Samuel Fraunces

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Portrait of Samuel Fraunces, unknown artist, circa 1770-1785, Fraunces Tavern Museum, New York City

Samuel Fraunces (circa 1722 – October 10, 1795, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an American restaurateur and owner/operator of Fraunces Tavern in New York City. During the Revolutionary War, he provided for prisoners held during the seven-year British occupation of New York City, and may have been a spy for the American side.[1] At the end of the war, it was at Fraunces Tavern that General George Washington said farewell to his officers. Fraunces later served as steward of Washington's presidential household in New York City (1789–1790) and Philadelphia (1791–1794).

Sam Fraunces, circa-1900 engraving, based on a drawing attributed to John Trumbull (1756-1843)

Portraits

The first known image of Fraunces was an engraving of a drawing published by Alice Morse Earle in her 1900 book Stagecoach and Tavern Days.[2] Mrs. Arthur Livingston Mason was Edith B Hartshorn Mason (1855-1906) the great great grand daughter of Samuel Fraunces and this was the image the family presented as Sam. The second, an oil on canvas portrait dated between 1770 and 1785.[3]: 27  This painting was purchased at auction by Henry Russell Drowne and that is noted in the 1913 minutes for the Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York.[4] This is the portrait that is exhibited at the Fraunces Tavern Museum. Authentication and lack of a collar on clothing both indicate that the painting "may be" from earlier than 1770. Third, is a description in 1936. Gilder's written description: "with his pleasant dark face and his brown eyes, curls, soft mouth and tapering fingers, and the beginnings of a double chin, looking as if he himself appreciated the good food and drink for which he was famous".[5] The description does not match the portrait identified as purchased by Henry Russell Drowne, 1913.

Taverns & Business Ventures

Fraunces Tavern (formerly the Oliver Delancey Mansion), Pearl & Dock Streets, New York City

There is no official record of where he learned his skills as a cook, caterer, and restaurateur.[6]: 125 . The History of Restaurants starts a timeline at 1765, prior to that it is public houses.

The first documentation of his presence in New York City was in February 1755, when he registered as a British subject and "Innholder".[7] The following year he was issued a tavern license,[8] He operated the Free Mason's Arms Tavern at Broadway & Queen Street.[9] The sign of the Freemason’s Arms was hung outside of what today is the Morris–Jumel Mansion, then described as west of Broadway on the great Square. The advertisements placed for the Free Mason’s Arms were signed by Andrew Gautier.[10] The eldest son of Samuel Fraunces was Andrew Gautier Fraunces born in 1756, and named after Andrew Gautier. Andrew Gautier was the architect for St. Paul's Chapel built in 1766.

On 15 January 1762, Fraunces purchased the Oliver De Lancey mansion at Pearl and Dock Streets.[11] He opened and advertised at the Sign of Queen Charlotte, also called the Queen's Head Tavern.[12] In addition to the usual restaurant fare, Fraunces offered fixed-price dinners, catered meals delivered, and sold preserved items such as bottled soups, ketchup, nuts, pickled fruits and vegetables, oysters, jellies and marmalades.[13] Although it offered five lodging-rooms, the tavern is better remembered as a place for private meetings, parties and receptions, and card-playing.[3]: 50–51 

He moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, opening a Queen's Head Tavern on Water Street 1766.[14] He returned to New York City in early 1768, buying the Vaux-Hall Pleasure Garden, a restaurant and resort along the Hudson River. Built as a private villa, it offered large rooms and extensive grounds, and was the setting for summer concerts and other public entertainments. Fraunces modeled ten life-sized wax statues of historical figures, debuting them in a garden setting in July.[15] He later exhibited seventy miniature wax figures from the Bible, and life-size wax statues of King George III and Queen Charlotte.[16] He operated Vaux-Hall for five summers, resuming operation of his tavern in the De Lancey mansion in 1770,[17] and selling Vaux-Hall in 1773.[18] The dates and times of business for Fraunces are established with secondary sourced newspaper advertisements. There are rare instances when they are verified with a lease, deed or property transfer as primary document.

