Tetraneuris acaulis
Tetraneuris acaulis | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Asterales |
Family: | Asteraceae |
Genus: | Tetraneuris |
Species: | T. acaulis
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Binomial name | |
Tetraneuris acaulis | |
Varieties[2] | |
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Synonyms | |
See table
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Tetraneuris acaulis is a North American species of flowering plants in the sunflower family. It is known by many common names in English including stemless four-nerve daisy, stemless hymenoxys, butte marigold, and stemless rubberweed.
Description
Tetraneuris acaulis is a highly variable perennial plant.[3] It may be moderate in size or an extremely short herbaceous plant, as short as 2 centimeters to over 30 centimeters in height when flowering.[4] The plants lack stems with all the clustered leaves growing directly from the base of the plant at ground level (basal leaves). The leaves are tightly packed and may be spoon shaped (spatulate) or like a spear head with the widest part in the end third (oblanceolate), sometimes narrowly so (linear-oblanceolate).[5] The leaf edges lack teeth or divisions and may either be hairy or smooth.[4]
Each flowering stem has a single flower head at the end,[6] though very rarely a stem may have two flower heads on a single stem.[5] When flowering plants will normally grow one to thirty-five flowering stems, but occasionally a plant may produce as many as sixty. They are also are quite variable in the length of the flower stem (a scape), ranging from 0.5 to 30 centimetres (0.2 to 10 inches) in length.[4] The flowering head will have a large number of small disc flowers, ranging from twenty-five to over two-hundred. The ray flowers at the edge of the flowering head usually number from eight to fifteen, but may occasionally have as many as twenty-one. The petals (ligules) are showy, 5–20 mm (1⁄4–3⁄4 in) long and fairly wide, 3–8 mm (1⁄8–5⁄16 in).[5] Both the ray and the disc flowers are predominantly bright yellow in color.[6] Some plants may have no ray florets.[7] It may flower anytime from April to October in its native range, though different varieties have slightly different flowering seasons.[8]
The fruits are dry achenes only a few millimeters long.[4]
Taxonomy
As of 2024[update] Plants of the World Online (POWO) and World Flora Online list Tetraneuris acaulis as the correct name with only Edward Lee Greene listed as the authority due to the narrowness of the original description by Frederick Traugott Pursh.[2][9]
Varieties
There are four accepted varieties of Tetraneuris acaulis.[2]
Tetraneuris acaulis var. acaulis
The autonymic variety described by Frederick Traugott Pursh in 1813 as Tetraneuris acaulis, but it was described narrowly as a subset of became described as the variety (a heterotypic synonym). This was also the case for all the many other species that are now synonyms of this variety according to POWO.[8] It differs from the other varieties by being covered in very fine, woolly hairs that lay down on the surface of leaves (strigoso-canescent) and being found almost entirely east of the continental divide in North America.[4] In its native habitat it may bloom as early as April or as late as October, but more often in May to July.[10]
Tetraneuris acaulis var. arizonica
The first scientific description of this variety was by Edward Lee Greene in 1898 as a species named Tetraneuris arizonica. It was given its current description as a variety in 1980 by Kittie Fenley Parker.[11] Like varity epunctata it usually has smooth or only sparsely/moderately hairy leaves, but unlike var. epunctata it is densely covered in glands.[4] It may bloom as early as April or as late as September in its native habitat, but more often May to July.[12]
Tetraneuris acaulis var. caespitosa
This variety was described by Greene as two different species, Tetraneuris brevifolia and Tetraneuris lanata, in 1898. It was additionally described as a third species in 1911 by Francis Potter Daniels. But it had already been correctly described and named as a variety in 1899 by Aven Nelson as Tetraneuris acaulis var. caespitosa.[13] This variety is distinguished by being sparsely to densely hairy, and its hairs usually being long and interwoven (lanuginose), but occasionally they will be silky and lay down on the surface of the leaves (sericeous). Also, its flower stems (a peduncle) will be short in comparison to what is normal for other varieties, usually just 0.5–8 centimeters where other varieties will most often be 5–20 centimeters.[4] Plants may bloom as early as May or as late as September in its high mountain habitat, but more frequently between June and August.[14]
Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata
Aven Nelson gave a scientific description to this variety in 1904 as a species named Tetraneuris epunctata. It was described as a variety by Arthur Cronquist in 1994 and reclassified along with the rest of the species by John T. Kartesz and Kanchi Gandhi in 1995.[15] Like variety arizonica these plants have smooth or only sparsely/moderately hairy leaves, but var. epunctata lacks visible glands on its leaves or at most is dotted with just a few glands.[4] This variety blooms as early as May or as late as September, but rarely after the month of July in its native range. It is only found in the US states of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming.[16]
