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Megacity

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+#REDIRECT [[Megacity]]
-{{Short description|Grouping of neighbouring metropolises}}
-{{Redirect|Supercity||Super City (disambiguation){{!}}Super City}}
-{{Other uses}}
-{{use mdy dates|date=February 2022}}
-{{World city population tables}}
-[[File:2014 NASA Earth Observatory image of Pearl River Delta.jpg|thumb|A satellite image of the [[Pearl River Delta]] area in [[China]]]]
-A '''megalopolis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|g|ə|ˈ|l|ɒ|p|ə|l|ɪ|s}}) or a '''supercity''',<ref name="Fielder76">{{cite book |author=Fielder, W. & Feeney, Georgiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk7CYxsb8jcC |title=Inquiring about Cities |date=1976 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston (Georg Von Holtzbrinck/Holt) |isbn=9780030897849 |location=New York, N.Y. |pages=193, 299 |language=en |access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref> also called a '''megaregion''',<ref name="Hagler2009America2050">{{cite web |author=Hagler, Yoav |date=November 2009 |title=Defining U.S. Megaregions |url=https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf |access-date=February 19, 2022 |work=[[America 2050]] |via=RPA.org |quote=As metropolitan regions continued to expand throughout the second half of the 20th century their boundaries began to blur, creating a new scale of geography now known as the megaregion. Interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources and ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these...  The challenge of identifying... emerging regions has been undertaken... The most recent iteration... has been developed by Regional Plan Association (RPA) in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Eleven such megaregions have been identified... that would make cooperative integrated planning advantageous... Th[e] tradition of geographers and planners attempting to enhance the value of geographic definitions to meet the needs of new generations continued with the first identification of a scale larger than the metro regions by French geographer Jean Gottmann in his 1961 book ''Megalopolis''. This “Megalopolis” referred specifically to the Northeastern United States ...  Regional Plan Association also identified this emerging Northeast Megaregion in the 1960s.}}</ref> is a group of [[metropolitan area]]s which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent [[metropolis]]es keep their individual identities.<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Caves, R.W.| year=2004|title=Encyclopedia of the City|page=456| location = Abingdon-on-Thames | publisher=[[Routledge]] ([[Informa]]/[[Taylor & Francis]] | isbn=9780415252256| quote = }}</ref>
-{{TOC limit|3}}
-==Etymology and earlier definitions==
-The term has specific geographic definitions dating from 1832, when its meaning was ''"a metropolis,"'' that is, "a very large, heavily populated urban complex".
-In the late 1950s and early 1960s, [[Jean Gottmann]], a professor of political science at the [[University of Paris]] and member of the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] at [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], directed "A Study of Megalopolis" for [[The Twentieth Century Fund]], wherein he described a megalopolis as a "world of ideas". Gottmann, in his extensive studies, applied the term megalopolis to an analysis of the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U.S., in particular from [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] to [[Washington, D.C.]] (the [[Northeast megalopolis]]).
-==Modern definitions==
-[[File:Megalopolis.png|thumb|[[Northeast megalopolis]] ([[United States]]) (top) and [[Taiheiyō Belt]] ([[Japan]]) (bottom)]]
-A megalopolis may also be called a megaregion. "Megalopolis" and other similar terms have been used by different scholars and countries to describe similar spatial forms.
-A megalopolis, following the work of Gottmann, refers to two or more roughly adjacent [[metropolitan area]]s that, through a commonality of systems—e.g., of transport, economy, resources, and ecologies—experience a blurring of the boundaries between the population centers,<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> such that while some degree of separation may remain, their perception as a continuous urban area is of value, e.g., "to coordinate policy at this expanded scale".<ref name = Hagler2009America2050/> Simply put, a megalopolis (or a megaregion<ref name = bnet>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html |title=Who's Your City?: What Is a Megaregion? |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612093053/http://www.bnet.com/2403-13070_23-192951.html |archive-date=12 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is a clustered network of big cities. Gottmann defined its population as 25 million,<ref>{{cite book |last=Gottmann |first=Jean |title=Since Megalopolis. The Urban Writings of Jean Gottmann |year=1989 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore and London |page=163 }}</ref> while Doxiadis defined a small megalopolis a similar cluster with a population of about 10 million.<ref name = bnet/><ref name="Doxiodis">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html |title=Cities: Capital for the New Megalopolis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827193412/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842940,00.html |archive-date=27 August 2013 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=4 November 1966 |access-date=19 July 2010 }}</ref> America 2050,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.america2050.org/about.html |title=About Us |publisher=America 2050 |access-date=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006060844/http://www.america2050.org/about.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a program of the Regional Plan Association (RPA), lists 11 megaregions in the United States and [[Canada]].
