Talk:K2-18b

GAN review

This review is transcluded from Talk:K2-18b/GA2. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.

Reviewer: InterstellarGamer12321 (talk · contribs) 08:48, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

GA review (see here for what the criteria are, and here for what they are not)

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The article looks like it is in good shape. It is quite long so I will need time to have an in-depth look at it before giving my comments. InterstellarGamer12321 (talk | contribs) 08:48, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

1. It is reasonably well written.

   a. (prose, spelling, and grammar):

   b. (MoS for lead, layout, word choice, fiction, and lists):

2. It is factually accurate and verifiable.

   a. (reference section):

   b. (citations to reliable sources):

   c. (OR):

   d. (copyvio and plagiarism):

3. It is broad in its coverage.

   a. (major aspects):

   b. (focused):

4. It follows the neutral point of view policy.

   Fair representation without bias:

5. It is stable.

   No edit wars, etc.:

6. It is illustrated by images and other media, where possible and appropriate.

   a. (images are tagged and non-free content have non-free use rationales):

   b. (appropriate use with suitable captions):

7. Overall:

   Pass/fail:

(Criteria marked are unassessed)

Initial comments

• Are you sure that all of the concerns in Talk:K2-18b/GA1 have been addressed? If not, please fix those issues before continuing.

  Yes, I am pretty sure. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 12:15, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

• Spend some time copyediting and improving the prose, because not all of it currently adheres to WP:MOS.

  Got to need some examples, sorry. There are some things that are deliberately written as they are, because the alternatives would be misleading, overlong etc. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 12:15, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

  The main issues are with footnotes appearing before punctuation (WP:REFPUNC). Other issues are minor.

  Now, my understanding has been that explanatory notes can be put after the word they explain, while citations ought to go after punctuation. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 17:58, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

  Note b comes after punctuation, but notes c and d come before it. It looks best if they all come after the punctuation.

  Standardized. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:08, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

• While I understand that there are no images of this exoplanet, please confirm that there are no more images worthy of being included in the article.

  I don't think there is one, really. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 12:15, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

• All inline citations in the article are scientific papers. While they are reliable, I would also recommend adding a few references to reliable news sources about the exoplanet for more well-rounded coverage, although you do not need to do this if you have a reason.

  I prefer not to use such sources - half of what they say is already said by the academic ones, the other half seems often to be of questionable reliability. And people use news sources in one article as a rationale for adding them elsewhere even when they don't belong. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 17:58, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

More comments

• In the Physical properties section, does the term radius valley need to be redlinked and italicised?
• In the Discovery and research history section, does the term Hycean planet need quotation marks?

  I think so, yes, these are technical terms that need to be singled out. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:08, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

• The title of the article and mentions in the lead call the exoplanet K2-18b. However, there are several in the body of the article that call it K2-18 b. Change them all to K2-18b for consistency.

  Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:12, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

• In the Atmosphere and climate section, it talks about "hazes". Should this be changed to haze?

  Not sure why this would be necessary. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:12, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

• Are all of the error margins necessary in the body of the article? They break the flow of the article.

  Yes, people often take the numbers while ignoring the qualifiers otherwise. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:12, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

Prose comments

The prose quality is now the only thing stopping the article from becoming GA, but it needs a decent bit of work. Comments below:

• It orbits its star in 33 days,[5] from Earth it can be seen passing in front of the star. Needs a conjunction or should be split into two separate sentences.

  Hmm, they are sort of related. I don't like the many short sentences thing. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:04, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

• intermediary radii cannot hold their atmospheres against the tendency of their own energy output and of the stellar radiation to drive atmospheric escape: the "of" before stellar radiation is redundant here.

  Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:04, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

• This distinction between planet populations is known as the radius valley and planets on its smaller side are known as Super-Earths and those larger as Sub-Neptunes. Specify what the distinction is and use a better term than "its smaller side".