History
The first scientific description of part of what was later classified as Tetraneuris acaulis was by the botanist Frederick Pursh in 1813. He described a species he named Gaillardia acaulis, which as of 2024 is regarded as a synonym of the botanical variety Tetraneuris acaulis var. acaulis. The accepted description as Tetraneuris acaulis was published by Edward Lee Greene in 1898.[8] Due to the variability of the species 32 species that are now regarded as synonyms of one of the four accepted varieties have been described.[8][11][13][15]
Name | Year | Rank | Synonym of: | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Actinea acaulis Spreng. | 1826 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea acaulis f. arizonica J.F.Macbr. | 1918 | form | var. arizonica | = |
Actinea acaulis var. arizonica Greene) S.F.Blake ex Munz | 1935 | variety | var. arizonica | ≡ |
Actinea acaulis f. caespitosa J.F.Macbr. | 1918 | form | var. caespitosa | = |
Actinea acaulis var. lanata J.F.Macbr. | 1918 | variety | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea acaulis var. lanigera S.F.Blake | 1925 | variety | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea acaulis var. septentrionalis A.Nelson | 1924 | variety | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea acaulis var. simplex J.F.Macbr. | 1918 | variety | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea arizonica A.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. arizonica | = |
Actinea depressa var. pygmaea J.F.Macbr. | 1918 | variety | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea epunctata (A.Nelson) A.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. epunctata | ≡ |
Actinea eradiata A.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea formosa A.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea incana A.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea osterhoutii A.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinea simplex A.Nelson | 1924 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella acaulis (Pursh) Nutt. | 1818 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella depressa var. pygmaea A.Gray | 1849 | variety | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella epunctata (A.Nelson) A.Nelson | 1909 | species | var. epunctata | ≡ |
Actinella eradiata A.Nelson | 1909 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella incana A.Nelson | 1909 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella lanata Nutt. | 1841 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella leptoclada A.Gray | 1857 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Actinella simplex A.Nelson | 1909 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Cephalophora acaulis DC. | 1836 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Gaillardia acaulis Pursh | 1813 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Hymenoxys acaulis (Pursh) K.F.Parker | 1950 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Hymenoxys acaulis var. arizonica (Greene) K.F.Parker | 1950 | variety | var. arizonica | ≡ |
Hymenoxys acaulis var. epunctata (A.Nelson) Cronquist | 1994 | variety | var. epunctata | ≡ |
Hymenoxys acaulis var. nana S.L.Welsh | 1993 | variety | var. arizonica | = |
Hymenoxys acaulis var. caespitosa (A.Nelson) K.F.Parker | 1950 | variety | var. caespitosa | ≡ |
Leptopoda acaulis DC. | 1836 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Picradenia acaulis Britton | 1898 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Ptilepida acaulis (Pursh) Britton | 1894 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Tetraneuris acaulis var. nana (S.L.Welsh | 1995 | variety | var. arizonica | = |
Tetraneuris arizonica Greene | 1898 | species | var. arizonica | ≡ |
Tetraneuris brevifolia Greene | 1898 | species | var. caespitosa | = |
Tetraneuris crandallii Rydb. | 1905 | species | var. epunctata | = |
Tetraneuris epunctata A.Nelson | 1904 | species | var. epunctata | ≡ |
Tetraneuris eradiata A.Nelson | 1904 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Tetraneuris incana A.Nelson | 1899 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Tetraneuris lanata Greene | 1898 | species | var. caespitosa | = |
Tetraneuris lanigera Daniels | 1911 | species | var. caespitosa | = |
Tetraneuris pygmaea Wooton & Standl. | 1913 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Tetraneuris septentrionalis Rydb. | 1910 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Tetraneuris simplex A.Nelson | 1899 | species | var. acaulis | = |
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym |
Names
The meaning of the genus name Tetraneuris is "four nerves", a compound of "tetra" and "neuron". This refers to the four veins on the ray flower petal.[6] The botanical species name is also a compound meaning "without a stem", the prefix "a-" being added to "caulis" for stem. Though its flowers are on stalks, these are not botanically stems.[17] One of the frequently used common names of this species is "stemless four-nerve daisy" related to the genus name and the low growing stemless habit. Three other English names relate to it leaves not growing on stems, "stemless woollybase",[6] "stemless hymenoxys",[18] and "stemless rubberweed".[19] It is also sometimes known as the "butte marigold".[19] Somewhat specific to the variety Arizonica is the common name "angelita daisy".[17]
