View source for 2K22 Tunguska

{{Infobox weapon
| name               = 2K22 Tunguska <br /><small>[[NATO reporting name]]: SA-19 Grison, SA-N-11 Grison</small>
| image              = 2008 Moscow Victory Day Parade - 9K22 Tunguska.jpg
| caption            = 2K22M "Tunguska-M" Gun/Missile Air Defense System.
| origin             = Soviet Union
| type               = [[Caterpillar track|Tracked]] [[self-propelled anti-aircraft gun]]
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = 
| is_bladed          = 
| is_explosive       = 
| is_artillery       = 
| is_vehicle         = yes
| is_missile         = 
| is_UK              = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1982–present
| used_by            = See ''[[#Operators|Operators]]''
| wars               = [[Russo-Georgian War]]<br />[[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = [[KBP Instrument Design Bureau]]
| design_date        = 1970–1980
| manufacturer       = [[Ulyanovsk Mechanical Factory]]
| production_date    = 1976–present
| number             = 
| variants           = 2K22 (Tunguska), 2K22M (Tunguska-M), 2K22M1 (Tunguska-M1)
| unit_cost          = $16 million <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Air-Defense-Systems/Tunguska-M_a000373001.aspx|title=ЗTunguska-M|access-date=2010-08-01|publisher=Deagel.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409095150/http://www.deagel.com/Air-Defense-Systems/Tunguska-M_a000373001.aspx|archive-date=2010-04-09|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = Tunguska-M1
| weight             = about {{convert|35,000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| length             = about {{convert|7.90|m|ftin|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}
| part_length        = 
| width              = about {{convert|3.25|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height             = about {{convert|4|m|ftin|abbr=on}} or about {{convert|3.35|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} (radar stowed)
| diameter           = 
| crew               = 4 (vehicle commander, driver, gunner, radar operator)
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->| armour             = protects the vehicle from 7.62 mm small arms fire and shell splinters
| primary_armament   = 8 × 9M311, 9M311K, 9M311-1, 9M311M, 9M311-M1 or 57E6 missiles
| secondary_armament = 2 × twin-barrel 30 mm {{Interlanguage link|2А38M|ru|2А38}}
 guns (1,904 rounds carried)
| engine             = V-46 based on the [[Kharkiv model V-2|Model V-2]] [[V12 engine|V12]] [[diesel engine]]
| engine_power       = the engine had 780hp, but it was limited to 710hp for this vehicle
| pw_ratio           = 
| transmission       = Hydromechanical
| payload_capacity   = 
| suspension         = Hydropneumatic
| clearance          = 17–57 cm
| wingspan           = 
| propellant         = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 
| boost              = 
| speed              = {{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} maximum on the road
| guidance           = 
| steering           = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = 
| transport          = 
}}

The '''2K22 Tunguska''' ({{langx|ru| 2К22 "Тунгуска"}}) is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Caterpillar track|tracked]] [[self-propelled anti-aircraft gun]] armed with a [[Surface-to-air missile|surface-to-air]] gun and missile system. It is designed to provide day and night protection for infantry and tank regiments against low-flying aircraft, helicopters, and cruise missiles in all weather conditions. The [[NATO reporting name]] for the missile used by the weapon system is '''SA-19 "Grison"'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://weaponsystems.net/system/60-2S6+Tunguska|title=2S6 Tunguska|access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref>

==Development==
Development of the 2K22 anti-aircraft system began on 8 June 1970. At the request of the Soviet Ministry of Defense, the [[KBP Instrument Design Bureau]] in [[Tula, Russia|Tula]], under the guidance of the appointed Chief Designer {{ill|A. G. Shipunov|ru|Шипунов, Аркадий Георгиевич}}, started work on a 30mm anti-aircraft system as a replacement for the 23mm [[ZSU-23-4]].<ref name="VKO"/>