  Specified, although one would think that folks would understand it means "radius". Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:04, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

• the planet may have taken a few million years to assemble. I feel that there is a better word to use than assemble here.

  Not that comes to mind, sorry. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:04, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

• which might destabilize the planet's climate by preventing material flows between the core and the ocean. Specify what "material flows" is.

  This something I was unsure myself; what is the best word to define chemical/material exchanges? Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:04, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

• its existence cannot be inferred or ruled out solely from the mass-radius of a planet. Is "mass-radius" a legitimate term or should it be split into "mass and radius"?

  Changed. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:04, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

• The existence of a liquid ocean is improbable at K2-18b,[30] the water under the envelope is more likely in a supercritical state. Feels better to use a semi-colon or conjunction rather than just a comma.

  Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:04, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

• has an atmosphere consisting of hydrogen: what percentage of the atmosphere is hydrogen?

  From what I can see, we don't know yet. H2-He ratios are seldom of astrobiological interest. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 15:20, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

• Similar to the above point, it might also be worth adding the percentage of methane if possible.

  We don't know them with any precision. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 15:20, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

• water clouds, the only species likely to form at K2-18b,[40] is conflicting.[20] Specify that it means cloud species - I did not understand what it meant for some time.

  Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 15:20, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

• Apart from water ammonium chloride, sodium sulfide, potassium chloride and zinc sulfide can form clouds in the atmosphere of K2-18b, depending on its properties. Add a comma after water and change "its" to "the planet's".

  Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 15:20, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

• there is not a substantial temperature gradient between poles and equator: add a "the" before poles.

  I dunno, it may suggest that it's between both poles, rather than pole-to-equator. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:37, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

• They concluded that the photochemistry should not be able to completely remove ammonia from the outer atmosphere: Create a wikilink from photochemistry or specify what it is.

  Linked. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:37, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

• while the water layers might have temperatures and pressures suitable for the development of life. Is this referring to the water layers of the atmosphere? Specify if it is.

  Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:37, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

• after a reasonable amount of observations. Change "amount" to "number". Also, can it be specified how many observations are needed?

  Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 19:37, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

• and drew a lot of discussion: From where? By whom? Specify and expand on this.

  The sauce unfortunately is not very specific on this. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:16, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

  Are there any other sources you can use? InterstellarGamer12321 (talk | contribs) 06:47, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

  No, we aren't at the level of knowledge yet where folks would discuss the significance of a finding in detail, beyond noting that it is significant. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:05, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

• a type of planet which combines abundant water with a hydrogen envelope: is combines the best word to use here. Saying "a type of planet that has both abundant liquid water and a hydrogen envelope" might be better.

  Yes, that's in. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 18:16, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

I am going to pass the article imminently. Well done! InterstellarGamer12321 (talk | contribs) 17:53, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

Setting up archival. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 17:48, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

Webb Discovers Methane, Carbon Dioxide in Atmosphere of K2-18 b

https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/2023/webb-discovers-methane-carbon-dioxide-in-atmosphere-of-k2-18b Rps (talk) 15:51, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

Interesting. If nobody comes before this, I'll be adding it on my end-of-year pass. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 17:48, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

Article misrepresents Benneke et al. and D. Blain et al.

The following passage is incorrect, "Planets with compositions intermediate between that of Earth and Neptune have no analogues in the Solar System and are thus poorly understood. There is evidence that there are distinct planetary populations with Earth-like and Neptune-like radii, presumably because planets with intermediary radii cannot hold their atmospheres against the tendency of their own energy output and the stellar radiation to drive atmospheric escape[19] and thus end up with a thin atmosphere or none at all.[20] This distinction between planet populations is known as the radius valley and planets on its smaller-radius side are known as Super-Earths and those larger as Sub-Neptunes."

This is a misrepresentation of Benneke et al. The cited page, page 2, is specifically referring to a lack of observational data on the atmospheres of planets with masses between Earth and Neptune. It is NOT claiming that there is a lack of planets of those sizes, as super earths are the most common size for known exoplanets. I'm not sure how much it adds to the article in the first place. I'm removing it, but maybe someone could rewrite it so that it is accurate.