-[[Megaregions of the United States]] were explored in a July 2005 report by Robert E. Lang and Dawn Dhavale of the Metropolitan Institute at [[Virginia Tech]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf |title=Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America's New "Megapolitan" Geography |date=July 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327033216/http://www.mi.vt.edu/uploads/megacensusreport.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-27 }}</ref> A later 2007 article by Lang and Nelson uses 20 "megapolitan" areas grouped into 10 megaregions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf |title=America 2040: The Rise of the Megapolitans |date=January 2007 |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724065051/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/ESP171/Readings2/Megapolitans.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The concept is based on the original "Megalopolis model".<ref name="Doxiodis" />
-Modern interlinked ground [[transportation corridor]]s, such as rail and highway, often aid in the development of megalopolises. Using these commuter passageways to travel throughout the megalopolis is informally called ''megaloping'', a term coined by Davide Gadren and Stefan Berteau.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland |title=Fumbling Toward Portland |last=Tremble |first=Sam |date=30 May 2007 |work=Philadelphia City Paper |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707005527/http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/05/31/fumbling-toward-portland |archive-date=7 July 2009 }}</ref>
-In Brazil, the term {{lang|pt-BR|megarregião}} has a legal meaning, different from the English word ''megaregion'': [[mesoregions of Brazil]] ({{lang|pt-BR|mesorregião}}) and [[microregions of Brazil]] ({{lang|pt-BR|microrregião}}).
-In [[China]], the official term corresponding to the meaning of "megalopolis" is '{{lang|zh-CN|城市群}}' ({{lang|zh-Latn|chéngshì qún}}), which, in Chinese, was originally coined by Yao Shimou and literally means "city cluster".<ref name="XU Xueqiang">{{Cite book |author=许学强 (XU Xueqiang) 周一星 (ZHOU Yixing) 宁越敏(NING Yuemin)|title=城市地理学|trans-title=Urban Geography|edition=第二版 (2nd ed.)|year=2009|publisher=高等教育出版社|isbn=978-7-04-025539-3|language=zh-cn|pages=27–28}}</ref> A "city cluster" is defined as "[a]n area in which cities are relatively densely distributed in a certain region". In an older standard, the term was mistranslated as "[[urban area|agglomeration]]".<ref>''Standard for basic terminology of urban planning ([[Guobiao standards|GB]]/T 50280—98)'', 1998. "2.0.8 城市群 agglomeration 一定地域内城市分布较为密集的地区。"</ref><ref name="XU Xueqiang"/> In 2019, [[National Development and Reform Commission]] (NDRC)  published guidelines and made a distinction from a similar concept "[[metropolitan area]]" ({{lang|zh-CN|都市圈}}), which is of a smaller [[scale (geography)|scale]] than a city cluster.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/201902/t20190221_962397.html |title=国家发展改革委关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见|trans-title=Guidelines on the Cultivation and Development of Modern Metropolitan Areas |publisher=[[National Development and Reform Commission]] |date=19 February 2019 |language=zh-cn}}</ref> In the latest standard terminologies of both economics<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.termonline.cn/word/1275259265472282635/1#s1 |title=城市群 |trans-title=city cluster |publisher=Termonline |year=2020}}</ref> and urban planning,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.termonline.cn/word/1401822220099047427/1#s1 |title=城市群 |trans-title=city cluster |publisher=Termonline |year=2021}}</ref> {{lang|zh-CN|城市群}} is translated as "city cluster", replacing "agglomeration". [[Megalopolises in China]] have become the subject of national government planning.
