prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky arrived in Dagestan from Russia, to gain support of Dagestani rulers in a war with Iran.

In 1711 part of southern Dagestan was under Persian rule. Shah's troops controlled Derbent and Tabasaran. Shia-Sufic Persia waged an ideological and political war against sunni Shirvan and Dagestan. Surkhay-khan I encourages people to fight Persian heretics.[6]

First capture of Shemakha

In this connection in 1712 Surkhay-khan I of Kazi-Kumukh, Ahmed-khan of Kaitag Khanate and Haji-Dawud of Quba, organized a campaign against the Persians in Shemakha – the capital and a major trading center of Shirvan. After 15 days of siege, Dagestani armies with the help of local sunnies seized Shemakha. Dagestani army numbered up to 30 thousand men. This continued until shah's army recaptured Shemakha in 1721.

Second capture of Shemakha

In 1721 on July 21, Surkhay-khan I, Ahmed-khan and Haji-Dawud captured Shemakha for a second time. Englishman D. Khonvoy wrote that: "ruler of Shemakha, Iranian warlords and 800 nobles were killed and the city ransacked".[7] In the same year, Surkhay-khan I liberates Qabala from Qizilbashes and lays siege to Ganja. Ahmed-khan and Haji-Dawud capture distant Ardebil in Persia. Ardebil was a spiritual centre Qizilbashes, whose religion was Sufism. Surkhay-khan I, Haji-Dawud and Ahmed-khan inflicted a devastating blow to Ardebil, where Dagestani army burned down the whole city. Conflict of Dagestan with Persian expansion was to a large extent religious.

Intrusion of Peter I of Russia

In 1722 a 110 thousand army of Peter I of Russia comes to Dagestan. Surkhay-khan I openly declared his opposition to the Russian invasion, though avoided a direct clash. In 1722 Afghans headed by Mir-Mahmud capture Isfahan.[8] Shah Sultan Husain was taken captive and his son Tahmasp II fled to northlands of Persia.

In 1723 army of Surkhay-khan I and other rulers of Dagestan capture Tbilisi, banishing Vakhtang VI of Kartli who intended to cooperate with Peter I, then ransacked Yerevan and Karabakh. Archbishop of Karabakh Isa Hasan Jalalan wrote that "people mixed with the huge herds of cows and horses ran away from Surkhay, but Surkhay overtook them".[9] Colonel Alexander Komarov writes: "In 1723 September 12, shah Tahmasp had ceded to Russia the whole Caspian region from Astrabad to Sulak, however Kazi-Kumukh was not included there. The merit of Kazi-Kumukh reached a high degree in Dagestan".

In 1724 Surkhay-khan I refused to acknowledge the extension of Ferhat-pasha treaty, where Persia convinced that Shirvan was lost, passed it to Turkey. Surkhay-khan I considered Shirvan a territory conquered by Dagestanis from Persia and demanded Turkey to hand Shirvan over to his rule. Turkey refused the request of Surkhay-khan I and appointed Haji-Dawud as the ruler of Shirvan. Surkhay-khan I, Ahmed-khan and Nutsal of Avaria began ransacking Shirvan and neighbouring territories. This continued one whole year. The same year, the rulers of Kazi-Kumukh, Avaria, Kaitag, Tabasaran, Mekhtula and Tarki besieged and stormed Russian fortress, built by Peter I.

Surkhay-khan I the ruler of Shirvan

In 1725 for political make-up, Turkey issued a Firman that proclaimed Surkhay-khan I of Kazi-Kumukh the ruler of Shirvan. This firman was symbolic. Surkhay-khan I was not subordinated to Turkish authority "as he understood his strength".[10] Surkhay-khan I the Conqueror, after receiving the title of khan of Shirvan and Kazi-Kumukh, founded a mighty Kazikumukh Khanate that stretched from Kazi-Kumukh to Kura River in the south of Shirvan, covering a significant part of lands of southern Dagestan and Shirvan.

Surkhay-khan I made Shemakha his residence. Surkhay-khan I built in Shirvan schools, fortresses, roads and opened schools at mosques. Coins were minted in Shemakha, in honour of Surkhay-khan I. Kazikumukh Khanate at this period of time was one of the most influential principalities not only in Dagestan, but in the entire Eastern Caucasus.[11]

As historian Gusaynov writes: "As early as July 1730 shah of Persia offered to Surkhay-khan I a position of Persian viceroy in Shemakha. Likewise offered him to be the ruler of Shirvan and Dagestan under the protectorate of Persia". Surkhay-khan I compared shah's offer to a slavery and refused each time.[12]

In 1732 an agreement was signed between Russia and Persia where Russia gave to Persia areas of Gilan and Mazandaran. In 1733 Nader, a commander-in-chief of the Persian army, defeated the Turkish army near Baghdad. Accordingly Turkey was transferring to Persia several provinces including Shirvan. General Nader sent his messenger to Surkhay-khan I of Shirvan demanding him to leave Shirvan.[13] Surkhay-khan I wrote to Nader a letter saying that "Shirvan was conquered by the swords of Dagestani lions and not given to him by Turkey as a gift, and that neither Sultan of Turkey nor Ahmed of Baghdad have the right to request from him to hand over this territory".[14] Surkhay-khan I reflected in his policy the will of Dagestanis and Shirvanis, who were categorically against the Persian takeover of Shirvan.[15]

First intrusion of Persians

In 1734 on August 17 general Nader invaded Shirvan. Nader passed the siege of Shemakha to part of his army and moved to the mountains of Dagestan. Another part of his army was in the direction of Derbent. Surkhay-khan I was forced to retreat from Shemakha to Qabala.

On the orders of the ruler of Ganja, Ali-pasha, the highlanders of Djaria, Ali-Sultan of Tsakhur, Mustafa-pasha, Nur-pasha and Fatkh Girey-Sultan came to assist Surkhay-khan I with 8 thousand men. A battle took place in Deve-Batan, not far from Qabala, where highlanders and the Turks were defeated in view of strong enemy artillery. The Persians were victorious in Khachmaz as well. Overcoming the resistance of defenders, Persians captured Kurakh.

Using artillery, Nader stormed the positions of Surkhay-khan I at Koysu river for three days and arrived in Kazi-Kumukh. General-in-chief V. Y. Levashov wrote: "Surkhay was not able to resist the great cannon-fire". Surkhay-khan I retreated to Andalal, according to the "Chronicle of wars of Djaria".

Khazbulat-bek of Tarki arrived in Kazi-Kumukh to general Nader and according to the ancient tradition crowned himself as shamkhal.[16] In view of coronation Nader did not ruin Kazi-Kumukh. Nader left Muhammad-bek, the youngest son Surkhay-khan I, his appointee in Kazi-Kumukh and then marched against Abdullah-pasha, who was standing with Turkish forces near Erevan.

