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*{{harv|benPorat|April 2006|pp=42–44}};
*{{harv|benPorat|April 2006|pp=42–44}};
*{{harv|Cannon|2007}};
*{{harv|Cannon|2007}};
*{{harv|Lazarus|11 April 2008}}.</ref> Others, such as Chryssides, classify Landmark as either quasi-religious or secular with some elements of religion.<ref>See:
*{{harv|Lazarus|11 April 2008}}.</ref> Others, such as Chryssides, classify Landmark as either quasi-religious or secular with some elements of religion (although various scholars have disputed this characterization).<ref>See:
*{{harv|Beckford et al., eds.|2007|pp=229, 687}};
*{{harv|Beckford et al., eds.|2007|pp=229, 687}};
*{{harv|Chryssides|1999|p=314}};
*{{harv|Chryssides|1999|p=314}};
*{{harv|Bromley|2007|p=48}}.
*{{harv|Bromley|2007|p=48}}.
⚫
</ref> Landmark has denied that it is a religion, cult or sect,{{sfn|Puttick|2004|pp=406–407}} and "freely threatens or pursues lawsuits against those who call it [a cult]".{{sfn|Scioscia|2000}}
</ref> A number of newspaper articles have noted that the Forum has been labeled "cult-like" (although various scholars have disputed this characterization).<ref>See:
*{{harv|ABC News staff|2008}};
*{{harv|Bass|1999}};
*{{harv|Mullally and Burke|2005|p=N1}};
*{{harv|Rayman|2008}}
*{{harv|Scioscia|2000}};
*{{harv|D'Souza|2008|p=12§Features}}.</ref><ref>See:
*{{harv|Chryssides|1999|pp=229, 687}}
*{{harv|Goldwag|2009|pp=29–30}}
⚫
*{{harv|Sharot|2011|p=182}}.</ref> Landmark has denied that it is a religion, cult or sect,{{sfn|Puttick|2004|pp=406–407}} and "freely threatens or pursues lawsuits against those who call it [a cult]".{{sfn|Scioscia|2000}}


Journalist Amelia Hill with ''[[The Observer]]'' witnessed the Landmark Forum and concluded that, in her view, it is not religious or a cult. Hill wrote, "It is ... simple common sense delivered in an environment of startling intensity." Karin Badt from ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' criticized the organisation's emphasis on "'spreading the word' of the Landmark forum as a sign of the participants' 'integrity'" in recounting her personal experience of an introductory "Landmark Forum" course, but noted, "at the end of the day, I found the Forum innocuous. No cult, no radical religion: an inspiring, entertaining introduction of good solid techniques of self-reflection, with an appropriate emphasis on action and transformation (not change)".{{sfn|Badt|5 March 2008}}
Journalist Amelia Hill with ''[[The Observer]]'' witnessed the Landmark Forum and concluded that, in her view, it is not religious or a cult. Hill wrote, "It is ... simple common sense delivered in an environment of startling intensity." Karin Badt from ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' criticized the organisation's emphasis on "'spreading the word' of the Landmark forum as a sign of the participants' 'integrity'" in recounting her personal experience of an introductory "Landmark Forum" course, but noted, "at the end of the day, I found the Forum innocuous. No cult, no radical religion: an inspiring, entertaining introduction of good solid techniques of self-reflection, with an appropriate emphasis on action and transformation (not change)".{{sfn|Badt|5 March 2008}}

Revision as of 02:33, 30 January 2015

Not to be confused with Landmark School or Landmark College.
Landmark Worldwide
Company typePrivate LLC
IndustrySelf-help
FoundedJanuary 1991
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California
Key people
Harry Rosenberg: director, CEO;[1] Mick Leavitt: President[citation needed]
ProductsThe Landmark Forum, associated coursework
RevenueDecreaseUSD$77 million (2009)[2]
Number of employees
525+ employees[2]
Subsidiaries
Websitelandmarkworldwide.com

Landmark Worldwide (formerly Landmark Education), or simply Landmark, is a limited liability company headquartered in San Francisco, California. It offers programs in personal development.

