Rhodiola rosea

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Rhodiola rosea (Golden Root)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Class:
Magnoliopsida
Order:
Saxifragales
Family:
Crassulaceae
Genus:
Rhodiola
Species:
R. rosea
Binomial name
Rhodiola rosea
Synonyms

Sedum rosea (L.) Scop.
Sedum rhodiola DC.
Rhodiola arctica Boriss.
Rhodiola iremelica Boriss.
Rhodiola scopolii Simonk.
Sedum scopolii Simonk.
Золотой Корень, Solotoy Koren

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhodiola rosea.

Rhodiola rosea (Golden Root, Roseroot, Aaron's Rod) is a plant in the Crassulaceae family that grows in cold regions of the world. These include much of the Arctic, the mountains of Central Asia, the Rocky Mountains, and mountainous parts of Europe, such as the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathian Mountains, Scandinavia, Iceland, Great Britain and Ireland. The perennial plant grows in areas up to 2280 meters elevation. Several shoots grow from the same thick root. Shoots reaches 5 to 35 cm in height. Rhodiola rosea is dioecious - having separate female and male plants.

Uses of Rhodiola rosea

Plant

Rhodiola rosea may be effective for improving mood and alleviating depression. Pilot studies on human subjects[2][3][4] showed that it improves physical and mental performance, and may reduce fatigue.

Rhodiola rosea's effects potentially are related to optimizing serotonin and dopamine levels due to monoamine oxidase inhibition and its influence on opioid peptides such as beta-endorphins, [5] although these specific neurochemical mechanisms have not been clearly documented with scientific studies.

Rhodiola is included among a class of plant derivatives called adaptogens which differ from chemical stimulants, such as nicotine, and do not have the same physiological effects.

In Russia and Scandinavia, Rhodiola rosea, also known as golden root, has been used for centuries to cope with the cold Siberian climate and stressful life.[citation needed] Such effects were provided evidence in laboratory models of stress using the nematode, C. elegans,[6] and in rats in which Rhodiola effectively prevented stress-induced changes in appetite, physical activity, weight gain and the estrus cycle.[7]

Rhodiola has been used in traditional Chinese medicine where it is called hóng jǐng tiān (红景天).

Phytochemicals and potential health effects

Withering flower

Rhodiola rosea contains a variety of compounds that may contribute to its effects,[8] including the class of rosavins which include rosavin, rosarin, and rosin. Several studies have suggested that the most active components are likely to be rhodioloside and tyrosol,[9] with other components being inactive when administered alone, but showing synergistic effects when a fixed combination of rhodioloside, rosavin, rosarin and rosin was used.[10] Also, the word Rosavin is a brand name for a particular brand of Rhodiola extract.

Although rosavin, rosarin, rosin and salidroside (and sometimes p-tyrosol, rhodioniside, rhodiolin and rosiridin) are among suspected active ingredients of Rhodiola rosea, these compounds are mostly polyphenols for which no physiological effect in humans is proved to prevent or reduce risk of disease.[11]

Although these phytochemicals are typically mentioned as specific to Rhodiola extracts, there are many other constituent phenolic antioxidants, including proanthocyanidins, quercetin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and kaempferol.[12][13]

While animal tests have suggested a variety of beneficial effects for Rhodiola rosea extracts,[14] only for depression is there scientific evidence for Rhodiola components having anti-disease benefits in humans. A clinical trial showed significant effect for a Rhodiola extract in doses of 340–680 mg per day in 18–70-year-old male and female patients with mild-to-moderate depression.[15] Studies on whether Rhodiola improves physical performance have been inconclusive, with some studies showing some benefit,[16] while others show no significant difference.[17]

Dosage

Dried Rhodiola rosea root

Rhodiola rosea extract is mainly used in the form of capsules or a tablet. These dosage forms usually contain 100 mg of a standardized amount of 3 percent rosavins and 0.8–1 percent salidroside because the naturally occurring ratio of these compounds in Rhodiola rosea root is approximately 3:1. Some companies believe that there are as many as 12 active biochemical compounds in the plant and do not subscribe to what they perceive as "artificial" standardization on only two of those compounds. One company states that 28 compounds have been identified in Rhodiola rosea, and that their proprietary extract is standardized to 13 of these in chromatographic assays.

A typical dosage is one or two capsules or tablets daily; one in the morning and when taking two, one in the early afternoon. Rhodiola rosea should be taken early in the day because for some it can interfere with sleep. Others can take it in the evening with no effect on sleep patterns. If a user becomes overly activated, jittery or agitated then a smaller dose with very gradual increases may be needed. It is contraindicated in excited states.