Revolutionary War

HMS Asia
New York in 1776, Fraunces's tavern was at the west end of Queen Street (now Pearl Street)
Washington's Farewell to His Troops by Alonzo Chappel (1866)

A month after the April 19, 1775, Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts, the British warship HMS Asia sailed into New York Harbor. Its presence was a constant threat to the city. On August 23, revolutionaries stole the cannons from the fort on The Battery, which prompted The Asia to bombard the city with cannon fire that night. There were injuries and damage to buildings, including Fraunces's tavern but no fatalities. Philip Freneau wrote a poem about the bombardment, "Hugh Gaines Life," that included the couplet: "At first we supposed it was only a sham. Till she drove a round ball through the roof of Black Sam."[19] The tavern was used for more than entertainment during the Revolutionary War. Fraunces rented out office space, and meetings of the New York Provincial Congress were held there.

Washington arrived in NY 13 April 1776, making his headquarters on Pearl Street near the tavern at the William Smith house. William Smith was the brother of Joshua Hett Smith who's house became known as Treason House. Years later, Joshua Hett Smith was a identified co-conspirator of Benedict Arnold. On 16 April 1776, General Washington was present at a court-martial conducted at the tavern.[20] The next day 17 April 1776, Washington's headquarters moved to Richmond Hill, a villa two miles north of the tavern. Fraunces provided meals for the officers and staff. British troops captured lower Manhattan on September 15, 1776, and soon occupied all of what is now New York City. Fraunces used this as an opportunity to assist the American prisoners, giving them clothing and money, and helping them to escape. He also passed information about the British.[21]

General Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown in October 1781, but British forces continued to occupy New York City. Peace negotiations were held at the DeWint House in Tappan, New York in May 1783, and Fraunces provided meals for General Washington, British General Sir Guy Carleton and their staffs.[22] His tavern was the meeting place for negotiations between American and British commissioners to end the 7-year occupation. On 18 August 1783, George Washington writes to Samuel Fraunces [23] this letter was in response to a congratulatory note Fraunces had sent Washington on the Peace. Washington recognizes the time spent in NY captivity and signs your Humble Servant. The Book of Negroes was compiled at the Queens Head Tavern with hearings held every Wednesday April to September of 1783.[24][25] A 25 November 1783, dinner held at the tavern was a celebration of the British evacuation from New York City.[3]: 78–79 

4 December 1783, Samuel Fraunces wrote a very heartfelt message to Washington he opened "I cannot but with heartfelt anxiety think of your leaving". [26] That night at a dinner in the tavern's Long Room, Washington gave an emotional farewell to his officers and made his famous toast: "With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you: I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy, as you former ones have been glorious and honorable." [27]

Samuel Fraunces is an accepted patriot for the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution assigned the # A041915. The service recognized is that of rendering aid to the prisoners.[28] Descendants of Catherine Fraunces Smock have provided supporting documents in addition to the older lineages provided by the descendants of Andrew Gautier Fraunces.

Hard Times

In a March 5, 1785 sworn petition to the U.S. Congress, Fraunces stated that the Revolutionary War had left him "on the precipice of Beggary." He sought remuneration for "rendering appreciated services to the prisoners and furnishing helpful and important intelligence by means of which he expended a very considerable part of his property"[29] The State of New York awarded him £200, and Congress paid $1,625 to lease his tavern for two years to house federal government offices.[30] Samuel Fraunces was owed money from several places after the end of the war. Still struggling in his collection efforts he wrote to ask for help in collection from George Washington.[31] There is evidence of action by Washington in a letter he penned to Alexander White who was handling the Lee estate. Washington refers to Fraunces as a friend to our cause. [32]

Presidential households

Samuel Osgood House (New York City)
President's House in Philadelphia

George Washington writes to Samuel Fraunces on 7 September 1785, asking for his help in procuring a Housekeeper [33] In the letter it is expressed that none would know the needs of his household better than Fraunces. Washington was Congress's unanimous choice to serve as the first President of the United States. He arrived in New York City on 23 April 1789, and took up residence at the Samuel Osgood House at Cherry & Franklin Streets. Fraunces would serve as steward of the presidential household, managing a staff of about 20, including 7 enslaved individuals who were members of Washington's household from Mount Vernon.