The company started with the purchase of intellectual property based upon Werner Erhard's est training seminars. Landmark has developed and delivered over 40 personal development programs. Its subsidiary, the Vanto Group, also markets and delivers training and consulting to organizations.

Landmark's programs have been categorized by some scholars as religious or quasi-religious in nature. Landmark and many of the company's customers deny such characterizations, while some researchers question that categorization as well.

Corporation

Landmark Worldwide LLC was founded in January 1991 by several of the presenters of a predecessor training program known as "The Forum".[3] Landmark purchased the intellectual property rights to The Forum from Werner Erhard and Associates and used that as the basis for its foundation course named "The Landmark Forum", which has been further updated over the years. It has since developed a number of training courses and seminar programs throughout the world.

The corporation was originally registered as Transnational Education and changed its name to Landmark Education Corporation in May 1991.[4] In June 2003 it was re-structured as Landmark Education LLC,[5] and in July 2013 renamed Landmark Worldwide LLC. Landmark is a "for-profit company 100% owned by approximately 530 employees through an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) and similar international plans. The organization's executive team reports to a Board of Directors that is elected annually by the ESOP."[6] In addition, its subsidiary, the Vanto Group, focuses on marketing and delivering training and consultation services to corporate clients and other organizations.[7]

According to Landmark, Werner Erhard (creator of the est training which ran from 1971 to 1984 and from which Werner Erhard and Associates' "The Forum" was derived[8]) consults from time to time with Landmark's research and design team.[9]

Business consulting

Vanto Group, Inc., founded in 1993 as "Landmark Education Business Development" (LEBD), a wholly owned subsidiary of Landmark Worldwide Enterprises, Inc., uses the techniques of Landmark to provide consulting services to various companies. The University of Southern California (USC) Marshall School of Business carried out a case study in 1998 into the work of LEBD with BHP New Zealand Steel. The report concluded that the set of interventions in the organization produced a 50% improvement in safety, a 15% to 20% reduction in key benchmark costs, a 50% increase in return on capital, and a 20% increase in raw steel production.[10] LEBD became the Vanto Group in 2008.[7]

Licensing intellectual property

Tekniko, Inc., formerly owned by Werner Erhard, was the successor organization to Transformational Technologies, which was incorporated in 1984 by Erhard and management consultant James Selman.[11][better source needed] Tekniko Licensing Corporation, a California corporation owned by Terry M. Giles, later acquired this technology.[12]

The Landmark Forum

Landmark's entry course, The Landmark Forum, is a prerequisite for the majority of their other programs.[13] The course varies in size between 75 and 250 people,[14] and is arranged as a discussion where the course leader presents certain ideas and the course participants engage in voluntary discussions applying those ideas to their own life.[15] Rules are set up at the beginning of the program, such as strongly encouraging participants not to miss any part of the program.[16] Attendees are also urged to be “coachable” and not just be observers during the course.[16][17]

Various ideas are presented, asserted and discussed during the course. For example, the course maintains that there is a big difference between what actually happened in a person’s life and the meaning or interpretation they made up about it,[15] and that human behavior is governed by a need to look good.[16] Another tenet of the course is that people pursue an "imaginary 'someday' of satisfaction",[14] and that people create meaning for themselves since "there is none inherent in the world".[14] The course also maintains that people have persistent complaints that give rise to unproductive fixed ways of being,[18] but that people can “transform”, by a creative act of bringing forth new ways of being, rather than trying to change themselves in comparison to the past.[14] Course participants are encouraged to call people they know during the course, with whom they feel they have unresolved tensions, and either be in communication with the other person or be responsible for their own behavior.[19]

An evening session follows closely on the three consecutive days of the course and completes the Landmark Forum. During this final session, the participants share information about their results, and bring guests to learn about the Forum.[20]

Companies such as Panda Express and Lululemon Athletica pay for and encourage employees to take part in The Landmark Forum.[21][22]