Surkhay-khan I, Ahmed-khan and Eldar, had a meeting in Kazanish and came to a decision to remove Khazbulat-shamkhal and appoint Eldar, who was Khazbulat-shamkhal's cousin, as the ruler of Tarki.[3] Turkish Sultan ordered Crimean Khan Kaplan-Girey to move to Derbent. Not far from Derbent a battle took place between the Crimean army and the army of Khazbulat-shamkhal, who was aided by Iranians left with him. Troops of utsmi Ahmed-khan and Surkhay-khan I fought on the side of the Crimean army. Khazbulat-shamkhal was defeated. Crimean khan named Eldar as a new shamkhal of Tarki. These events were behind the second invasion of Dagestan by Nader of Persia.[17]

Second intrusion of Persians

The peace treaty, signed between Turkey and Iran, accelerated the Persian invasion. In 1735 October 11, Nader's troops moved out of Ganja and capturing Djaria, Sheki, Shirvan and Shemakha, occupied Derbent in November 21.

In December 1735 Nader marched to Majalis destroying many villages in the district of Akusha-Dargo. "People of Akusha stubbornly defended themselves, but were defeated", noted Bakikhanov.[18] The Persian army besieged the fortress of utsmi, who was forced to surrender "with honorable individuals".[19] Utsmi gave his daughter in marriage to Husein Ali-khan, the ruler of Quba. Tabasarans and Lezgins also recognized the authority of Nader, giving him hostages from the honorable families.[20]

Nader wishing to defeat Surkhay-khan I invaded Kazi-Kumukh for a second time. Surkhay-khan I took defensive positions in a gorge of Dursakh, not far from Kazi-Kumukh, where a battle with Nader took place. Iranian historian Muhammed Kazim, describing the events of 1735, wrote that 30 thousand army of Nader clashed with a 10 thousand army of Surkhay-khan I. "In the midst of the battle, brave and courageous Surkhay rushed into the center of the fighting ... Land has been painted with blood as Jaihun".[21][22] Surkhay-khan I retreated to Andalal a second time. Historian Jones wrote that "the fierce sea of the conqueror’s army turned its waves on habitats and fields of Kumukh, and possessions of all people of this place were destroyed".[23] Muhammad-bek came to Kazi-Kumukh and from the influential persons of Lakia recognized the authority of Nader, who after looting the Lak villages refused to march to Andalal.

Second campaign for Nader was successful. In 1736 in Mugan, Nader was solemnly crowned the shah of Iran.[24]

Anti-Iranian campaigns

Surkhay-khan I of Kazi-Kumukh and utsmi Ahmed-khan put up a united resistance against Persia.[25] The Russian military administration in the north Caucasus received reports of the construction of ten stone-fortifications equipped with canons, by utsmi Ahmed-khan with Surkhay-khan I.[26]

In 1737 Nader-shah marched to Afghanistan and appointed his brother Ibrahim-khan as a ruler of Dagestan and Azerbaijan. Surkhay-khan I, Ahmed-khan and Eldar attacked the fortress of Derbent, defeated the army of Mehdi-khan, captured Old Shemakha and executed all the feudal class of Shemakha, the appointees of Nader-shah.[27][28] Murtazali-bek, the son of Surkhay-khan I, headed the invasion of Transcaucasia. The highlanders reached Tiflis and Karabakh, besieged Nukha, took the fortress of Aresh and kept Iranian garrisons in the blockade "from Tiflis to Karabakh and ending by Shaki and Shirvan".[29] By the end of 1737 at the cost of large losses, Ibrahim-khan managed to oust Dagestanis.

In 1738 there were new anti-Persian revolts in Shirvan and Dagestan. During tax collection, the population of Djaria, led by Ibrahim-Diwan and Mohammed-Khalil, organized an uprising. Ibrahim-khan, at the head of the army, marched to Djaria. Dagestani army, led by Murtazali-bek, in Djaria dealt a crushing defeat to the shah's army of Ibrahim-khan. The 32 thousand Persian army was wiped out, where Ibrahim-khan was killed himself.

Third intrusion of Persians

In 1741 on July 2, Nader-shah invaded Dagestan at the head of 100 thousand army. Before the invasion Nader-shah declared that "I took under my power Hindustan, the lands of Turan and Iran. Now, I intend with enormous and countless army, to conquer the kingdom of Kumukh". Shah's historiographer Mirza-Mehdi Astarabadi wrote: "The banners that conquered the world are leaving Iran and heading to Dagestan".[30]

The Persian army moved in two columns. First headed by Nader-shah, moved through Qabala, Shakh-Dag and Kurakh, to Kazi-Kumukh. Second headed by Lutf Ali-khan and Gaidar-bek, moved through Derbent, Kaitag, Bashli and Djengutai, the capital of Mekhtula Khanate, to invade Avaria.

Persians faced battles in Bashli, Dubek and Tabasaran. Utsmi stoped Persian army under the command of Gaidar-bek, "annihilated a lot of people, took their horses and other property".[31] Ruler of Mekhtula Ahmed-khan stopped the first attack of Lutf Ali-khan under Djengutai. It is written that "Surkhay-khan I sent to all the cities of Dagestan his messengers requesting to come with an army". Nader "almost lost his life and despite his fearlessness was forced to hide in a ditch from bullets". Muhammed Kazim, historian of Nader-shah, writes that "the troops of Surkhay kept on firing from guns for two hours and all the 20 thousand shooters of Khorasan and Turkestan left this world". Enraged Nader that day killed several of his prominent military leaders. At the cost of many lives, Persians overcame the defences of Surkhay-khan I, who retreated into the mountains. Russian resident I. P. Kalushkin in the camp of Nader-shah, an eyewitness of those events wrote that "on the orders of the shah the soldiers do not leave anyone alive, all are killed outright".[32]

Ahmed-khan of Mekhtula retreated to Avaria. The Persians captured Akusha. Utsmi Ahmed-khan retreated to Kubachi and was forced to surrender. Afterwards, Nader-shah stormed the Lak village of Kuli several times. After capturing Kuli and Khosrekh, the Persians brutaly dealt with the civilians, as in Kaitag and Kura. After the battle near Lak village of Shovkra, Surkhay-khan I retreated to his fortress in Kazi-Kumukh. The assault on Kazi-Kumukh began in August 1741. Kazi-Kumukh was surrounded by a dense ring of Persian army. In a week, Surkhay-khan I surrendered. His two sons, Muhammad-bek and Murtazali-bek, with five thousand army retreated to Andalal, to organize a new resistance against Qizilbashes. Highlanders began to gather in Andalal.