Under the July 1790 Residence Act, the national capital moved to Philadelphia for a 10-year period while the permanent capital was under construction in the District of Columbia. Washington grew dissatisfied with the steward in Philadelphia, and persuaded Frances to once again manage the household. The staff at the Philadelphia President's House was slightly larger, about 24 servants, initially including 8 enslaved Africans from Mount Vernon. Fraunces headed it for three years, from June 1791 to June 1794. In 1792, Fraunces purchased property on the south side of Filbert St., #719, Philadelphia, PA from George Hunter. The location is three blocks away from the Morris House that the Washington's lived in.[34]

Death

Following his 2nd separation from the presidential household he once more operated a tavern on 2nd Street in Philadelphia. At the time of his death he was operating the Golden Tun Tavern on Water Street and it is listed in his estate records. In almost all descriptions of Fraunces he is noted as a "Dandy" dresser. As a Tavern owner at his death the value of his wardrobe exceeded the inventory of liquors and the color noted for fabric was green, they listed 21 ruffled shirts and 14 cravats.[35] Fraunces died in Philadelphia. His obituary appeared in the October 13, 1795, Gazette of the United States: "DIED - On Saturday Evening last, MR. SAMUEL FRAUNCES, aged 73 years. By his death, Society has sustained the loss of an honest man, and the Poor a valuable friend." He was buried in an unmarked grave at St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia.[36]


Students depicting Sam Fraunces, who ran Fraunces Tavern in Manhattan, telling Jane Tuers of the village of Bergen that he overheard British soldiers toasting an American traitor named Arnold who was to deliver West Point. Tuers told her brother, Daniel Van Reypen, who in turn informed Generals Wayne and Washington

Family, Slavery and Racial Identity

Samuel Fraunces married Elizabeth Dally in New York City on November 30, 1757. They had seven children: Andrew Gautier Fraunces, Elizabeth Fraunces Thompson, Catherine Fraunces Smock, Sophia Fraunces Gomez, Sarah Fraunces Campbell, Samuel Fraunces, and Hannah Louisa Fraunces Kelly. Andrew G. Fraunces became a clerk in the Department of the Treasury, and published a pamphlet denouncing Alexander Hamilton for his financial dealings.[37] Samuel Fraunces was named executor of his father's estate.[38] Some of the other children ran hotels or boardinghouses. With regard to race genealogies show us that not all of Samuel's children passed as white all of the time. At marriage Samuel Jr is Negro,[39] Sophia and her children are enumerated as Negro while in NYC, Mulatto when they leave for France and White when they return to Louisiana.[40] Elizabeth "Phebe" is noted as colored when she is buried.[41]

Fraunces employed servants. He also worked with the enslaved members of Washington's household. In 1778, an advertisement appeared for the sale of a 14-year-old male, the response was directed to the house of Samuel Fraunces.[42] The 1790 United States Census listed him as a free white male, with four free white women and one slave in his household.[43] It should be noted that Samuel Jr. does not appear as a tic mark unless we count him as the enslaved individual, the rest of the children are accounted for.

