User:Snowmanonahoe/Saigon Execution: Difference between revisions
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*{{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Virginia |title=Ho Chi Minh's blueprint for revolution: In the words of Vietnamese strategists and operatives |last2=Hills |first2=Clive A. |date=2018 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4766-6563-4 |location=Jefferson |ol=26958194M}} |
*{{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Virginia |title=Ho Chi Minh's blueprint for revolution: In the words of Vietnamese strategists and operatives |last2=Hills |first2=Clive A. |date=2018 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4766-6563-4 |location=Jefferson |ol=26958194M}} |
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*{{Cite book |publisher=Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6703-3 |edition=New |location=Garden City |last=Oberdorfer |first=Don |author-link=Don Oberdorfer |title=Tet!: The turning point in the Vietnam War |oclc=45137661 |ol=7870734M |ol-access=free |date=2001-03-01}} |
*{{Cite book |publisher=Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6703-3 |edition=New |location=Garden City |last=Oberdorfer |first=Don |author-link=Don Oberdorfer |title=Tet!: The turning point in the Vietnam War |oclc=45137661 |ol=7870734M |ol-access=free |date=2001-03-01}} |
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*{{Cite book |last=Robbins |first=James S. |author-link=James S. Robbins |title=This Time |
*{{Cite book |last=Robbins |first=James S. |author-link=James S. Robbins |title=This Time We Win: Revisiting the Tet Offensive |year=2010 |publisher=[[Encounter Books]] |isbn=978-1-59403-229-5 |edition=First American |lccn=2009049374 |oclc=1409354676 |ol=23972233M |ol-access=free}} |
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*{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/09528822.2021.2000241 |issn=0952-8822 |volume=35 |issue=5 |last=Zohar |first=Ayelet |title=An Exploration of the Scarcity of Asian Images in Morimura Yasumasa's Oeuvre, 1991–2010 |journal=Third Text |date=2021-09-03|pages=569–590 }} |
*{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/09528822.2021.2000241 |issn=0952-8822 |volume=35 |issue=5 |last=Zohar |first=Ayelet |title=An Exploration of the Scarcity of Asian Images in Morimura Yasumasa's Oeuvre, 1991–2010 |journal=Third Text |date=2021-09-03|pages=569–590 }} |
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Revision as of 14:30, 25 April 2024
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Saigon Execution, also called Street Execution of a Viet Cong Prisoner, is a 1968 photograph by Associated Press (AP) photojournalist Eddie Adams.[1] Taken during the Tet Offensive, it depicts South Vietnamese national police chief Nguyễn Ngọc Loan executing Viet Cong (VC) captain Nguyễn Văn Lém[a][b] near the Ấn Quang Pagoda in Saigon.[3] The photograph was published extensively by American news media the following day,[4] and would go on to win Adams the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography.[3]
Background
Nguyễn Văn Lém was a VC captain.[2] He and his wife Nguyễn Thị Lốp lived as undercover arms traffickers in Saigon, trading tires as a front business.[5] He went by the code name Bảy Lốp.[2][c] At the start of the Tet Offensive, he was instructed to assassinate prominent figures who stood opposed to the VC, including Loan, United States army general William Westmoreland, and South Vietnamese president Nguyễn Văn Thiệu.[6]
Nguyễn Ngọc Loan was the chief of the Republic of Vietnam National Police (RVNP).[7] He had anticipated the Tet Offensive, and was responsible for coordinating the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) response in Saigon. He led the National Police force to capture the Ấn Quang Pagoda, which the VC were using as a base of operations.[8]
Eddie Adams was an Associated Press (AP) war photographer. Having worked previously as a US Marine,[9] He had a reputation for being fearless, taking pictures close to danger, and for often being "in the right place at the right time".[10] Adams was in Saigon to cover the Tet Offensive, and on February 1, 1968, he heard about fighting in An Quang.[11] He met with National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) journalist Howard Tuckner, along with cameramen Võ Huỳnh and Võ Suu, and soundman Lê Phúc Đinh. They shared a car to Chợ Lớn to cover the conflict.[3]
Execution and photograph
The NBC and AP crews arrived at the Ấn Quang Pagoda the same morning, and having seen nothing of interest by noon, were preparing to leave.[11] Then, they saw Lém, captured by ARVN marines, being walked up the street. The NBC cameramen began filming.[d][3] The Marines stopped at the Pagoda, where they presented Lém to Loan.[e][3] Loan instructed a marine to shoot him. The marine was reluctant, so Loan unholstered his gun. Adams believed Loan only did so to intimidate Lém, but nonetheless prepared to take a photo. As Loan fired his gun, Adams took the picture.[11] Suu's video camera followed Lém as he dropped to the ground, blood spurting out of his head.[13] Loan addressed the journalists:[14]
Many Americans have been killed these last few days, and many of my best Vietnamese friends. Now do you understand? Buddha will understand.