Murtazali-khan

Murtazal-bek, the eldest son of Surkhay-khan I, becomes the khan of Laks. Murtazali-khan was taught in the art of war in Turkey. Known as Murtaza-pasha, he stood at the head of a 60 thousand Turkish-Crimean army. He headed the battle of highlanders in Djaria and personally split the head of Ibrahim-khan. Murtazali-khan was married to the daughter of Muhammad-Kadi of Sogratl.

Victory in Turchidag

In 1741 at the end of August, Nader-shah approached Turchidag mountain that lie between Lakia and Avaria. A decisive historical battle began on September 12 of 1741. On Turchidag plateau Persians pitched their camp and began assaulting Lak villages of Kanar and Uri, and then Avar villages of Sogratl, Gidatl, Obokh and Chokh. A detachment of four thousand Persians assaulted one village where there were 600 defenders. Fights lasted there for 10 days. Highlanders "undertook a united attack on Persians, thus killed three hundred Persians and scotched many in their retreat".[33]

In the beginning Persians gained few victories and moved up to Sogratl.[34] Murtazali-khan at the head of Khunzakh regiment moved to Sogratl in Andalal.[35] Large army of Persians marching toward Sogratl was stopped in the area of Hitsib. Four days and four nights passed in heavy battles. Persian army perished almost entirely. In Aymaki gorge the second column of Persian army marching from Djengutai to Andalal to help Nader, was was stopped as well. Dagestani army led by Murtazali-khan and Muhammad-bek, Ahmed-khan of Mekhtula, and by religious leaders of Sogratl and Chokh gained victory. By night of September 28 Nader-shah hastily retreated from Andalal, losing 40 thousand of his army, according to I. Kalushkin. The place afterwards was named as "Iran kharab".

Kalushkin reported that "Persians retreated in such an accelerating march that can rightly be counted as a desertion" and "shah was so cruelly beaten that he was forced to turn back three times to defend himself".[36][37] The shah's army, under the command of Lutf Ali-khan, Gaidar-bek, Jalal-khan and Nader-shah, was defeated. Murtazali-bek pursued retreating Persians up to Derbent. As it is written: "Salutes were given In Istanbul. In Petersburg people could not conceal their joy".

In 1742 Nader-shah decided to use the authority of his captive Surkhay-khan I, so that he might persuade his son Murtazali and other leaders to surrender and be in the Persian service, promising rewards. Murtazali-khan later died from injuries sustained in the battle. At the beginning of 1743, Nader-shah with bits and pieces of his army finally abandons Dagestan.[38][39]

Muhammad-khan

In 1743 Muhammad-bek, son of Surkhay-khan I, ascends the throne of Kazikumukh Khanate. From Turkey arrived to Muhammad-khan a "miraculously saved Sefevid prince" – Sefi-Mirza, known as Shikhzade-Sultan. Many nobles of Persia swore allegiance to Sefi-Mirza. Muhammad-khan decided to place Sefi-Mirza on the Persian throne and take under his rule his father's possession – Shirvan. Turkish minister promised to support: "When the mentioned prince will be firmly established on the stolen throne of his ancestors, then he will give back previously under our rule states of Shirvan, Ganja, Tiflis and Yerevan".[40] Muhammad-khan was the strongest ally of Turkey in the Eastern Caucasus. Claims of Sefi-Mirza to the throne led to strife in Persia.[41]

First campaign

At the end of 1743 Derbent, Tabasaran and Kura were part of Persia. Muhammad-khan formed an army and under the pretext of "defending the legal rights of inheritors of Persian throne" waged a war on Persia. There was fortress Kaber in Kura, which Muhammad-khan captured, defeating the Persian garrison there. Muhammad-khan captured Derbent, defeating the Persian garrison there as well.

The army of Muhammad-khan approached Shabran, where another Persian got garrison fortified. The siege was long. Muhammad-khan blew up the walls of the fortress with mines and took the city by assault. Shabran was subjected to destruction and ransacked. Abdal Gani-khan Afghani, a general of Nader-shah, strongly defended the city, but Muhammad-khan captured the fortress of Shabran and beheaded him. Later Muhammad-khan married his daughter Istadjalu. Nader-shah used to send Abdal Gani-khan in risky expeditions. Surkhay-khan I lost him the battle in Deve-Batan. Muhammad-khan moved further and captured Agsu, the new capital of Shirvan.

During 1743-1745 Muhammad-khan ruled Shirvan. Muhammad-khan was not able to go deep into the Persian territory as Turkey showed lack of interest in the affair. Sefi-Mirza ran away. In 1745 Nasrula-Mirza, son of Nader-shah, after three defeats led the shah's army of 15 thousand against Muhammad-khan at Agsu, whereupon Muhammad-khan injured returned to Kazi-Kumukh. Shah's army once again occupied Derbent and Tabasaran.

Second campaign

In the spring of 1747 Muhammad-khan with his allies captured Derbent. The shah's deputy retreated from there to Quba Khanate. Muhammad-khan attacked Quba and defeated the Persian army there.

Gadjiev V. writes that in 1747 "shah decided to punish Muhammad-khan by all means. However, Nader-shah was killed in a coup at the palace".[42] In Persia it was said: "If shah is foolish – he will wage a war on Dagestan".[43] As the Georgian historian Vakhushti had written: "Nader-shah was not able to defeat the Dagestanis as he wished".

In 1748 Surkhay-khan I died in Kazi-Kumukh. His grave is located in the cemetery of khans near the mosque built by him. Surkhay-khan I for 40 years resisted the Persian invasion of Caucasus. In memory of his battles, two rivers "Cholak" and "Legva" were named in Turkey.

The mother of Surkhay-khan I was called Umamat, she was a sister Omar-khan of Avaria. Daughter of Surkhay-khan I was married to a son of Avar khan. Muhammad-khan had three wives. The first wife was the daughter of Khasbulat-shamkhal of Tarki, from her he had four sons. Second wife was the daughter of Tishsiz-Bammat of Kazanish, the khan of Mekhtula Khanate, and had one son from her. Third wife was Istadjalu, the daughter of Abdal Gani-khan Afgani.

Feudal wars

In 1760 Muhammad-khan, with the support of allies, captured Shemakha. In 1762 the nephew of Agasi-khan of Shirvan forced Muhammad-khan to retreat from Shirvan.