The project, code-named "[[Tunguska event|Tunguska]]", was undertaken to improve on the observed shortcomings of the ZSU-23-4 (short range and no early warning) and a counter to new ground attack aircraft in development, such as the [[A-10 Thunderbolt II]] and the [[AH-64 Apache]], which were designed to be highly resistant to 23&nbsp;mm cannons.{{sfn|Guardia|2015|p=39}} Studies were conducted and demonstrated that a 30&nbsp;mm cannon would require from a third to a half of the number of  shells that the 23&nbsp;mm cannon of the ZSU-23-4 would need to destroy a given target, and that firing at a [[MiG-17]] (or similarly at, in case of war, NATO's [[Hawker Hunter]] or [[Fiat G.91]]) flying at {{convert|300|m/s|mph}}, with an identical mass of 30&nbsp;mm projectiles would result in a kill probability 1.5 times greater than with 23&nbsp;mm projectiles. An increase in the maximum engagement altitude from {{convert|2000|to|4000|m|ft}} and increased effectiveness when engaging lightly armoured ground targets were also cited.<ref name="PVO">{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/tunguska/tunguska.htm |title=Зенитный ракетно-пушечный комплекс 2К22 "Тунгуска" (SA-19 Grison) |access-date=9 August 2008 |website=Вестника ПВО |language=ru |date=3 October 2000 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818214029/http://pvo.guns.ru/tunguska/tunguska.htm| archive-date=18 August 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref>

The initial requirements set for the system were to achieve twice the performance in terms of range, altitude and combat effectiveness of the ZSU-23-4, additionally the system should have a reaction time no greater than 10 seconds.<ref name="VKO"/> Due to the similarities in the fire control of artillery and missiles, it was decided that the Tunguska would be a combined gun and missile system.<ref name="VKO"/> A combined system is more effective than the ZSU-23-4, engaging targets at long-range with missiles, and shorter range targets with guns.

In addition to KBP as the primary contractor, other members of the Soviet military-industrial complex were involved in the project; the chassis was developed at the Minsk tractor factory, the radio equipment at the [[Ulyanovsk Mechanical Factory]], central computer at [[NIEMI]] ("Antey"), guidance and navigational systems by VNII "Signal", and optics were developed by the Leningrad Optical Mechanical Association ([[LOMO]]).<ref name="Astronautica">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/tunguska.htm |title=Tunguska |access-date=2008-09-04 |website=Encyclopedia Astronautica |date=2007-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428172602/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/tunguska.htm |archive-date=2008-04-28 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

However, development was slowed between 1975 and 1977 after the introduction of the [[9K33 Osa]] missile system, which seemed to fill the same requirement but with greater missile performance. After some considerable debate, it was felt that a purely missile-based system would not be as effective at dealing with very low flying attack helicopters attacking at short range with no warning as had been proven so successful in the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War|Arab-Israeli War]]. Since the reaction time of a gun system is around 8–10 seconds, compared to approximately 30 seconds for a missile-based system, development was restarted.<ref name="PVO"/>

The initial designs were completed in 1973, with pilot production completed in 1976 at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Factory.<ref name="VKO"/> System testing and trials were conducted between September 1980 and December 1981 on the Donguzskiy range.<ref name="VKO"/> It was officially accepted into service on 8 September 1982 and the initial version, which was designated 2K22/2S6, had four missiles in the ready to fire position (two on each side) and two 2A38 autocannons. The Tunguska entered into limited service from 1984, when the first batteries were delivered to the army.<ref name="VKO"/>

After a limited production run of the original 2K22, an improved version designated 2K22M/2S6M entered service in 1990.<ref name="VKO"/> The 2K22M featured several improvements with eight ready-to-fire missiles (four on each side) as well as modifications to the fire control programs, missiles and the general reliability of the system, and improved [[autocannon]]s, 2A38M.

Tunguska underwent further improvement when, in 2003, the Russian armed forces accepted the Tunguska-M1 or 2K22M1 into service.<ref name="VKO"/> The M1 introduced the new 9M311-M1 missile, which made a number of changes allowing the 2K22M1 to engage small targets like [[cruise missile]]s by replacing the eight-beam laser [[proximity fuze]] with a radio fuse. An additional modification afforded greater resistance to [[infrared]] [[countermeasure]]s by replacing the missile tracking flare with a pulsed [[IR beacon]]. Other improvements included an increased missile range from {{convert|8|to|10|km|mi}}, improved optical tracking and accuracy, improved fire control co-ordination between components of a battery and the command post. Overall, the Tunguska-M1 has a combat efficiency 1.3–1.5 times greater than the Tunguska-M.<ref name="Warfare.ru">{{cite web |url=http://warfare.be/?lang=&catid=264&linkid=1693 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219190355/http://warfare.be/?lang=&catid=264&linkid=1693 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-19 |title=SA-19 Grison / Tunguska |access-date=2008-08-09 |website=Warfare.ru }}</ref>

