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The League of Blood Incident (血盟団事件, Ketsumeidan Jiken, also translated as Blood-Pledge Corps Incident) was a 1932 assassination plot in Japan in which extremists targeted wealthy businessmen and liberal politicians. The group chose twenty victims but succeeded in killing only two: former Finance Minister and head of the Rikken Minseitō political party, Junnosuke Inoue, and the Director-General of Mitsui Holding Company, Dan Takuma.^[1]

The arrest of the assassins led to the discovery of the existence of a civilian ultranationalist group led by self-styled Buddhist preacher, Nisshō Inoue.

Background

Born as Inoue Shirō in 1886 in Gunma Prefecture, Nisshō spent his young adult life as a drifter and adventurer, eventually ending up in north and northeast China gathering information for the Japanese military. After a series of mystical experiences in 1923–24, Inoue became convinced that Japan required spiritual rebirth and that he was called to be its savior. He established a school in Ibaraki Prefecture to promote agrarianism and social reform, which gradually evolved into a training center for ultra-rightist radicals. He adopted the name Nisshō ("Called by The Sun") along with ideas and symbols derived from Nichiren Buddhism.^[2]

After the October incident, a failed coup d'état by rightist Army officers of the Sakurakai ultranationalist secret society in 1931, Inoue became convinced that national reform could be achieved only through violent confrontation with what he saw as the forces of evil: pro-Western liberal politicians and zaibatsu business interests. He devised the slogan "ichinin issatsu" ("one person, one kill") and drew up a list of twenty politicians and business leaders whose assassination would be the first step toward restoring supreme political power to the Emperor, a platform known as the "Shōwa Restoration".

Inoue's original group made contact with a group of extremist officers in the Imperial Japanese Navy, who strongly objected to Japan's acceptance of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, and a group of right-wing university students from Tokyo. Inoue distributed Browning automatic pistols to his followers; however, only two actually carried out their missions.

Assassinations

On 9 February 1932, Shō Onuma gunned down Junnosuke Inoue as he stepped from his car at the Komamoto Elementary School in Tokyo, where he was scheduled to give a political speech. On 5 March 1932, Gorō Hishinuma waited outside the entrance to Mitsui Bank in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, with a picture of Takuma Dan in his pocket. When Dan arrived, he shot him dead on the spot. Both killers were apprehended immediately. On 11 March 1932, Inoue turned himself in at the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department. Two months later, in the May 15 Incident, of 1932, Japanese naval officers, including some associated with the League of Blood, assassinated Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi.

Aftermath

The phrase "League of Blood" is actually something of a misnomer. It referred to an oath of loyalty taken by a handful of the conspirators, but there is no evidence that it was a "blood oath" in any technical sense. The term "League of Blood" (血盟団, ketsumeidan), however, appeared in the popular press during the group's trial and was adopted by the lead prosecutor.

Historically, the most important consequences of the League of Blood Incident sprang from the trial, which gave Inoue and his co-defendants a platform from which to broadcast their ultra-nationalist views. Many in the Japanese public came to sympathize with the aims of the conspirators, if not their methods. Following the trial it became harder for courts to deal harshly with terrorists who claimed to be acting in the interests of the Emperor. In a more general sense the trial and its aftermath contributed to the erosion of the rule of law in 1930s Japan.

Sentenced to life imprisonment in 1934, Inoue was released under a general amnesty in 1940, and died in 1967. This incident inspired the central plot of Yukio Mishima's novel Runaway Horses.

References

^ Campbell, Allen; Nobel, David S (1993). Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha. p. 882. ISBN 406205938X.
^ Shimazu, Naoko (27 September 2006). Nationalisms in Japan. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-134-14634-5.

Beasley, WG (2000). The Rise of Modern Japan, 3rd Edition: Political, Economic, and Social Change since 1850. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-23373-6.
Huffman, James (1997). Modern Japan: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Nationalism. Routledge. ISBN 0-8153-2525-8.
Large S.S. (2001). Nationalist Extremism in Early Showa Japan: Inoue Nissho and the 'Blood-Pledge Corps Incident, 1932. Modern Asian Studies 35(3): 553-564.
Storry, Richard (1957). The Double Patriots: A Study in Japanese Nationalism. Chatto & Windus. ASIN: B0000CJS5K.

[Japan-1] Campbell, Allen; Nobel, David S (1993). Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha. p. 882. ISBN 406205938X.

[Shimazu2006-2] Shimazu, Naoko (27 September 2006). Nationalisms in Japan. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-134-14634-5.