Fatali-khan of Quba captured Shemakha, Derbent Khanate, Kura region of southern Dagestan, and added them to his Quba Khanate. Eldar-bek of Kazi-Kumukh, son of Murtazali-khan, following a dispute with his uncle fled to Fatali-khan. Shahmardan-bek, son of Muhammad-khan, too fled to Fatali-khan. Muhammad-khan rendered his preference of the future ruler to Surkhay-bek, "born from the daughter of Abdal Gani-khan".[44]

In 1770 Fatali-khan organized an anti-kazikumukh coalition, involving in it shamkhal of Tarki and Eldar-bek of Kazi-Kumukh, who intending to rule Kazi-Kumukh, marched with the army on Muhammad-khan. In a battle near Khosrekh in Lakia, Muhammad-khan had a victory.[45] In subsequent years, Fatali-khan found himself in conflict with utsmi of Kaitag and nutsal of Avaria.

Hasan Al-Kadari writes that in 1774 "the emirs of Dagestan decided to wage a war on Fatali-khan and punish him". An anti-quba coalition was formed, which included Muhammad-khan of Kazi-Kumukh, utsmi Emir-Khamza of Kaitag, Ali Sultan-khan of Mekhtula Khanate, Umma-khan of Avaria, Kazi-Rostam of Tabasaran and Tishsiz-Bammat of Kazanish, who undertook an invasion of Quba Khanate. A battle took place in the Gevdusha valley, where Fatali-khan suffered a defeat and retreated to Salyan.[46] Mahammad-khan took possession of Kura and Quba Khanate and added them to Kazikumukh Khanate.

Intrusion of Russia

Fatali-khan appealed to Russia asking for help. Russia getting the appeal began cambat actions in the Caucasus.[47]

In 1775 March 4, general Frederick Medem crossed over Terek river and moved against the ruler of Kaitag, who was defeated. Fatali-khan marched to Quba Khanate against Muhammad-khan, who in view of a strong opponent, retreated to Kura. Russian troops entered Derbent.[48] Then general Medem marched to Kura, where he defeated Muhammad-khan, who eventually retreated to Kazi-Kumukh.

In 1776 Russian army was recalled from Dagestan as "Fatali-khan reconciled his disputes with the khan of Kaitag, khan of Kazi-Kumukh and the ruler of Tabasaran". In 1789 after the death of Muhammad-khan, his son Surkhay-bek becomes the ruler of Kazikumukh Khanate. The same year Fatali-khan of Quba died too. Unification of territories in Azerbaijan carried out by Fatali-khan quickly dissolved.

Surkhay-khan II

Ali Kayaev, a scholar from Kumukh writes: "Surkhay-khan II was a Muslim scholar, hafis who knew Qur'an by heart. He restored three mosques in Kumukh: Burhay mosque, Qadi mosque and Friday mosque". Mosque in Tpik was also reconstructed by Surkhay-khan II. Van Galen, officer and an eyewitness wrote: "This was a remarkable man. He was tall and had a formidable appearance especially in an old age. In the mountains he was famous for extensive teachings in the Muslim spirit, and due to his ancient family had great connections throughout Dagestan and was respected by all the neighboring nations ".

Surkhay-khan II had two wives: the first was Lak and from her there were four sons and a daughter, the second wife was Avar, the widow of his brother Shahmardan-bek and sister of Avar khans: Omar-khan (Umma-khan) and Ahmed Sultan-khan. "Daughter of Surkhay-khan II, Gul Andash-khanum, was married to Mustafa-khan of Shirvan, a relative of Surkhay-khan II". Ahmed-khan Sultan of Tsakhur, son of Alkhaz-bek, was married to the daughter of Surkhay-khan II. Sultan of Elisu Daniyal-bek was grandson of Surkhay-khan II.

Surkhay-khan II once again took under his rule Kurakh village and other territories of southern Dagestan: people of Samur region and Rutul appealed to Surkhay-khan II with a request to help them against the continuous attacks of southern neighbours. Surkhay-khan II did not allow his nephew Aslan-bek to inherit the region of Kura from his father Shahmardan-bek. Aslan-bek fled and later began to seek Russian support.

In 1792 Surkhay-khan II concluded an agreement with Mustafa-khan of Shirvan, to capture Khanate of Shaki and divide it among themselves. Muhammad Hasan-khan of Shaki repelled the attack of allies.[49]

Internal order

During 1796 Surkhay-khan II was an influential ruler in Dagestan having an active army of 25 thousand men. His territories included southern Dagestan and Djaro-Balakan region, stretching from Derbent to the border with Georgia. Total annual revenue of Lak khan during the rule of Surkhay-khan II (1789–1826) was estimated by Butkov at "80 thousand roubles".

Major-General Fedor Akhverdov of Kizlyar fortress had given interesting information about internal order of Kazi-Kumukh Khanate: "khan is strict in applying the law, his territories are quite vast, the word thief does not exist so that our Armenian merchants with silk and other staff once arrived drop their goods in the street near the house where they have accommodation and send the horse in the field and no one touches them. His subjects have abundant cattle breeding, particularly in sheep flocks, large wheat harvest and silk production too".

The provincial governments were ruled by jama'ats (men over 15), the chiefs (marts arantal - honorable men), judge (qadi), herald (mangush, chaush, mukhchi) and executor (yalurzu). Constabulary functions were carried out by khan's troops. The politics of Khanate was regulated by a supreme counsel at the court (divan) of the khan, where chief advisers (viziers), qadis, sheiks and other clerics took part. Families of the lateral branches of the khan's house elected army generals and commanders who also participated in the meetings of the court.

Caucasian conflict

At the end of 18th century Caucasian conflict erupted once again with participation of Iran, Turkey and Russia.

In 1795 the new shah of Iran Qajar Aga-Mohammed announced his claims on the Caucasian territories. Shah sent his "firmans" in which under the threat of extermination he demanded subordination from neighboring khans. Azerbaijani rulers appealed to Russia to accept their allegiance.

In 1796 Catherine II of Russia sent general Valerian Zubov for further conquest of Southern Dagestan. General Zubov in a short time seized Quba Khanate and laid siege to Derbent. Shikh Ali-khan of Derbent sent his family to Kazi-Kumukh and proceeded to defend the city.[50]

After three months of siege, Derbent was captured and Shikh Ali-khan taken captive.[51] Later, Shikh Ali-khan escaped from captivity and came to Surkhay-khan II. After the death of Catherine II, Russian troops pulled out of Southern Dagestan. Surkhay-khan II with 15 thousand army advanced to Quba and with a sudden attack inflicted considerable losses to battalion of lieutenant Bakunin near Alpan village. Major-General Bulgakov, Hasan-khan of Quba, Sobolev with Utsmi Mehdi-khan, son of shamkhal and Kazi-Rostam of Tabasaran marched against Surkhay-khan II who fortified himself near Samur river, but was surrounded and after 9 days of negotiations had to give an oath of allegiance to Russia.[52]

Turkey being displeased at the results of its agreement with Russia started preparations for returning to Caucasus. Turkey once again sends its emissaries to the khans of Lakia and Avaria with large sums of money asking for allience against Russia. Surkhay-khan II, in the interests of independence of his state, becomes the ally of Turkey. Umma-khan of Avaria initially refused to be the ally of Turkey and held talks with Russia that requested him to refuse tribute from Georgia.[53]

Ali Kayaev writes that in 1797 Surkhay-khan II gave decisive battles in Karachay–Cherkessia. In the memory of those events there remained villages of Surkhayli and Lakshukay.