==Description==
The [[GRAU]] index lists the "Tunguska" system as '''2K22'''.<ref name="VKO">{{cite web|url=http://www.vko.ru/DesktopModules/Articles/ArticlesView.aspx?tabID=320&ItemID=205&mid=2891&wversion=Staging |script-title=ru:ЗПРК "Тунгуска-М1" ведет бой по своим правилам |access-date=2008-09-04 |website=Военно-промышленный курьер |language=ru |publisher=ВПК-Медиа |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926193715/http://www.vko.ru/DesktopModules/Articles/ArticlesView.aspx?tabID=320&ItemID=205&mid=2891&wversion=Staging |archive-date=26 September 2008 |url-status = dead}}</ref> A complete system or battery consists of six 2S6 combat vehicles armed with the 9M311 "Treugol'nik" (triangle) surface-to-air missile and two 2A38 30&nbsp;mm cannons. These are accompanied by up to three 2F77 transloader trucks. The 2K22 is also associated with a variety of support facilities including the 2F55, 1R10 and 2V110 repair and maintenance vehicles, the MTO-AGZ workshop and the 9V921 test vehicle and others.<ref name="Russia's Arms 2001-2002">{{cite book|title=Russia's Arms 2001–2002 |publisher=Military Parade Ltd. |year=2001 |location=Moscow |url=http://www.milparade.ru/en/ |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117033433/http://www.milparade.ru/en/ |archive-date=November 17, 2010 }}</ref> These facilities provide maintenance for the 2K22 battery in the field as well as scheduled overhauls. Each system can attack six targets simultaneously (1 for each machine 2S6) limited to a ceiling of {{convert|3.5|km|mi}} and an elevation of −10° to 87°.<ref name="rbase.new-factoria.ru">{{cite web|url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/tunguska/tunguska.shtml|title=Зенитный ракетно-пушечный комплекс 2К22 Тунгуска|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112192115/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/tunguska/tunguska.shtml|archive-date=12 November 2014|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="modernarmy.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.modernarmy.ru/article/193|title=ЗПРК 2К22 "Тунгуска" (СССР/Россия)|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109164817/http://www.modernarmy.ru/article/193|archive-date=9 November 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>

[[Image:VDay Parade Rehearsal Moscow03.jpg|thumb|Tunguska at [[Moscow Victory Parade of 2008|2008 Moscow Victory Parade]]]]
The 2S6 combat vehicle uses the [[GM-352]] and later GM-352M chassis developed and produced by the [[Minsk Tractor Plant]] (MTZ) which has six road wheels with hydropneumatic suspension on each side, a drive sprocket at the rear and three return rollers. An [[CBRN defense|NBC]] system is also integrated into the chassis, which is armored to protect it from small arms fire.<ref name="rbase.new-factoria.ru"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military-today.com/artillery/2s6_tunguska.htm |title=2S6 Tunguska 30-mm Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun/Missile System |website=Military-Today.com |year=2014 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512050332/http://www.military-today.com/artillery/2s6_tunguska.htm |archive-date=12 May 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> an automatic gear change and diagnostic capability are available with latest Tunguska-M1 which uses the new [[GM-5975]] chassis developed and produced by [[Metrovagonmash|MMZ]]. GM-5975.25 has a cruising range of {{convert|500|km|mi}} and a maximum speed of {{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. It can function in ambient temperatures of {{convert|−50|to|50|C|F}} and up to an altitude of {{convert|3000|m|ft}}. It has an ability of climb hills with up to a 35° slope.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mmzavod.ru/?page_id=28 |title=Гусеничная машина ГМ 5975.25 (Тунгуска) |access-date=2013-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213021415/http://mmzavod.ru/?page_id=28 |archive-date=2013-12-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Metrowagonmash">{{cite web|url=http://www.metrowagonmash.ru/english/gm5975t.htm |title=GM-5975 Specifications |access-date=2008-08-09 |website=MetroWagonMash |date=2006-08-11 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720015922/http://www.metrowagonmash.ru/english/gm5975t.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2011 }}</ref> Overall, the layout is similar to the previous ZSU-23-4 with a large central 360-degree rotating turret (designated the 2A40) containing the armament, sensors and three of the crew: the commander, gunner and radar operator. The driver sits in the front left of the hull, with a gas turbine APU to his right and the multi-fuel diesel engine in the rear of the hull.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