In church records for the family of Fraunces race is not noted most of the time. Most secondary sources reference his race as mulatto. One of the first in print references is from 1838. and he is noted as " The agent mentioned by Lee, to whom Champe was introduced in the city of New York, and who's information was conveyed to him by cypher to the American general, was Sam Francis, a negro man, who kept a tavern in that city for some time prior to the battle of Long Island, and who remained there during the whole period of seven years, while the city was held by the enemy." [44] This narrative is in reference to information passed to Jane Tuers in reference to Benedict Arnold. The moment was re-enacted in schools in Jersey City, NJ in 1910, and a picture survives. The Jane Tuers info is an example of one early secondary sources where Samuel Fraunces is identified and portrayed as a Negro into the 20th Century. In 1897, Katherine Schuyler Baxter refers to Sam Fraunces (who was a mulatto).[45]

Since the late-19th century, there has been a dispute about Fraunces's racial identity.[46] Maybe coincidentally, this was at the time when the building was demolished and reconstructed. It was when the Washington's Headquarters was purchased by the SR rebuilt and renamed Fraunces Tavern that the racial identity changed. Fraunces was no longer mixed racial or negro he was now a white man. In spite of the new found narrative assigned to Fraunces, many late 19th and 20th-century sources continued to described Fraunces as "mulatto" (1916),[47] "Negro" (1916),[48] "coloured" (1930),[49] "fastidious old Negro" (1934),[50] and "Haitian Negro" (1962),[51] but most of these date from more than a century after his death.[52]

According to his 1983 biographer hired by SR, Kym S. Rice: "During the Revolutionary era, Fraunces was commonly referred to as 'Black Sam.' Some have taken references such as these as an indication that Fraunces was a black man. ...[W]hat is known of his life indicates he was a white man."[6]: 147–148  As Rice writes in her Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern (1985): "Other than the appearance of the nickname, there are no known references where Fraunces was described as a black man" during his lifetime.[3]: 27  Jennifer Patton, Director of Education at the Fraunces Tavern Museum in New York City, owned by the SR, writes that "The use of ' black' as a prefix to a nickname was not uncommon in the 18th century and did not necessarily indicate African heritage of an individual. For instance, Admiral Richard Lord Howe (1762- 1799), one of Britain’s best known and respected seamen – and a white man – was commonly called 'Black Dick,' a nickname his brother Sir William Howe gave to him as descriptive of the Admiral’s swarthy complexion."[53] Patton concludes that, "The issue of Samuel Fraunces’ racial identity is still a passionate topic of discussion to this very day. As debate rallies on for conclusive evidence, the actual truth is that we may never know for sure."[53]

Rice, the historian used by the SR did note a history as a slaveholder, which is taken from the 1790 US Census in NYC.[54] The tic mark under slave has always been "supposed" as Samuel Fraunces Jr. who did not marry until 5 October 1794. When he married Elizabeth "Betsy" Stevens at Trinity Church race was designated as negro.[55] Rice also listed his memberships in groups (such as the Masons) then stated erroneously, membership was restricted to whites only.[3]: 27  Who was Prince Hall?

Palermo has a more recent biography in 2016. It is her second version of Samuel Fraunces. In this work Palermo re-examines much of what is written about Fraunces in the context of genealogy. After reviewing the primary records available her conclusion as a genealogist is that Fraunces must have been African in origins to have had children identified as Black and Colored.[56]

Sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois, co-founder of the NAACP and first editor of its magazine The Crisis, wrote 1 October 1954; "Samuel Fraunces was born in 1722 in the West Indies, and came to New York before 1755. He was called Black Sam because of his swarthy skin which probably was a result of his Negro blood, although The Sons of the Revolution, who own the building where his restaurant was, prefer to think that his color was a result of suntan and not his Negro blood." [57] Noting here another co-founder of the NAACP was Florence Kelly who herself was great grand daughter of Samuel Fraunces and friend of W.E.B. DuBois.

In recent years Charles Blockson has called attention to many of sources that described Fraunces as "Negro," "coloured," "Haitian Negro," "mulatto," "fastidious old Negro," and "swarthy. On June 26, 2010, in large part led and facilitated by Blockson the family of Samuel Fraunces and Generations Unlimited honored Samuel Fraunces. St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia provided the opportunity to inscribe his information from church records on an obelisk in the churchyard.[58] A few year after the obelisk was engraved, Blockson published The President's House Revisited Behind the Scenes: the Samuel Fraunces Story, a book outlining the struggles in the dissemination of information for Samuel Fraunces and the opposition faced in his identification as African in Origin.