I noticed another problem where the article says, "It probably has little internal heat left". This is not what page 15 of D. Blain et al. says. To quote it directly, "it seems unlikely that the residual heat of formation could be sufficient to explain a high internal temperature." It is comparing different models, some of which require a high internal temperature. The paper is saying that K2-18b likely does not have a high internal temperature. Thus, the above passage from the article is a misrepresentation.

It looks like one person is responsible for a large portion of this article, the same person who made the above errors. I'm concerned this person has littered the article with additional errors. Most of the article may need to be completely redone anyway in light of the new paper by Madhusudhan et al. 24.233.97.244 (talk) 20:38, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

User:Jo-Jo_Eumerus is responsible for both errors, here and here. These are the kinds of errors that reveal a lack of understanding of the source material as well as the field more broadly. In the first instance, anyone who is knowledgeable about the field knows that super earths are extremely common, so it's hard to excuse. The source is very clearly talking about atmospheric composition. The second instance is also not excusable. Like the first example, it is grossly misunderstanding the source material. It's also something that would be easily caught by somebody with even a basic knowledge of planetary formation and thermo-dynamics. K2-18b is much younger than the Earth and also much larger. It could not have possibly cooled down from its formation yet to the point where it has "little internal heat left".

Someone who makes these sorts of basic errors should not be editing wiki pages based on what they've read in dense, highly technical papers that they do not have the slightest grasp on. In the event that they claim they were just "typos" or something, they've made 70 separate edits. They would have caught the mistakes if they were equipped to.

The majority of his edits reference very technical papers such that it will be quite difficult to fact check everything, especially considering the volume of edits this user has made. It is my view that all of their edits should be reverted. The recent paper by Madhusudhan et al. is going to lead to transformative changes to this article. As of yet no edits have been made regarding it, so it would be the perfect time to roll back the clock on this article.

24.233.97.244 (talk) 22:03, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

Yeah, I did write these and I dispute that "Planets with compositions intermediate between that of Earth and Neptune have no analogues in the Solar System and are thus poorly understood" means "claiming that there is a lack of planets of those sizes". As for the rest, which you also removed:

• Planets with compositions intermediate between that of Earth and Neptune have no analogues in the Solar System and are thus poorly understood. sounds adequately supported by Very little is currently known about the bulk and atmospheric compositions of planets with masses between those of Earth and Neptune. These planets have no analogs in the solar system, although I wonder if a less similar formulation is warranted.
• There is evidence that there are distinct planetary populations with Earth-like and Neptune-like radii, presumably because planets with intermediary radii cannot hold their atmospheres against the tendency of their own energy output and the stellar radiation to drive atmospheric escape seems reasonably supported by Refined population studies of the radius distribution of sub-Neptune-sized planets have revealed a significant drop in the planet occurrence rates between near 1.5–2.0 R⊕ (Fulton et al. 2017; Fulton & Petigura 2018). Photoevaporation (Lopez & Fortney 2013; Owen & Wu 2013; Lopez & Rice 2018) and core-powered mass loss (Schlichting 2018) are two theories that can reproduce this observed drop in the occurrence rate. According to photoevaporation models, the most highly irradiated super-Earths are expected to have primarily rocky compositions and relatively small radii, while less irradiated super-Earths are able to retain a modest (few percent in mass) primordial hydrogen-rich atmosphere that inflates their observed radii to values greater than 2.0 R⊕.
• and thus end up with a thin atmosphere or none at all is from By essentially using the mass and radius of the planets, it has been well-established that planets with low masses (<2 M⊕) must primarily be made up of iron and silicates, and generally with a thin atmosphere. and the second follows from the fact that many non-Sun stars emit more high-energy radiation and thus may strip away atmospheres entirely even on Earth-mass planets. Fair, the latter part probably can be sourced better, though.
• This distinction between planet populations is known as the radius valley and planets on its smaller-radius side are known as Super-Earths and those larger as Sub-Neptunes. is from Exoplanets that fall between Earth’s (1 R⊕) and Neptune’s (≈4 R⊕) radius are generally classified as either super-Earths or sub-Neptunes depending on whether their radii lie below or above the radius valley at 1.5–2.0 R⊕ (Fulton et al.2017), respectively
• It probably has little internal heat left and tidal heating is unlikely. The first part I'll grant was a misread, but the second from In that configura- tion, a lot of orbital energy can indeed be dissipated, but only in the innermost planet8, that is, K2-18 c. Thus, there should be no tidal heating on K2-18b is sound.
• If it exists, internal heating may increase temperatures at large depths, but is unlikely to significantly affect the surface temperature. figure 6 does illustrate that internal heat only affects temperature below about 1-10 bar depth.