Religious characteristics

Some scholars have categorized Landmark and its predecessor organizations as new age, self religion or a new religious movement.[23] Other observers have noted relationships between the training programs and religion or a spiritual experience,[24] including a lack of religious elements in the programs and the compatibility of the programs with existing religions.[25] Others, such as Chryssides, classify Landmark as either quasi-religious or secular with some elements of religion (although various scholars have disputed this characterization).[26] Landmark has denied that it is a religion, cult or sect,[27] and "freely threatens or pursues lawsuits against those who call it [a cult]".[28]

Journalist Amelia Hill with The Observer witnessed the Landmark Forum and concluded that, in her view, it is not religious or a cult. Hill wrote, "It is ... simple common sense delivered in an environment of startling intensity." Karin Badt from The Huffington Post criticized the organisation's emphasis on "'spreading the word' of the Landmark forum as a sign of the participants' 'integrity'" in recounting her personal experience of an introductory "Landmark Forum" course, but noted, "at the end of the day, I found the Forum innocuous. No cult, no radical religion: an inspiring, entertaining introduction of good solid techniques of self-reflection, with an appropriate emphasis on action and transformation (not change)".[14]

Public reception

In his review of the Landmark Forum, New York Times reporter Henry Alford wrote that he "resented the pressure" placed on him during a session, but also noted that "two months after the Forum, I'd rate my success at 84 percent."[29] Time reporter Nathan Thornburgh, in his review of The Landmark Forum, said "At its heart, the course was a withering series of scripted reality checks meant to show us how we have created nearly everything we see as a problem …I benefited tremendously from the uncomfortable mirror the course had put in front of me."[30]

A series of investigative articles in the Swedish national daily Dagens Nyheter reported serious complaints about Landmark practices, including a report of one person who suffered from acute psychosis after taking a Landmark course.[31] The chairman of Föreningen Rädda individen, a support organization for those affected by cults and destructive movements, told Dagens Nyheter that Landmark is one of the most dangerous sects in Sweden.[31]

Pièces à Conviction

In 2004, France 3 aired a television documentary on Landmark in their investigative series Pièces à Conviction. The episode, called "Voyage Au Pays des Nouveaux Gourous" ("Journey to the land of the new gurus") aired during prime time, a first for the show, and was highly critical of its subject.[32]

Shot in large part with a hidden camera, the episode was an expose of sorts and had filmmaker Laurent Richard attend a Landmark course and visit their offices.[33] In addition, the program included interviews with former course participants, anti-cultists, and commentators including the then vice-president of the Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France, Jean-Pierre Brard, as well as Catherine Picard, Jean-Pierre Jougla, Jean-Marie Abgrall and Gilles Bottine, the secretary general of MIVILUDES. Landmark left France following the airing of the episode and a subsequent site visit by labor inspectors that noted the activities of volunteers,[34] and sued Jean-Pierre Brard in 2004 following his appearance on the show.[35]

The Pièces à Conviction episode was uploaded to a variety of websites, and in October 2006 Landmark issued subpoenas pursuant to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to Google Video, YouTube, and the Internet Archive demanding details of the identity of the person(s) who had uploaded those copies. These organizations challenged the subpoenas and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) became involved, planning to file a motion to quash Landmark's DMCA subpoena to Google Video.[36] Landmark eventually withdrew its subpoenas.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Landmark staff 2002a.
  2. ^ a b Landmark staff 2014b.
  3. ^ Pressman 1993, p. 254.
  4. ^ CASS staff 2003.
  5. ^ CASS staff 1987.
  6. ^ Landmark staff 2014a.
  7. ^ a b Landmark press release 2008.
  8. ^ See:
  9. ^ Faltermayer & 24 June 2001.
  10. ^ Logan 1998.
  11. ^ Bodek 1984–1985.
  12. ^ Case Financial 2000a.
  13. ^ Landmark staff 2015.
  14. ^ a b c d e Badt & 5 March 2008.
  15. ^ a b Stassen 2008.
  16. ^ a b c Hill & 13 December 2008.
  17. ^ McCrone & 1 February 2008.
  18. ^ See:
  19. ^ See:
  20. ^ See:
  21. ^ Businessweek & 18 November 2010.
  22. ^ Sacks & 1 April 2009.
  23. ^ See:
  24. ^ See:
  25. ^ See:
  26. ^ See:
  27. ^ Puttick 2004, pp. 406–407.
  28. ^ Scioscia 2000.
  29. ^ Alford & 26 November 2010, p. L1.
  30. ^ Thornburgh & 7 March 2011.
  31. ^ a b Palme & 3 June 2002.
  32. ^ See:
  33. ^ Roy & 24 May 2004.
  34. ^ See:
    • (Lemonniera & 19 May 2005), French text: "L’'Inspection du Travail débarque dans les locaux de Landmark, constate l'’exploitation des bénévoles et dresse des procès-verbaux pour travail non déclaré." English translation: "Labor inspectors turned up at the offices of Landmark, noted the exploitation of volunteers and drew up a report of undeclared employment.";
    • (Landmark staff 2004), Landmark's response;
    • (Badt & 5 March 2008), quote: It was this TV program that closed down the Landmark in France, leaving it only 24 other countries in which to spread its word.
  35. ^ Palmer 2011.
  36. ^ See:

References

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  • Anderson, Kurt (2007). "Son of EST: The Terminator of Self-Doubt". In Ross, Lillian (ed.). The Fun of It: Stories from The Talk of the Town; The New Yorker. New York: Vintage Books/Random House. ISBN 0375756493. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Atkin, Douglas (2004). "What Is Required of a Belief System?". The Culting of Brands: Turn Your Customers Into True Believers. New York: Penguin/Portfolio. ISBN 9781591840275. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bartley, William W. (1978). Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. ISBN 0517535025. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bauder, Don (7 August 1994). "Firm Turns to est Guru; Still Slides". Union-Tribune. San Diego.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Beckford, James A. (2003). Social Theory and Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521774314. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Beckford, James A. (2004). "New Religious Movements and Globalization". In Lucas, Phillip Charles; Robbins, Thomas (eds.). New Religious Movements in the 21st Century. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-96576-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Ben Porat, Shahar (April 2006). "Teacher of the Confused". Time Out. Israel.
  • Bodek, Norman (1984–1985). ReVision: The Journal of Consciousness and Change. 7 (2). Sebastopol, California: Revision: Society for the Study of Shamanism, Healing, and Transformation. ISSN 2041-9511. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Boulware, Jack (2000). San Francisco Bizarro. New York: Macmillan/St. Martins. ISBN 0312206712. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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  • CASS staff (2003). "LP/LLC Information". California Secretary of State. Sacramento, California: California. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • CASS staff (1987). "Entity Number C1197599". California Secretary of State. Sacramento, California: California. Retrieved 23 October 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Chryssides, George (1999). Exploring New Religions. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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  • Eisner, Donald A. (2000). The Death of Psychotherapy: From Freud to Alien Abductions. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 0275964132. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Faltermayer, Charlotte (24 June 2001). "The Best of est?". Time Magazine. New York. Retrieved 8 December 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Farber, Sharon Klayman (2012). Hungry for Ecstasy: Trauma, the Brain, and the Influence of the Sixties. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson/Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780765708588. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Goldwag, Arthur (2009). Cults, Conspiracies, and Secret Societies. New York: Vintage/Random House. ISBN 9780307390677. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Gordon, Suzanne (December 1978). "Let Them Eat est". Mother Jones. San Francisco, California. Retrieved 8 December 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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  • Hellard, Peta (11 June 2006). "Stress Fear in $700 Child Forum: WA children as young as eight who attend "life-changing" coaching sessions by a controversial US company could have difficulty with their schoolwork afterwards, according to experts". Sunday Times. Perth, Western Australia: News Corporation.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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  • Landmark staff (2014). "Overview". Landmark Education. San Francisco, California: Landmark Education. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
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  • Puttick, Elizabeth (2004). "Landmark Forum (est)". In Partridge, Christopher Hugh (ed.). Encyclopedia of New Religions. Oxford: Lion. ISBN 9780745950730. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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  • Walsh, Nikki (18 February 2012). "Landmark Forum: One Weekend to fix your LIFE?". Irish Mail on Sunday.
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