Phoebe Fraunces legend

Richmond Hill, Washington's headquarters in Manhattan, April – August, 1776.

The name Phoebe or Phebe does not appear on the baptism 26 December 1765 at Christ Church, Philadelphia; Elizabeth Fraunces is recorded. Phoebe Thomson was baptised Elizabeth Fraunces married Atcheson Thomson and is buried as Phoebe Thomson in the St. John's burying ground, NYC in October of 1836. The burying ground is now James J. Walker Park. Elizabeth Thompson is listed among the seven children in Fraunces's will.[59] Elizabeth Phebe Fraunces Thomson was only a 10 year old child during Washington's stay in NYC in 1776.

In 1832 when George Washington would have been 100 years old. The poisoning story circulated. A surviving copy can be seen in the Poughkeepsie Journal 14 March 1832, mentions Washington's taste for peas, Fraunces prepared them but did not serve because two drummer boys sprinkled something on them, Washington's Dr., Fraunces and the General determined they had been poisoned. Mrs Smith had enlisted the drummer boys.

In 1850 Benjamin J. Losssing retold the poisoning story adding Hickey as a participant. In 1858 we see in the Mineral Point Tribune Vol XI No 23 a version where an unnamed daughter of Fraunces had been added with Hickey. Another paper adding the story in 1858 is the Hornellsville Tribune Vol 7 No 85 July 22 NY. In 1859 in the editing notes Lossing includes the tale in G.W. Parke memoirs.[60] George Washington Parke died 10 October 1857, and was born 20 April 1781. He was not born when the incident occured and was deceased when his memoirs were published, the story is added in the editors notes. Then by 1860 the story included the unnamed daughter of Fraunces was published by Benson J. Lossing in his Life of Washington (1860).[61] In 1870 Lossing has elevated the daughter status to housekeeper. In the 1870 story there is a letter implicating her in the poisoning. The actual name "Phoebe Fraunces" appeared in print in a retelling of Lossing's story in the January 1876 issue of Scribner's Monthly Magazine more than 99 years after the supposed incident:

"A daughter of 'Black Sam,' Phoebe Fraunces, was Washington's housekeeper when he had his headquarters in New York in the spring of 1776, and was the means of defeating a conspiracy against his life. One part of the plan was the poisoning of the American commander. Its immediate agent was to be Thomas Hickey, a deserter from the British army, who had become a member of Washington's body guard. Fortunately the conspirator fell desperately in love with Phoebe Fraunces, and made her his confidant. She revealed the plot to her father, and at an opportune moment the dénouement came. Hickey was arrested and tried by court-martial. A few days afterward he was hanged..."[62]

The records from the Thomas Hickey trail and the dates do not map onto the 1850-1870 Lossing Stories. The following block quote from the military record of the Army's General Orders is thought to be behind the story change by Lossing 100 years later.

"June 28, 1776. The unhappy fate of Thomas Hickey, executed this day for mutiny, sedition, and treachery, the General hopes will be a warning to every soldier in the Army to avoid those crimes, and all others, so disgraceful to the character of a soldier, and pernicious to his country, whose pay he receives and bread he eats. And in order to avoid those crimes, the most certain method is to keep out of the temptation of them, and particularly to avoid lewd women, who, by the dying confession of this poor criminal, first led him into practices which ended in an untimely and ignominious death."[63]

Then in 1919 Henry Russell Drowne published his own version of the Hickey event for the SR. His version is cited with another wording of Friday 28 June, 1776 "The unhappy fate of Thomas Hickey" and he now adds some family letters signed by Solomon Drowne about the Hickey Hanging. He styles Phoebe as Fraunces daughter, housekeeper for George Washington and lover of Hickey[64]

Children's books

Children's book, Phoebe the Spy originally "Phoebe and the Genreral " by Judith Berry Griffin's in 1977 .[65] Is a story based on Lossing's Phoebe Fraunces story.