Aftermath
News coverage
Reactions
Pulitzer Prize
Footnotes
- ^ Vietnamese: [ŋwiəŋ˨˩˦ vaŋ˧˧ lɛm˧˥]; code name Bảy Lốp[2] (pronounced [ʔɓa(ː)j˨˩˦ lop̚˦˥])
- ^ In this Vietnamese name, the surname is Nguyễn. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Lém.
- ^ Bảy means "seventh child".[2][5] James S. Robbins wrote that Lốp was inherited from his wife.[2] Virginia Morris wrote that it came from their front business.[5]
- ^ Võ Huỳnh and Võ Suu were on opposite sides of the street. Huỳnh carried a silent film camera, and Suu a sound-on-film camera.[3]
- ^ After capturing the pagoda, Loan was using it as a base of operations himself.[11]
Citations
- ^ Malkowski 2017, p. 58.
- ^ a b c d e Robbins 2010, p. 145.
- ^ a b c d e f Bailey & Lichty 1972, p. 222.
- ^ Braestrup 1983, p. 348.
- ^ a b c Morris & Hills 2018, p. 25.
- ^ Robbins 2010, pp. 145–146.
- ^ Robbins 2010, p. 93.
- ^ Robbins 2010, p. 150.
- ^ Robbins 2010, p. 151.
- ^ Robbins 2010, p. 152.
- ^ a b c d Robbins 2010, p. 153.
- ^ Bailey & Lichty 1972, pp. 224–7.
- ^ Robbins 2010, p. 154.
- ^ Bailey & Lichty 1972, p. 223.
References
- Bailey, George A.; Lichty, Lawrence W. (June 1, 1972). "Rough Justice on a Saigon Street: A Gatekeeper Study of NBC's Tet Execution Film". Journalism Quarterly. 49 (2): 221–238. doi:10.1177/107769907204900201. ISSN 0022-5533.
- Braestrup, Peter (1983). Big story: How the American press and television reported and interpreted the crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington (Abridged ed.). London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-89158-012-3. OCLC 932324854. OL 3491247M.
- Hariman, Robert; Lucaites, John Louis (2015). "Street Execution of a Viet Cong Prisoner, Saigon, 1968". In Hill, Jason E.; Schwartz, Vanessa R. (eds.). Getting the picture: The visual culture of the news. London: Bloomsbury Academic. doi:10.4324/9781003103547. ISBN 978-1-4725-2422-5.
- Kerby, Martin (December 5, 2018). Kerby, Martin; Baguley, Margaret; McDonald, Janet (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Artistic and Cultural Responses to War since 1914: The British Isles, the United States and Australasia. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96986-2. ISBN 978-3-319-96986-2. LCCN 2018960999.
- Malkowski, Jennifer (2017). Hill, Jason E.; Schwartz, Vanessa R. (eds.). Dying in Full Detail: Mortality and Digital Documentary (2nd ed.). Durham and London: Duke University Press. doi:10.4324/9781003103547. ISBN 9780822373414. LCCN 2016034893. OCLC 1103683280.
- Morris, Virginia; Hills, Clive A. (2018). Ho Chi Minh's blueprint for revolution: In the words of Vietnamese strategists and operatives. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1-4766-6563-4. OL 26958194M.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Oberdorfer, Don (March 1, 2001). Tet!: The turning point in the Vietnam War (New ed.). Garden City: Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6703-3. OCLC 45137661. OL 7870734M.
- Robbins, James S. (2010). This Time We Win: Revisiting the Tet Offensive (First American ed.). Encounter Books. ISBN 978-1-59403-229-5. LCCN 2009049374. OCLC 1409354676. OL 23972233M.
- Zohar, Ayelet (September 3, 2021). "An Exploration of the Scarcity of Asian Images in Morimura Yasumasa's Oeuvre, 1991–2010". Third Text. 35 (5): 569–590. doi:10.1080/09528822.2021.2000241. ISSN 0952-8822.