An electromechanically scanned [[Parabolic antenna|parabolic]] [[E band (NATO)|E-band]] (10&nbsp;kW power) target acquisition [[radar]] is mounted on the rear top of the turret that when combined with the turret front mounted [[J band (NATO)|J-band]] (150&nbsp;kW power) [[monopulse]] tracking radar forms the 1RL144 (NATO:Hot Shot) [[pulse-Doppler]] [[3D radar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cmano-db.com/pdf/sensor/5007/ |title=Hot Shot [RLM SOC] Acquisition 
 |access-date=2017-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014401/http://cmano-db.com/pdf/sensor/5007/ |archive-date=2017-12-14 |url-status = live}}</ref> system, which can detect and track targets flying as high as {{convert|3500|m|ft}}. Alongside the 1A26 digital computer and the 1G30 angle measurement system form the 1A27 radar complex. Tunguska-M has the 1RL144M radar with detection range {{convert|18|km|mi}} and tracking range {{convert|16|km|mi}}. The mechanically scanned target acquisition radar for the Tunguska-M1 offers a 360° field of view, a detection range of around {{convert|18|km|mi}} and can detect targets flying as low as {{convert|15|m|ft}}. Its tracking radar has a range of {{convert|16|km|mi}}. A C/D-band [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] system is also fitted and designated 1RL138.<ref>{{cite web |title=2S6M Anti-Aircraft Artillery |url=https://man.fas.org/dod-101/sys/land/row/2s6m.htm |website=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Adamy |first1=David L. |title=EW 104: Electronic Warfare Against a New Generation of Threats |date=1 February 2015 |publisher=Artech House |isbn=978-1-60807-870-7 |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foYTBwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> The radar system is highly protected against various types of interference, and can work if there are mountains on the horizon, regardless of the background. <!--'One 2S6 vulnerable to anti-radar missile system 2K22 is fully protected from attack AGM-45 Shrike, AGM-78 Standard ARM. Other anti-missile radar system 2S6 could destroy is approached. Radar sees due to the rotation the helicopter of screws.' - What ARM missiles is the 2S6 able to counter or vulnerable to? Can anyone convert the gibberish to intelligible english? I'm guessing that the radar can discern the rotation of helicopter blades, but it is unclear. This isn't a paragraph, merely a collection of disjointed sentences. The radar can sees due to the rotation the helicopter of screws.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/tunguska/tunguska_03.htm |title=ЗРПК 'Тунгуска' |work=pvo.guns.ru |year=2000 |access-date=13 June 2015 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529215003/http://pvo.guns.ru/tunguska/tunguska_03.htm |archive-date=29 May 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref>--> The system is able to fire on the move using 30&nbsp;mm cannons, although it must be stationary to fire missiles. The maximum target speed can be up to {{convert|500|m/s|mph}}.<ref name="NewFac">{{cite web|url=http://www.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/tunguska/tunguska.shtml |script-title=ru:Зенитный ракетно-пушечный комплекс 2К22 "Тунгуска" |access-date=2008-08-09 |website=New-Factoria.ru |language=ru |publisher=Балтийского Государственного Технического Университета "ВОЕНМЕХ" |year=2000 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011044916/http://www.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/tunguska/tunguska.shtml |archive-date=2008-10-11 }}</ref>

Standard equipment of the 2S6 and 2S6M includes a computerized fire control system, heating, ventilation, NBC system, an automatic fire detection and suppression system, navigational equipment, night vision aids, 1V116 intercom, external communications system with an R-173 receiver -modernized in the 2S6M for better communication with the command post- and monitoring equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5849|title=2S6 2S6M 2K22 2K22M Tunguska Tunguska-M self-propelled air defense cannon missile data sheet picture – Army Recognition – Army Recognition|access-date=2013-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213020947/http://www.armyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5849|archive-date=2013-12-13|url-status = live}}</ref> The vehicle also has protection against the effects of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.<ref name="modernarmy.ru"/>

A battery of six Tunguska can automatically receive fire control information via an encrypted radio link, this allows targets to be distributed between individual units from a [[Ranzhir]] or [[PPRU-1|PPRU]] battery command post, which can receive target information from either [[Airborne Early Warning and Control|AWACS]] or early warning radar or in the case of the PPRU its own radar equipment.<ref name="Warfare.ru"/>

==Variants==
[[File:UA anti-air battalion of 30th bgd 06.jpg|thumb|right|A 2K22 Tunguska of the [[30th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|Ukrainian 30th Mechanized Brigade]] camouflaged with tree branches during the [[Battle of Bakhmut]], 3 December 2022]]

===2K22===
Original system, with 9M311, 9M311K (3M87) or 9M311-1 missiles with a range of {{convert|8|km|mi}}. Some of these early versions of the "Tunguska" system were known as "Treugol'nik" (Russian Треугольник—''triangle''). This system is mounted on the '''2S6''' integrated air defense vehicle.