In 2016 Phebe and the Peas by C.R. Cole, Ainsley Battles, and Breanna Dubbs: . In this re-telling "Phebe" is identified by the authors (all descendants of Samuel Fraunces) as the young Elizabeth Fraunces. The story of the poisoned peas is given as a true family story passed down through the generations.[66]

Another children's book not about Phebe but with Samuel as a character was written by historian Christopher Collier and journalist James Lincoln Collier is Who Is Carrie? (1984), a historical novel for young adults. Carrie is an enslaved teen who works in the kitchen of Samuel Fraunces's New York City tavern.

In popular culture

  • Dinner for the General, a 1953 teleplay by Reginald Lawrence for Hallmark Hall of Fame, Season 2, Episode 2-26, aired on NBC, February 22, 1953—a teenaged Phoebe Fraunces falls desperately in love with Thomas Hickey, and is horrified when she uncovers his plot to poison General Washington[67]
  • Washington's Farewell to His Officers, a 1955 teleplay by Goodman Ace for You Are There, aired on CBS, February 27, 1955—Samuel Fraunces serves a banquet for General Washington and his officers at the end of the Revolutionary War[68]
  • The Ballot and Me, a 1956 play by Langston Hughes, features a free-black Samuel Fraunces as a character[69]
  • Beyond Harlem, History of Black New York Downtown, a 2005 teleplay by Dara Frazier for NYC Media
  • Shades of War, a 2006 off-Broadway play by Dara Frazier-Harper, portrays Samuel Fraunces as a free-black, ultra-rich, Michael Bloomberg-like character[70]
  • Rough Crossings, a 2007 BBC video based on a book by Simon Schama, portrays both Samuel Fraunces and the "fictional" Phoebe Fraunces as free-blacks—it has been criticized for being inaccurate[71]
  • The Book of Negroes, a 2007 novel by Lawrence Hill about the life of slaves during the American Revolution, portrays Samuel Fraunces as a free mulatto from Jamaica who runs his namesake tavern, participates in historical events, and later moves to Mount Vernon to run George Washington's household.
  • Fraunces is portrayed by an African-American actor in a 2010 video at the President's House Memorial in Philadelphia.
  • Black Entertainment Television presented a 2015 miniseries, The Book of Negroes, based on Hill's 2007 novel. African-American actor Cuba Gooding, Jr. portrayed Fraunces.

Legacy

  • Fraunces Tavern, at Pearl & Dock Streets in New York City, is a national historic landmark and museum
  • Miniature wax figures modeled by Fraunces, a gift to Martha Washington, survive at Tudor Place, the Washington, DC home of her granddaughter[72]
  • A Pennsylvania state historical marker at 2nd & Dock Streets in Philadelphia marks the location of the first tavern he operated after leaving Washington's presidential household[73]
  • On June 26, 2010, the family of Samuel Fraunces, Charles Blockson and Generations Unlimited honored Samuel Fraunces when St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia provided the opportunity to inscribe his information from church records on an obelisk in the churchyard[74]