In 1800 November 7, near Iori river a major battle took place between the Russian-Georgian squad under the command of Major-General Gulyakov and the host of Umma-khan of Avaria.

In 1803 the night of Octobers 22, Surkhay-khan II with an army of 8 thousand Dagestanis crossed river Alazani and attacked the detachment of Kabardian grenadier battalion of Tiflis regiment under the command of Major-General Gulyakov who succeeded in repelling the attack. Yermilov wrote: "Surkhay-khan II of Kazi-Kumukh is the most cunning of Muslim rulers".[54] Gordin Y. A. wrote that " Surkhay-khan II is one of the strongest rulers in Dagestan".[55]

Battle in Djaria

In 1804 January 15 in Djaro-Balakan district, Khalid-bek, son of Surkhay-khan II, led the punitive detachment of Major-General Gulyakov into the gorge of mountains. Gulyakov was killed. Khalid-bek became the favourite of highlanders. Many songs were written about him. In one of them it was said: "Spread out your golden-edged banner, Khalid, warriors are waiting for you".

Surkhay-khan II though at times gave an oath in writing, flatly refused to sign the treaty of the Russian Tsar.[56][57]

At the beginning of 1811 Nukh-bek, also son of Surkhay-khan II, gained victory at the fortress of Tsakhur. From Derbent general Glazenap equipped special expedition for capturing Surkhay-khan II.[9] Tsarist command in the Caucasus was using political and military measures to break the resistance Surkhay-khan II and Shikh Ali-khan of Derbent. Both rulers had been repeatedly defeated by Russians, swore allegiance to them and violated it.[58][59]

In December 1811 the army of Nukh-bek and Shikh Ali-khan undertook an attack on Quba, where at Gustav village a battle took place with general Khatunsev. Surkhay-khan II retreated to his stronghold in Kurakh. In 1811 December 15, generals Guryev and Khatuntsev besieged the fortress of Kurakh. The defense of a front tower Surkhay-khan II gave to forty men from Muchiyan district of Lakia under the command of Chopan from Khaikhi. Highlanders repelled enemy assaults with well-aimed fire. At midnight the tower collapsed under heavy cannon-fire and hand-to-hand combat started. Kurakh was captured. Surkhay-khan II with remains of his army returned to Kazi-Kumukh. General Khatuntsev passed the management of Kurakh, the capital of Kura region, to Aslan-bek, son of Shahmardan-bek.[60][61]

Battle in Khosrekh

On instructions of Philip Paulucci, the commander-in-chief of Caucasian Army, general Khatuntsev began negotiations with Surkhay-khan II demanding him to surrender and give out Nukh-bek and Shikh Ali-khan as ransom of trust (amanat). Surkhay-khan II refused to follow any of the requests. In July 1812, Khatuntsev marched to Richa village and then moven on to Kazi-Kumukh, but suffered a big defeat from the khan's army near the Lak village of Khosrekh. Khatuntsev undertook an attack on Kazi-Kumukh a second time, however Surkhay-khan II started negotiations and sent his son Murtazali-bek who brought to Khatuntsev a letter of oath, signed and sealed by his father. In May 1813 Surkhay-khan II attacked the Kurakh garrison, but was repelled by Aslan-bek and returned to Kazi-Kumukh.[62]

Surkhay-khan II transferred control of Khanate to his son Murtazali-bek and left for Tabriz to shah Abbas-Mirza. Surkhay-khan II was not able to win over the shah due to a Treaty of Gulistan on October 12 of 1813 where Persia acknowledged the victory of Russia and transferred to her Georgia and Dagestan.

In August 1815 Surkhay-khan II suddenly attacked the Kurakh fortress where battalion of major Pozdrevski suffered casualties. In 1816, Ermolov was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasus region.[63]

In 1818 Surkhay-khan II sent a Kazi-Kumukh regiment to assist Girey-khan of Mekhtula Khanate. The khan of Kaitag with the people of Akusha attacked general Pestel near Bashli village.[64] Surkhay-khan II and Sultan Ahmed-khan of Avaria fought in the battle of Boltugi. General Khatuntsev fortified his army in the village of Chirakh.

Campaign to Chirakh

In 1819 October 19, Surkhay-khan II with a 6 thousand army attacked the Chirakh garrison but didn’t succeed and retreated. After a few months under the banners of Surkhay-khan II there gathered in the mountains a large army of highlanders. Ali Kayaev wrote: "in all the battles of Surkhay-khan II with Russia, people of Andalal were always on his side under his banners".[65] Part of his army under the command of Nukh-bek, Surkhay-khan II sent to help the people of Akusha against general Madatov, some part of the army he left in Kazi-Kumukh and with the remaining army marched again to Chirakh.

Chirakh garrison, led by captain Ovechkin, staunchly defended the fortress. The fight lasted 4 days. Surkhay-khan II ordered to retreat in view of new Russian troops approaching Chirakh. Major General Vrede ordered to restore the strongholds of the Tsar's troops in Beduk, Richa and Chirakh, to protect against the attacks of Surkhay-khan II.

Capture of Kazi-Kumukh

In 1820 general Aleksey Ermolov decided to capture Kazi-Kumukh, which became the stronghold of anti-colonial struggle of highlanders, by a direct attack. A decisive battle took place on June 12 near the Lak village of Khosrekh where Surkhay-khan II and his sons fortified their positions. General Madatov and also army divisions from Shirvan, Shaki, Quba and Karabakh began slowly moving to Khosrekh.[66] By artillery fire Russians overcame the defences of highlanders. General Khalid-bek and 1070 gazies were killed in this battle. Khosrekh was captured and further Kazi-Kumukh. In 1820 after a long war of Surkhay-khan II, the Kazikumukh Khanate was conquered by Russian empire. Ermolov wrote after capturing Kazi-Kumukh: "Russian army appeared in this place for the first time". In August 1820 Surkhay-khan II left for Persia to Fat′h Ali-shah.