So no, I don't agree with these removals save one, let alone with a total revert of my additions. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 07:47, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

"Planets with compositions intermediate between that of Earth and Neptune have no analogues in the Solar System and are thus poorly understood. sounds adequately supported by Very little is currently known about the bulk and atmospheric compositions of planets with masses between those of Earth and Neptune. These planets have no analogs in the solar system, although I wonder if a less similar formulation is warranted."

• I never said that exact sentence was incorrect. I removed it, because it was used in such a way that it bolstered subsequent incorrect claims. I didn't think it made much sense to keep in and of itself. It may still have a place in the article, however.

"There is evidence that there are distinct planetary populations with Earth-like and Neptune-like radii, presumably because planets with intermediary radii cannot hold their atmospheres against the tendency of their own energy output and the stellar radiation to drive atmospheric escape seems reasonably supported by Refined population studies of the radius distribution of sub-Neptune-sized planets have revealed a significant drop in the planet occurrence rates between near 1.5–2.0 R⊕

This distinction between planet populations is known as the radius valley and planets on its smaller-radius side are known as Super-Earths and those larger as Sub-Neptunes. is from Exoplanets that fall between Earth’s (1 R⊕) and Neptune’s (≈4 R⊕) radius are generally classified as either super-Earths or sub-Neptunes depending on whether their radii lie below or above the radius valley at 1.5–2.0 R⊕ (Fulton et al.2017), respectively"

• The way you had worded it in the article implied that there is a lack of a prevalence of planets between the sizes of Earth and Neptune. That's not true. There is a drop of occurrence rates, that would otherwise be expected, at 1.5-2 Earth radii. The range of radii between Earth and Neptune is much greater than that, ranging from 1 R⊕ to 4 R⊕. When you wrote that atmospheric loss is an explanation for it, you are conflating the explanation for why there is a lack of expected planets at 1.5-2R⊕ with why there are distinct populations with Earth and Neptune-like radii. The paper specifically says there is a lack of understanding of bulk and atmospheric compositions of the masses of exoplanets between Earth and Neptune. It is plainly not referring to a radius gap if it's talking about exoplanet groups of a specific of mass. Then it says "most atmospheric studies resulted in nondetections due to the prevalence of high-altitude clouds" as an explanation for why. It is saying the particular atmospheric compositions of planets between the masses of Earth and Neptune, present during those observations, made atmospheric study difficult. NOT that there is a lack of atmospheres to be detected in that range. You are conflating two different things.

"It probably has little internal heat left and tidal heating is unlikely. The first part I'll grant was a misread, but the second from In that configura- tion, a lot of orbital energy can indeed be dissipated, but only in the innermost planet8, that is, K2-18 c. Thus, there should be no tidal heating on K2-18b is sound."

• Yes, tidal heating is unlikely according to the original paper, but the only reason it was in the article was to back up your false claim. So there's no reason for it to be present otherwise.