-==List of megalopolises==
-{{Main|List of megalopolises}}
-==In popular culture==
-===Judge Dredd===
-In the ''[[Judge Dredd]]'' (1977) comic book series and its spinoff series, [[Mega-City One]] is a huge fictional megalopolis-size [[city-state]] covering much of what is now the [[Eastern United States]] and some of [[Canada]]. The exact geography of the city depends on which writer and artist has done which story, but from its first appearance it has been associated with [[New York City]]'s [[urban sprawl]]; originally it was presented as a future New York, which was [[retcon]]ned as the centre of a "Mega-City One" in the very next story.<ref>''2000 AD'' No. 2 and 3</ref> The ''[[Architects' Journal]]'' placed it at No. 1 in their list of "comic book cities".<ref>[http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/critics/top-10-comic-book-cities-1-mega-city-one/5204830.article Top 10 comic book cities: #1 Mega City One], ''[[Architects' Journal]]'', July 8, 2009</ref>
-===Sprawl trilogy===
-In [[William Gibson]]'s [[Sprawl trilogy]], "the Sprawl" is a colloquial name for the "[[Boston]]-[[Atlanta]] Metropolitan Axis" (BAMA), an [[urban sprawl]] environment on a massive scale, and a fictional extension of the real [[Northeast megalopolis]].  The Sprawl is a visualization of a future where virtually the entire East Coast of the [[United States]], from Boston to Atlanta, has melded into a single mass of [[urban sprawl]].<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Markoff |title=Ideas & Trends; Art Invents A Jarring New World From Technology |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D8133FF936A15752C1A966958260 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 25, 1990 |access-date=2008-07-30 }}</ref> It has been enclosed in several [[geodesic dome]]s and merged into one [[megacity]]. The city has become a separate world with its own climate, no real night/day cycle, and an artificial sky that is always grey.
-==Sim City==
-The SNES version of Sim City had classifications for reaching population milestones. The city would be classified as a Megalopolis when the population reached 500,000 residents. After obtaining this classification the player would be rewarded with a Mario Statue. This feature was unique to the SNES version of Sim City.
-==Further reading==
-* {{cite web | author = Hagler, Yoav | date = November 2009 | title = Defining U.S. Megaregions | work = [[America 2050]] | via = RPA.org | url =
-https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/rpa-org/pdfs/2050-Paper-Defining-US-Megaregions.pdf | access-date = February 19, 2022 | quote = }} This work, while dated, is from Associate Planner Yoav Hagler of [[America 2050]], and while not used as a source in this article, is one of the most focused articles available on the American aspects of the title subject. It includes history, methodology, and statistical and other criteria sections, and identifies the U.S. megaregions as of its publication date.
-* {{cite web | author = [[America 2050]] Staff | date = February 19, 2022 | title = Megaregions | work = [[America 2050]] | via = RPA.org | format = homepage | url = http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html | url-status=dead | access-date = February 19, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516142109/http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html | archive-date=2017-05-16 |  quote =}} Starting point for access to articles from the [[America 2050]] effort, while it was active. Note, an earlier cited article by Matt Taylor, on urban transit issues, appears among the works linked at this home page.
-==See also==
-{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
-* [[Arcology]]
-* [[Conurbation]]
-* [[Ecumenopolis]]
-* [[Ekistics]]
-* Settlement types:
-** [[Hamlet (place)|Hamlet]]
-** [[Village]]
-** [[Town]]
-** [[City]]
-** [[Metropolis]]
-** [[Classification of inhabited localities in Russia]]
-* [[Global city]]
-* [[Merger (politics)]]
-* [[Transborder agglomeration]]
-* [[Urban area]]
-* Developed environments:
-** [[Exurb]]an
-** [[Rural area|Rural]]
-** [[Suburb]]an
-** [[Urban area|Urban]]
-{{div col end}}
-==References==
-{{reflist|30em}}
-==External links==
-{{wiktionary|megalopolis}}
-* {{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_DataTables11.pdf|title=World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 revision}}
-{{Cities}}
-{{Urban Planning}}
-{{Urban pop list}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Megalopolis (City Type)}}
-[[Category:Human habitats]]
-[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]
-[[Category:City]]