Surkhay-khan II inherited from his father the independent Kazikumukh Khanate and Russian intrusion into Dagestan must have been compared to the Persian in the days of Surkhay-khan I, which highlanders successfully repelled. Surkhay-khan II gave dozens of battles, of which the largest were at Baku, Derbent, Tiflis, Khosrekh, Akhulgo, Chirakh, Kurakh, Kartukh, Alazani, Quba, Akusha, Baltugi, Akhaltsikhe, Akhalkalaki, Kartli, Kakheti, at fortresses of Nizovaya, Burnaya and Vnezapnaya in Chechnya, at fortress of Surkhayli in Cherkessia, at the fall of Ganja and during the siege of Yerevan, as well took part in the battles in Kars, Ardagan and Erzurum.[9]

In this period of Caucasian war from 1796 to 1827, Russians overcoming the heroic defence of highlanders captured Dagestan and Chechnya. After the war, all rulers of North Caucasus were under the oath of allegiance to Russia. Caucasian war was practically considered completed, but afterwards the war flames up with renewed strength.

Aslan-khan

In 1820 the ruler of Kazi-Kumukh Khanate becomes Aslan-bek who also inherited the Kura region which was restored by Russians into an independent Khanate in gratitude to Aslan-bek for his services.[9] Aslan-khan was elevated to the rank of Major-General.

In 1826 Surkhay-khan II returned from Persia and in 1827 died in the village of Sogratl in Andalal at the age of 83. His son Nukh-bek migrated to Turkey where he died in 1828.

Becoming part of Russia, highlanders ran into state organised serfdom. Russian management toughened exploitation of peasants. This situation inevitability led to a powerful social unrest and revolt.

In the period of new Caucasian war under the leadership of three Imams, Laks proved themselves active again. At the capture of Gergebel village by Naib Kebed-Muhammad there were up to 300 Laks in his army. In spite of prohibitions Laks constantly conducted trade on all the territories of Imamate and 80 merchants had special guard folios from Imam.[67] Laks were such political figures of Caucasian war as Haji Yahya-bek, Muhammad-Efendi Guyminski, Buk-Muhammad and Bashir-bek (Naibs of Imam Shamil). Direct descendant of khans of Kazi-Kumukh was Muhammad-Amin (Imam of Abkhazia and Cherkessia 1848-1859).[68]

In 1832 in a meeting in Gotsatl where shamkhal of Tarki and Ahmed-khan of Mekhtula Khanate participated, Aslan-khan declared that only he has the right to rule Avaria as its ruler Pakhu-beke, an old woman, was killed in a siege by Islamic militants. Mother of Aslan-khan, Aymesey, was sister of Umma-khan of Avaria. All nobles of Dagestan wished to rule Avaria. Haji Yahya-bek, nephew of Aslan-khan, becomes the ruler of Avaria.

Nutsal Aga-khan

In 1836 the ruler of Kazi-Kumukh becomes Nutsal Aga-bek, the eldest son of Aslan-khan. Nutsal Aga-khan arrived at the funeral of his father as a legitimate khan, appointed by Russian Tsar. Kazi-Kumukh Khanate included Lakia, Avaria and Kura. Kura Khanate was ruled by Garun-bek, son of Tagir-bek, brother of Aslan-khan. Avaria was ruled by Haji Yahya-bek, the second son of Tagir-bek.

Nutsal Aga-khan removed Haji Yahya-bek, the ruler of Avaria, and appointed in his place his younger brother Muhammad Mirza. There were in Kazi-Kumukh cousins of Nutsal Aga-khan, sons of Omar-bek, the second brother of Aslan-khan, who too claimed the right to the throne. In August the same year, Nutsal Aga-khan suddenly for all died.

Muhammad Mirza-khan

In 1836 Muhammad Mirza-khan, brother of Nutsal Aga-khan, came from Avaria and was appointed as khan of Kazi-Kumukh. Haji Yahya-bek again becomes the ruler of Avaria. Muhammad Mirza-khan was promoted to the rank of colonel and got a letter of investiture from the Russian Tsar. In 1838 Muhammad Mirza-khan fell ill and died just as the elder brother.

Ummu Kulsum-beke

In 1838 the ruler of the Kazi-kumukh becomes Ummu Kulsum-beke, wife of Aslan-khan. In 1839 Shamil positioned his army in the locality of Akhulgo and led battles with Russians.[69]

Ummu Kulsum-beke, an old woman, spent almost two years behind locked doors with people she trusted. Representatives of Kazi-Kumukh clergy came to Ummu Kulsum-beke with a request from people to take charge of state affairs offering her Mahmud-bek, nephew of Aslan-khan, as an assistant.

Abdurahman-bek, son of Omar-bek, and Haji Yahya-bek being disaffected with Mahmud-bek who took all the power in his hands, began agitating people. Abdurahman-bek was summoned by general Golovin to Derbent and sent to live in the village of Zukhul under the supervision of military district authorities. Haji Yahya-bek gave his word will not leave, but later fled to Imam Shamil and became one of his Naibs. Haji Yahya-bek starts negotiations with Mahmud-bek to assist Imam Shamil. It was said in the Russian document of that time: "Mahmud-bek and Garun-bek have gradually involved everyone in very close relations with Shamil".[70] Prushanovsky wrote: "if someone was robbed by Shamil, it was enough to come to Mahmud-bek and the lost property was always returned".[71]

In 1841 Haji Yahya-bek leads an uprising and with the people of Imam Shamil takes the fortress of Kazi-Kumukh, briefly incorporating Lak lands into Imamate. Imam Shamil later arrived in Kazi-Kumukh.[72] Mahmud-bek and his brother Garun-bek the ruler of Kura Khanate, who were in Kazi-Kumukh, declared themselves allies of Imam Shamil.

Abdurahman-khan

In 1841 Abdurahman-bek was elected the ruler of Kazi-Kumukh. Abdurahman-bek married Shamay-beke, daughter of Nutsal Aga-khan. In 1842 the royal detachment under the command of Colonel Zalivkin moved to Kurakh and arrested Garun-bek and sent him to Tbilisi. The management Kura Khanate was entrusted to his brother Yusuf-bek. In 1844 Shamil takes over villages of Nitsovkra, Duchi, Tulisma, Kulushats and Churtakh in Lakia.[73]

In the summer of 1847 Aglar-bek, younger brother of Abdurahman-khan, arrived from St. Petersburg to Kazi-Kumukh in the rank of staff-captain of the Russian Army Guards. From the early years Aglar-bek was in St. Petersburg as a hostage. General Argutinsky stood with his army on the hills of Turchidag awaiting a battle with Shamil. Abdurahman-khan and Aglar-bek with their army came to help the general as to prevent Shamil from breaking into Kazi-Kumukh. Russians successfully repelled all attacks of Shamil. Shamil started negotiations with Abdurahman-khan. Upon learning this, Argutinsky removed Abdurahman-khan from his command on the battlefield.