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[2]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{more footnotes|date=February 2015}}
 [[File:League of Blood Incident.jpg|right|thumb|League of Blood defendants awaiting trial]]
-{{nihongo|The '''League of Blood incident'''|血盟団事件|Ketsumeidan jiken|also translated as the ''blood-pledge corps incident''}} was a 1932 [[assassination]] plot in Japan in which extremists targeted wealthy businessmen and liberal politicians. The group chose twenty victims but succeeded in killing only two: former [[Ministry of Finance (Japan)|Finance Minister]] and head of the [[Rikken Minseitō]] political party, [[Junnosuke Inoue]], and the Director-General of [[Mitsui|Mitsui Holding Company]], [[Dan Takuma]].<ref name=Japan>{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Allen |last2=Nobel |first2=David S  |title=Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia |publisher=Kodansha |date=1993 |page=882 |isbn=406205938X}}</ref>
+{{nihongo|The '''League of Blood Incident'''|血盟団事件|Ketsumeidan Jiken|also translated as ''Blood-Pledge Corps Incident''}} was a 1932 [[assassination]] plot in Japan in which extremists targeted wealthy businessmen and liberal politicians. The group chose twenty victims but succeeded in killing only two: former [[Ministry of Finance (Japan)|Finance Minister]] and head of the [[Rikken Minseitō]] political party, [[Junnosuke Inoue]], and the Director-General of [[Mitsui|Mitsui Holding Company]], [[Dan Takuma]].<ref name=Japan>{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Allen |last2=Nobel |first2=David S  |title=Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia |publisher=Kodansha |date=1993 |page=882 |isbn=406205938X}}</ref>
 The arrest of the assassins led to the discovery of the existence of a civilian [[ultranationalism|ultranationalist]] group led by self-styled Buddhist preacher, [[Nisshō Inoue]].
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 ==Assassinations==
-On 9 February 1932, Shō Onuma gunned down Junnosuke Inoue as he stepped from his car at the Komamoto Elementary School in Tokyo, where he was scheduled to give a political speech. On 5 March 1932, Gorō Hishinuma waited outside the entrance to Mitsui Bank in [[Nihonbashi, Tokyo]], with a picture of [[Dan Takuma|Takuma Dan]] in his pocket. When Dan arrived, he shot him dead on the spot. Both killers were apprehended immediately. On 11 March 1932, Inoue turned himself in at the [[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department]]. Two months later, in the [[May 15 incident]] of 1932, Japanese naval officers, including some associated with the League of Blood, assassinated [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Inukai Tsuyoshi]].
+On 9 February 1932, Shō Onuma gunned down Junnosuke Inoue as he stepped from his car at the Komamoto Elementary School in Tokyo, where he was scheduled to give a political speech. On 5 March 1932, Gorō Hishinuma waited outside the entrance to Mitsui Bank in [[Nihonbashi, Tokyo]], with a picture of [[Dan Takuma|Takuma Dan]] in his pocket. When Dan arrived, he shot him dead on the spot. Both killers were apprehended immediately. On 11 March 1932, Inoue turned himself in at the [[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department]]. Two months later, in the [[May 15 Incident]], of 1932, Japanese naval officers, including some associated with the League of Blood, assassinated [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Inukai Tsuyoshi]].
 ==Aftermath==
 The phrase "League of Blood" is actually something of a misnomer. It referred to an oath of loyalty taken by a handful of the conspirators, but there is no evidence that it was a "blood oath" in any technical sense. The term {{nihongo|"League of Blood"|血盟団|ketsumeidan}}, however, appeared in the popular press during the group's trial and was adopted by the lead prosecutor.
-Historically, the most important consequences of the League of Blood incident sprang from the trial, which gave Inoue and his co-defendants a platform from which to broadcast their ultra-nationalist views. Many in the Japanese public came to sympathize with the aims of the conspirators, if not their methods. Following the trial it became harder for courts to deal harshly with [[terrorist]]s who claimed to be acting in the interests of the Emperor. In a more general sense the trial and its aftermath contributed to the erosion of the rule of law in 1930s Japan.
+Historically, the most important consequences of the League of Blood Incident sprang from the trial, which gave Inoue and his co-defendants a platform from which to broadcast their ultra-nationalist views. Many in the Japanese public came to sympathize with the aims of the conspirators, if not their methods. Following the trial it became harder for courts to deal harshly with [[terrorist]]s who claimed to be acting in the interests of the Emperor. In a more general sense the trial and its aftermath contributed to the erosion of the rule of law in 1930s Japan.
 Sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] in 1934, Inoue was released under a general [[amnesty]] in 1940, and died in 1967. This incident inspired the central plot of [[Yukio Mishima]]'s novel ''[[Runaway Horses]].''