References

  1. ^ NARA Publication M247 Record Group 360 Roll 26 page 329 National Archive Catalog ID 1938489
  2. ^ The caption reads: "Sam Fraunces. From original drawing. Owned by Mrs. A. Livingston Mason, Newport, R.I." Alice Morse Earle, Stagecoach and Tavern Days (New York: MacMillan Company, 1900), p. 184.
  3. ^ a b c d e Rice, Kym S. (1985). A Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern: The 18th Century. New York: Fraunces Tavern Museum.
  4. ^ Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York, Reports and Proceedings 1912-1913, page 30.
  5. ^ 1936; The Battery; Rodman Gilder
  6. ^ a b "Samuel Fraunces" (biographical sketch) in Rice, Kym S. (1983). Early American Taverns: For the Entertainment of Friends and Strangers. Chicago: Regnery Gateway. ISBN 978-0-89526-842-6.
  7. ^ February 5, 1755, "Roll/Register of freemen in the City of New York," reprinted in New-York Historical Society Publication Fund Series 18 (New York, 1866), p. 181.
  8. ^ Tavern Keeper's License Book, 1756-66, (manuscript, New York Historical Society).
  9. ^ The British Royal Gazette, July 15, 1780, Mason Arms on Queen St. Now Pearl St.
  10. ^ The Jumel Mansion, William Henry Shelton, Haughton Mifflin Company, 1916.
  11. ^ Fraunces Tavern Historic Structures Report, (New York: Graduate School of Architecture and Planning, Columbia University, 1979), p. 12.
  12. ^ The New York Gazette, April 4, 1763.
  13. ^ Eugene P. McParland, "Colonial Taverns and Tavern Keepers of British New York," The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record (July 1974), p. 158.
  14. ^ The Pennsylvania Gazette (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) · Thu, Dec 25, 1766 · Page 3
  15. ^ The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury, July 25, 1768.
  16. ^ The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury, March 19, 1770; July 27, 1772.
  17. ^ The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury, May 7, 1770.
  18. ^ Rivington's New York Gazette, October 25, 1773.
  19. ^ Freneau, Philip M. (1786). The Poems of Philip Freneau; Written Chiefly During the Late War. Philadelphia: Francis Bailey, at Yorick's Head, in Market Street. p. 321.
  20. ^ “General Orders, 16 April 1776,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-04-02-0057. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 4, 1 April 1776 – 15 June 1776, ed. Philander D. Chase. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991, pp. 73–74.]
  21. ^ NARA Publication M247 Record Group 360 Roll 26 page 329 National Archive Catalog ID 1938489
  22. ^ "Samuel Fraunces," Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 8 (1937), p. 1.
  23. ^ “From George Washington to Samuel Fraunces, 18 August 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11711.
  24. ^ Inspection Roll of Negroes New York, New York City Book No. 1 April 23-September 13, 1783 (NARA)
  25. ^ “To George Washington from Commissioners of Embarkation at New York, 18 January 1784,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-01-02-0038. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 1, 1 January 1784 – 17 July 1784, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992, pp. 50–56.]
  26. ^ DLC: Papers of George Washington. “To George Washington from Samuel Fraunces, 4 December 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-12137. [This is anEarly Access documentfrom The Papers of George Washington. It is not an authoritative final version.]
  27. ^ 2017;Washington's Farewell: The Founding Father's Warning to Future Generations; John Avlon.
  28. ^ NARA Publication M247 Record Group 360 Roll 26 page 329 National Archive Catalog ID 1938489
  29. ^ NARA Publication M247 Record Group 360 Roll 26 page 329 National Archive Catalog ID 1938489
  30. ^ Indenture between Samuel Fraunces and Charles Thompson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, April 7, 1785. Papers of the Continental Congress, National Archives, Washington, DC.
  31. ^ “To George Washington from Samuel Fraunces, 26 June 1785,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0077. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 3, 19 May 1785 – 31 March 1786, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994, p. 85.]
  32. ^ “To George Washington from Samuel Fraunces, 26 June 1785,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0077. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 3, 19 May 1785 – 31 March 1786, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994, p. 85.]
  33. ^ “From George Washington to Samuel Fraunces, 7 September 1785,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0215. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 3, 19 May 1785 – 31 March 1786, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994, p. 236.]