Aglar-khan

Banner of highlanders

In 1848 the ruler of Kazi-Kumukh Khanate becomes Aglar-khan (1848–1859). Haji Yahya-bek suffers defeat from Aglar-khan in a battle for Lak village of Shovkra. Nevertheless, Aglar-khan often rescued Imam Shamil under difficult circumstances.[74]

In 1851 Naib Buk-Muhammad of Kazi-Kumukh with part of his people was killed on the battlefield, helping people of Tabasaran and Kaitag in the holy war in the village of Shilagi. He was buried with honours in the Kirkhlar cemetery of martyrs in Derbent. On the banner of Buk-Muhammad captured by Russians the following inscription was embroidered: "Do not lose bravery. Be indifferent to the dangers of war. Nobody will die before a decreed hour of death".

In 1859 after the death of Aglar-khan, Kazikumukh Khanate was abolished "due to absence of heir", although there was such heir: Jafar-bek, son of Aglar-khan, who was still young. The territory of Khanate was renamed as Kazi-Kumukh District.[75] Management of Kazi-Kumukh District was given to a Russian staff-officer. In 1860, a thousand-year history of Lak State was over.

References

  1. ^ Jama'at — a free community. Magal — a group of villages which would constitute a political-military alliance.
  2. ^ Али Каяев. Материалы по истории лаков. Рукописный фонд ИЯЛ Даг. фил. АН СССР. Д. 1649. Л. 5-6. С. 22-23.
  3. ^ a b Казикумухские и кюринские ханы. ССКГ. Вып. II. СПб. 1868.
  4. ^ С. Габиев. Лаки — Их прошлое и быт. — СМОМПК. Тифлис. 1906. С. 22. Вып. ХХХVI
  5. ^ Миклухо-Маклай Н. Д. Из истории афганского владычества в Иране. С.139-140.
  6. ^ Surkhay-khan I addressed the peoples of Dagestan: "They [Dagestanis] are regenerated by God to save sunni believers, whom all Dagestanis and a considerable part of Shirvanis follow, from heretical Persian yoke, which they until now have suffered, and root out the heresy and may all the faithful join him and become free". (П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа (1722–1803) СПб. 1869. С. 9.).
  7. ^ Ханвой Д. Исторический обзор британской торговли на Каспийском море. — Лондон. 1762. Т. II. С. 146.
  8. ^ См. Н. Д. Миклухо-Маклай. Указ. соч. С.141.
  9. ^ a b c d А. В. Комаров. Казикумухские и кюринские ханы. — ССКТ, Тифлис. 1869. вып. 11.
  10. ^ П. Г. Бутков. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа (1722—1803). СПб. 1869, С. 99.
  11. ^ А. К . Бакиханов. Гюлистан и Ирам. — Баку, 1991. Период четвёртый.
  12. ^ Исмей-Гаджи Гусейнов. Лаки в истории Дагестана (VI—XX века). Кавказский Узел / Энциклопедия.
  13. ^ А. К. Бакиханов. Указ. раб. С. 113.
  14. ^ В. Джонс. История Надиршаха. — Лондон, 1770. С. 196.
  15. ^ Surkhay-khan I "challenged Nader-shah himself" (Prof. V. F. Minorsky), "put a lot of energy to ensure the unity of peoples of Dagestan" (Prof. R. Magomedov), "circumstances are such that from this moment Surkhay-khan I of Kazi-Kumukh became one of the most important figures in the struggle against Iranian conqueror" (Prof. V. N. Leviatov).
  16. ^ Khazbulat-bek — son of Adil Giray-shamkhal of Tarki, deported to Russia.
  17. ^ Письма от Хаджи Айиуба кадия Акуша-Дарго к кадиям, старшинам и всем жителям Аварии 1735-36г. // Освободительная борьба народов Дагестана в эпоху средневековья. Махачкала, 1986. С. 32.
  18. ^ According to Abbas-Kuli Bakikhanov, Majalis was founded by Utsmi Sultan-Ahmad (d. 1588) "in a vacant lot, where people gathered for meetings". In 18th-19th centuries Utsmis lived in Bashli. Bashli was one of the largest settlements of Southern Dagestan and the centre of Kaitag Khanate (Utsmiate).
  19. ^ А. О. Муртазаев. Кайтагское уцмийство в системе политических структур Дагестана в XVIII – начале XIX в. Махачкала, 2007 С. 36.
  20. ^ Н. А. Сотавов. Северный Кавказ в кавказской политике России, Ирана и Турции в первой половине XVIIIв. Махачкала, 1989 20. Л. 94.
  21. ^ Мухаммед Казим. Намейи Аламарайи Надири. Т. 2, с. 283.
  22. ^ Dusrakh is located between Shovkra and Kumukh. This area consists of two parts: "Duchraurttu" and "Darkushinatsalu" in Lak language. An ancient name of this place is "Dukhrarat".
  23. ^ В. Джонс. Указ. соч. С. 198.
  24. ^ Хроника войн Джара в XVIII столетии. Баку, 1931. С. 84.
  25. ^ А. Н. Козлова. Страница истории освободительной борьбы народов Дагестана // Страны и народы Востока. М.,1976. Вып.18 С. 92.
  26. ^ ГУ «ЦГА РД». Ф.379. Канцелярия коменданта г. Кизляра. Оп.1.Д.17, С. 153.
  27. ^ А. Н. Козлова. «Намейи-оламарайи Надири Мухаммад–Казима о первом этапе похода Надир-шаха на Табасаран // Освободительная борьба народов Дагестана в эпоху средневековья. Махачкала, 1986 С. 120.
  28. ^ Russian officer Kalushkin, at the Persian court informed the Senate [in Moscow] that "Surkhay-khan ransacked Derbent fortress, defeated the army of Mehdi-khan, attacked Old Shemakha [...] and such great upheavals are difficult for shah to resolve that he ought to have an army everywhere, which for endless impoverishment of the people won't be possible to recruit, unless recruiting all the salesmen and Persians, though due to total destruction won't be possible to maintain.
  29. ^ В. Г. Гаджиев Разгром Надир-шаха в Дагестане. Махачкала, 1996 С. 28.
  30. ^ В. Г. Гаджиевю Указ. соч. С. 132.
  31. ^ Б. Г. Алиев. Даргинцы в борьбе с Надир-шахом. С. 36-37.
  32. ^ Там же, Д. № 7. Л. 209.
  33. ^ Там же, Д. 7. С. 298.