24.233.97.244 (talk) 14:17, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

Size in this article (and from seeing other Wikipedia articles in astronomy) refers to radius, not mass. I also don't see how one could read " It is NOT claiming that there is a lack of planets of those sizes, as super earths are the most common size for known exoplanets." and not conclude that you were talking about that sentence. And the other paper with photoevaporation flat out says that the drop in occurrence rate is due to atmosphere loss, not observation biases.

Your removals were excessive, too. Since this article discusses the planet in general, it ought to mention that it is not expected to feature tidal heating. And since it is often used as an example of a sub-Neptune, a discussion of the radius gap is apropos as well. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 14:57, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

"I also don't see how one could read " It is NOT claiming that there is a lack of planets of those sizes, as super earths are the most common size for known exoplanets." and not conclude that you were talking about that sentence.

• If you are referring to the sentence, "Planets with compositions intermediate between that of Earth and Neptune have no analogues in the Solar System and are thus poorly understood." You got that from the same part of the very same paper that you interpreted incorrectly and pulled the rest of the removed paragraph from. I removed it because I didn't think it made much sense there by itself, since the whole paragraph it was a part of was removed. I agree that this single sentence is correct and could be added back to the article somewhere. So let's move on from it and focus on what is the actual contention.

"Size in this article (and from seeing other Wikipedia articles in astronomy) refers to radius, not mass."

"And the other paper with photoevaporation flat out says that the drop in occurrence rate is due to atmosphere loss, not observation biases."

• To reiterate once more, it specifically is referring to 1.5-2 Earth radii exoplanets. It has nothing to do with there being distinct Earth and Neptune sized exoplanets. You misconstrued the hypothesis for why there is a lack of exoplanets between 1.5-2 Earth radii as an explanation for there being distinct Neptune and Earth-sized exoplanets. The way it was worded suggested that there is a lack of planets between those radii. It is very plain to see. If you were familiar enough with the field to be interpreting these papers, you would know the radii of Neptune offhand and wouldn't have made this error. Let me quote the paper; "Very little is currently known about the bulk and atmospheric compositions of planets with masses between those of Earth and Neptune. These planets have no analogs in the solar system, and aside from the recent atmospheric detection for GJ 3470b, most atmospheric studies resulted in nondetections due to the prevalence of high-altitude clouds." Here it is decidedly referring to planets in mass between Earth and Neptune, NOT radius. Afterwards it discusses the specific subclass of those planets with radii between 1.5 and 2 Earths. These planets are a subset of planets that generally fall between 1 and 4 Earth masses.

"Your removals were excessive, too. Since this article discusses the planet in general, it ought to mention that it is not expected to feature tidal heating."

• I wouldn't have to explain this to you if you were qualified to interpret these papers. You admitted you were wrong about the internal temperature aspect. It wasn't just a misreading, it simply does not say anything like how you interpreted it. A planet of this mass and age would be nowhere near cooling off. This isn't a mistake an informed person makes. The part of the paper you pulled from was breaking down different simulated scenarios. One of those scenarios would require a high internal temperature that could not be explained from observational data. The part about tidal heating not being possible was specifically in reference to the paper detailing why a certain scenario wasn't likely, because it would require tidal heating that could not be explained. And you misinterpreted that to mean that it must not have a hot core at all. It's not like these were two separate facts, the second sentence was only included to explain the first one. Alone it doesn't make sense to include.

"And since it is often used as an example of a sub-Neptune, a discussion of the radius gap is apropos as well."

• Not if we're going to misinterpret what the radius valley even is.

24.233.97.244 (talk) 16:02, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

It's not a matter of explaining, it is flat out incorrect to remove the tidal heating claim because a separately sourced, distinct claim next to it was incorrect. The source does say that evaporation leads to the existence of two different planet types and to the rarity of intermediate-radius planets. Perhaps you have an alternative text explaining this (with sources) that can be put in the article? Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 16:26, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

"It's not a matter of explaining, it is flat out incorrect to remove the tidal heating claim because a separately sourced, distinct claim next to it was incorrect."