  34. ^ Philadelphia Recorder of Deeds; Deed Book D 31-344: Deed Book D 34-68 Andrew Gautier Fraunces; Deed Book 39-112-1793 Jacob Hull
  35. ^ Philadelphia County Registrar of Wills, File#W219-1795
  36. ^ christ Church on line database http://www.philageohistory.org/rdic-images/ChristChurch/view-register.cfm/37097?ReturnURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Ephilageohistory%2Eorg%2Frdic-images%2FChristChurch%2Fsearch-register%2Ecfm%3Ffn%3D%26ln%3DFrancis%26t%3D%26s%3Dln
  37. ^ 25 August 1793; An Appeal to the the legislature of the United States, and to the Citizens individually of the several states. Against the conduct of the Secretary of the Treasury; Andrew G Fraunces
  38. ^ Philadelphia County Registrar of Wills file#W-219-1795
  39. ^ Trinity Church Database http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=4373&sacr=marriage
  40. ^ National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington D.C.; NARA Series: Passport Applications, 1795-1905; Roll #: 96; Volume #: Roll 096 - 26 Apr 1861-31 May 1861
  41. ^ Trinity Church Database http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=14436&sacr=burial
  42. ^ The Royal Gazette, August 29, 1778.
  43. ^ "Dock Ward, New York City," in Heads of Families at the First United States Census Taken in the Year 1790 - New York (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1908), p. 117.
  44. ^ 1838; Biographical Sketch of Captain Samuel Cooper; pages 519-523; The Southern Literary Messenger: Devoted to Every Department of Literature; Thos. W. White, Richmond.
  45. ^ 1897; Katherine Schuyler Baxter; A Godchild of Washington A Picture of the Past; page 77
  46. ^ Booker, Bobbi (2009-03-22). "Racial identity of 'Black Sam' debated". Philadelphia Tribune. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  47. ^ Frederic J. Haskin, The Washington D.C. Evening Star, August 11, 1916, p. 10.
  48. ^ National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, The Crisis (December 1916), p. 85.[1]
  49. ^ James Weldon Johnson, Black Manhattan (Perseus Books Group, 1930).
  50. ^ William Hornor, Jr., The Philadelphia Bulletin, February 22, 1934, p. 8.
  51. ^ Charles Henry Thompson, The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 31 (1962), p. 475.
  52. ^ Blockson, Charles L. "Black Samuel Fraunces: Patriot, White House Steward and Restaurateur Par Excellenc". Temple University Libraries. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
  53. ^ a b "Fraunces Tavern Museum, Pre-Visit Materials," p. 19.
  54. ^ "Dock Ward, New York City," in Heads of Families at the First United States Census Taken in the Year 1790 - New York (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1908), p. 117.
  55. ^ Trinity Church Database http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=4373&sacr=marriage
  56. ^ 2016;'Black Sam' Fraunces: The life and Times of a Revolutionary War Hero, Spy and Man of Color; Rosemary J Palermo
  57. ^ http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/pageturn/mums312-b142-i337/#page/1/mode/1up
  58. ^ 2011; St Peter’s Church Faith in Action for 250 Years; Cornelia Francis Biddle, Elizabeth S. Brown, Allan J. Heavens, Charles P. Peitz; Temple University Press.
  59. ^ Philadelphia Register of Wills file#W219-1795.
  60. ^ 1859; Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington by G.W. Parke
  61. ^ Benson J. Lossing, Life of Washington, (New York: Virtue & Company, 1860), vol, 2, pp. 176-77;[2] vol. 3, p. 112.[3]
  62. ^ J. F. Mines, Scribner's Monthly Magazine, vol. 11, (New York), p. 311.
  63. ^ American Archives, Series 4, vol. 6, p. 1148
  64. ^ 1919; A Sketch of Fraunces Tavern: and Those connected with its History; Henry Russell Drowne
  65. ^ Phoebe the Spy from Amazon.com
  66. ^ Cole, C. R.; Battles, Ashley; Dubbs, Breanna (2016). Phebe and the Peas. Page Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1682891315. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  67. ^ Dinner for the General from imdb
  68. ^ Washington's Farewell to His Generals
  69. ^ The Collected Works of Langston Hughes: Gospel plays, operas, and later dramatic works. University of Missouri Press. 2004. p. 465. ISBN 978-0-8262-1477-5.
  70. ^ Shades of War
  71. ^ "Simon Schama Should Be Ashamed, & So Should the BBC."
  72. ^ Wax miniatures from The Georgetowner, October 17, 2011.
  73. ^ PA Historical Marker from Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.
  74. ^ Dedication of the obelisk on YouTube.

External links

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