  34. ^ "People of Megeb constantly harassed Persian troops that arrived in Andalal. Once under the cover of darkness, a detachment of highlanders approached the resting Iranians and made a rapid massive attack, eventually destroying quite a large group of Persians". (См. В. Г. Гаджиев. С. 258).
  35. ^ Son of Surkhay-khan I "Murtazali, significantly increasing his cavalry, asked his uncle from mother’s side, the khan of Avaria, for military assistance". (См. В. Г. Гаджиев. С. 252).
  36. ^ АВПР. д. 7. Л. 390, 411, 412.
  37. ^ Рукописный фонд ИИЯЛ Дат. филиала АН СССР. Д. 1302, л. 7.
  38. ^ V. Bratishev, Russian translator of Iranian shah, reported to Moscow that: "There can be seen pretty rotten victories of his [Nader-shah] actions that in two years he achieved nothing in Dagestan, except that he undermined his state, exhausted his people, lost his troops and the rest extremely impoverished".
  39. ^ Kalushkin reported that Nader-shah "seeing this, cried out of anger". (АВПР. Л. 391.).
  40. ^ АКАК. — Тифлис, 1869. Т. II, с. 1081—1082.
  41. ^ К. З. Ашрафян. Антифеодальные движения в империи Надир-шаха Афшара (1736—1747). — М. 1953. Т. VIII. С. 166—204.
  42. ^ В. Г. Гаджиев. Разгром Надир‑шаха в Дагестане. — Махачкала, 1996.
  43. ^ P. M. Магомедов. История Дагестана. — Махачкала, 1968.
  44. ^ Г. Э. Алкадари. Асари Дагестан. — Махачкала, 1929
  45. ^ См. Г. Б. Абдуллаев, с. 272.
  46. ^ См. Г. Б. Абдуллаев, с. 523—525
  47. ^ Fatali-khan sent an ambassador to Kizlyar to general J. F. Medem and "appealed for protection and patronage of Russia". (См. Броневский С., т. II, ч. 333.).
  48. ^ Fatali-khan sent keys from Derbend to Catherine II and asked to accept his allegiance to Russia. (Бутков П. Г., ч. III, с. 138).
  49. ^ См. Г. Э. Алкадари. С. 100
  50. ^ См. Г. Э. Алкадари. С. 102
  51. ^ См. П. Г. Бутков, ч. II, с. 372, 380, 386.
  52. ^ См. П. Г. Бутков, ч. II, с. 402.
  53. ^ Дубровин Н., т. III, с. 161
  54. ^ О. Поляков. Записки А. П. Ермолова 1798—1828. Высшая школа, 1991.
  55. ^ Я. А. Гордин. Кавказ: земля и кровь. (Россия в Кавказской войне XIX века). — 2000.
  56. ^ In 1809 December 17, Surkhay-khan II wrote a letter to Russian commander-in-chief saying that he will not sign a treatise and that "if you wish to have friendship with me as I had with former generals with whom I had obligations then you can do so. I accepted an oath so that I would not betray a friend until I will not be offended and my possessions not inflicted with superfluous discords". (См. А. В. Комаров. Указ. соч. С. 16-17).
  57. ^ In 1809 on April 14, in a report of lieutenant-general Rupin to Count Gudovich it was said that: "Shikh Ali-khan and Surkhay-khan by common efforts intend to attack the lands of Quba. Rulers of Quba asked 200 people infantry in assistance, and they will too gather 2000 people in case of attack". (АКАК. Тифлис, 1869. Т.3. С. 405.).
  58. ^ In a letter to Zmenski, Russian chief of Quba, Surkhay-khan II stressed that: "Shikh Ali-khan, elders of Akusha, qadies, and other heads around them are relentlessly asking him to violate the peace terms with Russia, but he does not accept their preposition".
  59. ^ Акты, собранные Кавказскою археографическою комиссиею: В 12 т. / Под ред. А. Д. Берже. Т. III. Тифлис, 1869. 3, с. 384.
  60. ^ См. Г. Э. Алкадари. С. 124.
  61. ^ Shahmardan-bek (d. 1789) the ruler of Kura, left five sons: Tagir-bek, Omar-bek, Aslan-bek, Hasan Aga-bek and Fatali-bek.
  62. ^ Surkhay-khan II of Kazi-Kumukh led a three thousand army to Kura District and managed to capture some villages. General Khatuntsev sent 50 shooters and one gun to assist the Kura regiment which, in 1813 on July 11 headed by Aslan-bek, defeated Surkhay-khan II at the village of Kolkhan. (Казначеев А. Ислам и Кавказ. Пятигорск, 2002. С. 137.).
  63. ^ Р. А. Фадеев. Шестьдесят лет Кавказской войны. - Тифлис, 1860. - С. 15.
  64. ^ АКАК. Тифлис, 1875. Т. 6. Ч. 2. С. 59.
  65. ^ См. Али Каяев. Андалалское общество. Указ. Соч.
  66. ^ In April 1820, 4 battalions of infantry, hundreds of Cossacks and 14 guns assembled in Shirvan, the garrison was joined by 500 riders from Karabakh, 300 from Shemakha province and 400 from Shirvan province. In 1820 July 3, troops moved into Quba where they were joined by police (800 persons). Army of Surkhay-khan II and those who came to his assistance from Jama’ats (free societies) positioned themselves in the village of Khosrekh. During the attack, Hasan Aga-bek (younger brother of Aslan-khan of Kura) who led the vanguard of the cavalry, was killed. This led to confusion in the ranks of Quba regiment. (См. История Апшеронского полка (1700–1892 гг.) / Сост. Л. Богусловский. СПб., 1892. Т. 1. С. 362-364).
  67. ^ Из записок капитана Прушановского. Сборник газеты «Кавказ». 1847. Т. II. С. 22.
  68. ^ ССОКГ Вып. II. С. 33. Naib - Arabic word for deputy commissioner, or governor.
  69. ^ Дадаев Ю. Столицы Шамиля. ДНЦ РАН, ДГУ. – Махачкала, ИД «Эпоха», 2007.
  70. ^ АКАК. Т. IX. С. 369.
  71. ^ Прушановский. Выписка из путевого журнала. КС. Т. XXIII. С. 48–49.
  72. ^ Движение горцев Северо-восточного Кавказа в 20-50 гг. XIX в. Сборник документов. Махачкала, 1959. С. 332.
  73. ^ АКАК. Том. X. С. 730.
  74. ^ СМОМПК. ХХХVI. отд. I. С. 79–82, 85–87.
  75. ^ Российский государственный военно-исторический архив (РГВИА). Ф. 846. Оп. 16. Д. 6468. Л. 6.

See also

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