• Let's review the sentences; "It probably has little internal heat left and tidal heating is unlikely. If it exists, internal heating may increase temperatures at large depths, but is unlikely to significantly affect the surface temperature." The second sentence is directly following on the unsubstantiated claims of the first sentence. They are inexorably tied together. The second sentence is factually correct, but by itself does not add to the article. According to D. Blain et al. 2021, based on observational data, there's no evidence to support a mechanism for internal heating. As you know, everything in a scientific paper isn't necessarily going to be relevant to a Wikipedia article. It's postulating a hypothetical situation that as yet we have no reason to believe exists. We could come up with hypotheticals all day, but unless there is evidence behind it, it should not be added to the article.

"The source does say that evaporation leads to the existence of two different planet types and to the rarity of intermediate-radius planets."

• Yes, two different groups that are entirely distinct from the Earth-Neptune radii spectrum. The two groups cited in the paper are, "the most highly irradiated super-Earths are expected to have primarily rocky compositions and relatively small radii," And the next group, "while less irradiated super-Earths are able to retain a modest (few percent in mass) primordial hydrogen-rich atmosphere that inflates their observed radii to values greater than 2.0 R⊕" The specific planet types fall on either side of the radius valley. NOT on either side of the Earth-Neptune spectrum. As stated previously, Neptune is approximately 4 Earth radii. They are two entirely different groups. Please do not edit based on scientific papers that you do not have a robust understanding of.

24.233.97.244 (talk) 17:32, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

I don't think that this supports the notion that the Earth-Neptune divide is distinct from the sides of the radius valley, and nothing about the other literature on the radius valley I've heard argues so either. Also, please don't quote each text you are replying to, it makes it hard to read your posts. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 17:46, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

"I don't think that this supports the notion that the Earth-Neptune divide is distinct from the sides of the radius valley"

• It is absolutely distinct. I've demonstrated that conclusively. The radius valley is 1.5R⊕ to 2.0R⊕. Earth and Neptune are 1R⊕ and 4R⊕ respectively.

24.233.97.244 (talk) 17:53, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

That demonstrates that the planets form two distinct groups, with intermediate sizes being less common ("radius valley"). It does not explain what is wrong with Planets with compositions intermediate between that of Earth and Neptune have no analogues in the Solar System and are thus poorly understood. There is evidence that there are distinct planetary populations with Earth-like and Neptune-like radii, presumably because planets with intermediary radii cannot hold their atmospheres against the tendency of their own energy output and the stellar radiation to drive atmospheric escape and thus end up with a thin atmosphere or none at all. This distinction between planet populations is known as the radius valley and planets on its smaller-radius side are known as Super-Earths and those larger as Sub-Neptunes. It's Neptune-like and Earth-like radii, we aren't limiting the discussion to planets that are only exactly as wide as Neptune or Earth. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 16:27, 13 September 2023 (UTC)

I'm not going to make a new heading for this, and I'm not going to read all the other points.

I just came to say I'm noticing misqoutes and weasel words in the article after checking 1 source:

"It is estimated that 80% of all M dwarf stars have planets in their habitable zones,"

this is not in the reference, what it actually says is

"Results from the Kepler mission indicate that the occurrence rate of small planets

(<3 R⊕) in the habitable zone of nearby low-mass stars may be as high as 80%."

First of all it is a far more sweeping statement if you drop the Kepler mission context,

because as it says that survey was of nearby low-mass stars, not the universe.

Secondly it doesn't either say all planet types, as implied by only using the term planet,

but rather is specified that the near 80% is in reference to small planets;

you cannot paraphrase the quote and leave out the word small.

Thirdly according to the Star article "Low mass star (including the Sun), with a mass between 0.5 M☉ and ~2.25 M☉"

is what is referred to, not the more specific "all M dwarf stars."

Can the writers here stop twisting what is said in the references to say what they want it to say?

24.78.228.96 (talk) 21:07, 22 September 2023 (UTC)