Distribution and habitat
This species is very widespread in the United States from Texas and California in the south to Idaho and North Dakota.[2] It is found east of the Rocky Mountains on in the western part of the Great Plains in the northern panhandle of Texas and the westernmost counties of Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota. It is found throughout the Rocky Mountain states of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado as well as almost all of New Mexico, but is only found in the southeast corner of Idaho. It also grows in the northern half of Arizona, the eastern half of Nevada, and the desert county of San Bernardino in California.[20] In Canada it is found in the prarie provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.[2][20] It grows in a variety of habitat types in foothills and subalpine regions,[21] and high prairie, badlands,[22] and plains.[3]
Uses
Tetraneuris acaulis has been used as a traditional medicinal plant. The Hopi used a poultice of the plant to relieve hip and back pain in pregnant women, and to make a stimulating drink.[23]
Cultivation
In cultivation stemless four-nerve daisy may bloom in late spring or early summer. The foliage is aromatic.[24] It is winter hardy in USDA zones 4–8, temperatures as cold as −35 °C (−31 °F).[25]
References
- ^ NatureServe (2024). "Tetraneuris acaulis". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Tetraneuris acaulis Greene". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ a b TWC Staff (27 January 2023). "Tetraneuris acaulis". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bierner, Mark W.; Turner, Billie L. (6 November 2020). " Tetraneuris acaulis - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ a b c Heil, Kenneth D.; O’Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region : Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. pp. 303–304. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d Williams, David B. (2013). A Naturalist's Guide to Canyon Country (2nd ed.). Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guides. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7627-8071-6. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- ^ Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3.
- ^ a b c d "Tetraneuris acaulis var. acaulis". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ "Tetraneuris acaulis Greene". World Flora Online. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- ^ Bierner, Mark W.; Turner, Billie L. (5 November 2020). "Tetraneuris acaulis var. acaulis - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Tetraneuris acaulis var. arizonica (Greene) K.F.Parker". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ Bierner, Mark W.; Turner, Billie L. (5 November 2020). "Tetraneuris acaulis var. arizonica - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Tetraneuris acaulis var. caespitosa A.Nelson". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ Bierner, Mark W.; Turner, Billie L. (5 November 2020). "Tetraneuris acaulis var. caespitosa - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata (A.Nelson) Kartesz & Gandhi". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ Bierner, Mark W.; Turner, Billie L. "Tetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ a b Morhardt, Sia; Morhardt, Emil (2004). California Desert Flowers. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 60. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ Earle, A. Scott; Lundin, Jane (2012). Idaho Mountain Wildflowers : A Photographic Compendium (3rd ed.). Boise, Idaho: Larkspur Books. ISBN 978-0-615-58854-4. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Tetraneuris acaulis (Pursh) Greene". Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Acadia University, Université de Montréal Biodiversity Centre, University of Toronto Mississauga, University of British Columbia. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ a b Tetraneuris acaulis, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile, 25 April 2024
- ^ Schneider, Al. "Tetraneuris acaulis". Southwest Colorado Wildflowers. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ "Stemless Hymenoxys (Hymenoxys acaulis)". Native Wildflowers of the North Dakota Grasslands. U.S. Department of the Interior; U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ Tetraneuris acaulis. University of Michigan, Dearborn, Native American Ethnobotany Database.
- ^ Hole, Jim; Goodall, Jan; Raven, Stephen; Stadnyk, Bob, eds. (2006). Hole's Dictionary of Hardy Perennials. St. Albert, Alberta: Hole's. p. 375. ISBN 978-1-894728-01-0. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1996). The Random House Book of Perfect Plants. New York: Random House. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-679-77536-2. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
External links
- Media related to Tetraneuris acaulis at Wikimedia Commons