Uranyl chloride: Difference between revisions

| verifiedrevid = 450490023

| Name = Uranyl chloride

| ImageFile = UO2Cl2_formula_solid_state.tif

| ImageName = Uranyl chloride

| IUPACName = Dichlorodioxouranium

| OtherNames = Uranium(VI), dichlorodioxy

|Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers

| CASNo = 7791-26-6

| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| UNII = W2V47QQ17S

| index1_label=hydrate

| index2_label=dihydrate

| index3_label=trihydrate

| ChemSpiderID = 21172763

| EINECS = 232-246-1

| PubChem1 = 129671572

| PubChem2 = 129693634

| PubChem3 = 20376300

| SMILES= [Cl-].O=[U+2]=O.[Cl-]

| InChI1=1S/2ClH.H2O.2O.U/h2*1H;1H2;;;/q;;;;;+2/p-2

| InChIKey1 =DPJRXHIPGVVIJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L

| SMILES1 = O.O=[U+2]=O.[Cl-].[Cl-]

| InChI2=1S/2ClH.2H2O.2O.U/h2*1H;2*1H2;;;/q;;;;;;+2/p-2

| InChIKey2 = FGKUZTMTIQYKJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L

| SMILES2 = O.O.O=[U+2]=O.[Cl-].[Cl-]

| InChI3=1S/2ClH.3H2O.2O.U/h2*1H;3*1H2;;;/q;;;;;;;+2/p-2

| InChIKey3 = BYLGCROXFJTSJF-UHFFFAOYSA-L

| SMILES3 = O.O.O.O=[U+2]=O.[Cl-].[Cl-]

}}

|Section2 = {{Chembox Properties

| Formula = UO₂Cl₂

| MolarMass = 340.90

| Solvent = other solvents

| SolubleOther = 320 @ 18C

| MeltingPt = Decomposes

| BoilingPt = Decomposes}}

| ExternalSDS = [http://ibilabs.com/URANYL%20CHLORIDE-MSDS.htm External MSDS]}}

'''Uranyl chloride''' refers to [[inorganic compound]]s with the formula UO₂Cl₂(H₂O)_n where n = 0, 1, or 3. These are yellow-colored salts.

==Synthesis and structures==

[[File:ICSD CollCode36058.png|thumb|left|172px|Structure of the molecular complex uranyl chloride, trihydrate (UO₂Cl₂(H₂O)₃). Color scheme: red = O, green = U, Cl.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1107/S056774086800244X|title=The structures of uranyl chloride and its hydrates|year=1968|last1=Debets|first1=P. C.|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry|volume=24|issue=3|pages=400–402|bibcode=1968AcCrB..24..400D }}</ref>]]

The hydrates are obtained by dissolving [[uranyl sulfate]] or [[uranyl acetate]] in [[hydrochloric acid]] followed by crystallization from concentrated solutions. Depending on the method of drying, one obtains the mono- or the trihydrate. The monohydrate is described as a yellow, sulfur-like powder. It is very hygroscopic.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470132388.ch41|chapter=Uranyl Chloride 1-Hydrate|year=1963|last1= Hefley|first1=Jack D.|last2=Mathews|first2=Daniel M.|last3=Amis|first3=Edward S.|title=Inorganic Syntheses|pages=146–148|volume=7|isbn=978-0-470-13238-8}}</ref> The trihydrate is greenish-yellow. Both hydrates are fluorescent solids that are highly soluble in water.<ref>{{cite book|author=F. Hein, S. Herzog|chapter=Uranyl Chloride|title=Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. |editor=G. Brauer|publisher=Academic Press|year=1963|place=NY, NY|volume=2|pages=1439}}</ref>

The anhydrous material can be obtained by the reaction of oxygen with [[uranium tetrachloride]]:

:UCl₄ + O₂ → UO₂Cl₂ + Cl₂

In terms of structures, all three of these compounds feature the [[uranyl]] center (''trans''-UO₂²⁺) bound to five additional ligands, which can include (bridging) chloride, water, or another uranyl oxygen.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1107/S0567740873003882|title=The Structure of Anhydrous Uranyl Chloride by Powder Neutron Diffraction|year=1973|last1=Taylor|first1=J. C.|last2=Wilson|first2=P. W.|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry|volume=29|issue=5|pages=1073–1076|bibcode=1973AcCrB..29.1073T }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470132364.ch41|chapter=Uranyl Chloride|year=1957|last1=Leary|first1=Joseph A.|last2=Suttle|first2=John F.|title=Inorganic Syntheses|pages=148–150|volume=5|isbn=978-0-470-13236-4}}</ref>

==Reactions==

The [[aquo ligand]]s can be replaced by a variety of donors, e.g. [[Tetrahydrofuran|THF]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ic990159g|title=Synthesis and Crystal Structure of UO₂Cl₂(THF)₃: A Simple Preparation of an Anhydrous Uranyl Reagent|year=1999|last1=Wilkerson|first1=Marianne P.|last2=Burns|first2=Carol J.|last3=Paine|first3=Robert T.|last4=Scott|first4=Brian L.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=38|issue=18|pages=4156–4158}}</ref>

==Industrial importance==

The company [[Indian Rare Earths Limited]] (IREL) has developed a process to extract uranium from the Western and Eastern coastal dune sands of [[India]]. After pre-processing with [[high-intensity magnetic separator]]s and fine grinding, the mineral [[sand]]s (known as [[monazite]]), are digested with [[caustic soda]] at about {{convert|120|C|F}} and water. The hydroxide concentrate is further digested with concentrated [[hydrochloric acid]] to solubilise all hydroxides to form a feed solution composed of chlorides of uranium and other [[rare earth element]]s including [[thorium]]. The solution is subjected to [[liquid–liquid extraction]] with dual solvent systems to produce uranyl chloride and [[thorium oxalate]]. The crude uranyl chloride solution is subsequently refined to nuclear grade [[ammonium diuranate]] by a purification process involving [[precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] and [[solvent extraction]] in a nitrate media.

*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |title= Uranium |year= 1911 |volume= V27 |page= 788}}

*{{cite web |url= http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/lanthact/lanthact.html |title= Lanthanides & Actinides |first= S.J. |last= Heyes |year= 1998 |work= Four Lectures in 2nd Year Inorganic Chemistry |access-date= 22 November 2011 |archive-date= 23 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170923035653/http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/LanthAct/lanthact.html |url-status= dead }}

*{{cite web |url= http://www.chemcases.com/nuclear/index.html |title= Nuclear Chemistry and the Community |first= Frank |last= Settle |work= www.chemcases.com: General Chemistry Case Studies |access-date= 22 November 2011 |archive-date= 22 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111122194227/http://www.chemcases.com/nuclear/index.html |url-status= dead }}

[[Category:Metal halides]]

[[Category:Oxychlorides]]