The dose may be increased to 200 mg three times a day if needed. A high dose is considered to be daily intakes of 1,000 mg and above.

This is good for people suffering from Hashimoto's disease. Increases energy and mental performance.[citation needed]

In a 2007 clinical trial from Armenia, total effective doses, in the treatment of mild to moderate depression, were in the range of 340–680 mg per day for 18–70-year-old adults. No side effects were demonstrated at these doses. [18]

Other adaptogens

References

  1. ^ "Rhodiola rosea - Plants For A Future database report". www.pfaf.org. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
  2. ^ Shevtsov VA, Zholus BI, Shervarly VI; et al. (2003). "A randomized trial of two different doses of Rhodiola rosea extract versus placebo and control of capacity for mental work". Phytomedicine. 10 (2–3): 95–105. PMID 12725561. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Darbinyan V, Kteyan A, Panossian A, Gabrielian E, Wikman G, Wagner H (2000). "Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue—a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty". Phytomedicine. 7 (5): 365–71. PMID 11081987. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Ha Z, Zhu Y, Zhang X; et al. (2002). "[The effect of rhodiola and acetazolamide on the sleep architecture and blood oxygen saturation in men living at high altitude]". Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi (in Chinese). 25 (9): 527–30. PMID 12423559. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Gregory S. Kelly, ND,. Alternative Medicine Review. 6 (3): 293–302. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Wiegant FA, Surinova S, Ytsma E, Langelaar-Makkinje M, Wikman G, Post JA (2008). "Plant adaptogens increase lifespan and stress resistance in C. elegans". Biogerontology. doi:10.1007/s10522-008-9151-9. PMID 18536978. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Mattioli L, Funari C, Perfumi M (2008). "Effects of Rhodiola rosea L. extract on behavioural and physiological alterations induced by chronic mild stress in female rats". Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford). doi:10.1177/0269881108089872. PMID 18515456. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Kucinskaite A, Briedis V, Savickas A (2004). "[Experimental analysis of therapeutic properties of Rhodiola rosea L. and its possible application in medicine]" (PDF). Medicina (Kaunas) (in Lithuanian). 40 (7): 614–9. PMID 15252224.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Mao Y, Li Y, Yao N (2007). "Simultaneous determination of salidroside and tyrosol in extracts of Rhodiola L. by microwave assisted extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography". J Pharm Biomed Anal. 45 (3): 510–5. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.05.031. PMID 17628386. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Panossian A, Nikoyan N, Ohanyan N; et al. (2008). "Comparative study of Rhodiola preparations on behavioral despair of rats". Phytomedicine. 15 (1–2): 84–91. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.10.003. PMID 18054474. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Boudet AM (2007). "Evolution and current status of research in phenolic compounds". Phytochemistry. 68 (22–24): 2722–35. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.012. PMID 17643453.
  12. ^ Yousef GG, Grace MH, Cheng DM, Belolipov IV, Raskin I, Lila MA (2006). "Comparative phytochemical characterization of three Rhodiola species". Phytochemistry. 67 (21): 2380–91. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.07.026. PMID 16956631. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Liu Q, Liu ZL, Tian X (2008). "[Phenolic components from Rhodiola dumulosa]". Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi (in Chinese). 33 (4): 411–3. PMID 18533499. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Perfumi M, Mattioli L (2007). "Adaptogenic and central nervous system effects of single doses of 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside Rhodiola rosea L. extract in mice". Phytother Res. 21 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1002/ptr.2013. PMID 17072830. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Darbinyan V, Aslanyan G, Amroyan E, Gabrielyan E, Malmström C, Panossian A (2007). "Clinical trial of Rhodiola rosea L. extract in the treatment of mild to moderate depression". Nord J Psychiatry. 61 (5): 343–8. doi:10.1080/08039480701643290. PMID 17990195.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ De Bock K, Eijnde BO, Ramaekers M, Hespel P (2004). "Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise performance". Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 14 (3): 298–307. PMID 15256690. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Walker TB, Altobelli SA, Caprihan A, Robergs RA (2007). "Failure of Rhodiola rosea to alter skeletal muscle phosphate kinetics in trained men". Metab Clin Exp. 56 (8): 1111–7. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2007.04.004. PMID 17618958. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Darbinyan, V.; Aslanyan, G.; Amroyan, E.; Gabrielyan, E.; Malmstroumlm, C.; Panossian, A. Clinical trial of Rhodiola rosea L. extract SHR-5 in the treatment of mild to moderate depression Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 61, Issue 5 2007 , pages 343 - 348 ; accessed Dec 2008

See also

External links

Critical of effects on mountain sickness

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