===2K22M (1990)===
Main production system, with 9M311M (3M88) missiles and 2A38M autocannons. This integrated air defense vehicle '''2S6M''' is based on the GM-352M chassis. 2F77M transporter-loader. 2F55-1, 1R10-1 and 2V110-1 repair and maintenance vehicles.

===2K22M1 (2003)===
Improved version with the '''2S6M1''' combat vehicle on a GM-5975 chassis, using the 9M311-M1 missile (range: {{convert|10|km|mi}}) and with an improved fire control system. Passed state trials and entered service with the Russian armed forces on 31 July 2003.<ref>[http://www.kbptula.ru/rus/kbp/rusarmy.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607083216/http://www.kbptula.ru/rus/kbp/rusarmy.htm|date=June 7, 2012}}</ref>

==Guns==
The dual {{Interlanguage link|2А38|ru}} 30&nbsp;mm cannons (as well as the later 2A38M) were designed by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau and manufactured by the [[Tulamashzavod]] Joint Stock Company. The cannons are fired alternatively with a combined rate of fire of between 3,900 and 5,000 rounds per minute (1,950 to 2,500 rpm for each gun), which gives a continuous fire time of 23–30 seconds before running out of ammunition, and have a muzzle velocity of {{convert|960|m/s|mph}}.<ref name="KBP">{{cite web|url=http://www.kbptula.ru/eng/str/cannons/2a38m.htm |title=30 mm 2A38M Automatic Anti-Aircraft Gun |access-date=2008-08-09 |website=KBP Instrument Design Bureau |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429225144/http://www.kbptula.ru/eng/str/cannons/2a38m.htm |archive-date=April 29, 2008 }}</ref> Bursts of between 83 and 250 rounds are fired as determined by the target type, with an engagement range between {{convert|0.2|to|4.0|km|mi}}. HE-T and HE-I shells are used and fitted with an A-670 time and impact [[fuze]] which includes an arming delay and [[self destruct]] mechanism.<ref name="Russia's Arms 2001-2002" /> The 2K22 can fire its cannons in two primary modes of operation, radar and optical. In radar mode, the target tracking is fully automatic, with the guns aimed using data from the radar. In optical mode, the gunner tracks the target through the 1A29 stabilized sight, with the radar providing range data.{{sfn|Guardia|2015|p=27}}<ref name="structure.mil.ru">{{cite web|url=http://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/ground/weapons/vpvo/moreGj.htm?id=10332658@morfMilitaryModel|title=Зенитный пушечно- ракетный комплекс "Тунгуска-М"|website=structure.mil.ru|access-date=13 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401070618/http://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/ground/weapons/vpvo/moreGj.htm?id=10332658@morfMilitaryModel|archive-date=1 April 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Missiles==
{{Infobox weapon
|name= 9M311
|image=
|caption=
|origin= Soviet Union
|type= [[Surface-to-air missile]]
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=
|is_artillery=
|is_vehicle=
|is_missile=yes
|is_UK=yes
<!-- Service history -->
|service= 1982–present
|used_by=[[Belarus]], India, [[Morocco]], [[Syria]], Russia, [[Soviet Union|former Soviet Union]], [[Ukraine]]
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=KBP Instrument Design Bureau
|design_date=1970–1980
|production_date= 1976–present
|number=
|variants= 9M311, 9M311K, 9M311-1, 9M311M, 9M311-M1, 57E6
<!-- General specifications -->
|spec_label= 9M311
|weight= {{convert|57|kg|lb}}
|length= {{convert|2560|mm|ft}}
|diameter=
<!-- Explosive specifications -->
|filling= [[Continuous-rod warhead|Continuous-rod]] and steel cubes
|filling_weight= {{convert|9|kg|lb}}
|detonation= Laser fuze (Radio fuze for 9M311-M1)
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
|wingspan=
|propellant= [[Solid-fuel rocket]]
|fuel_capacity=
|vehicle_range= {{Convert|8|to|10|km|mi}} 9M311-M1)
|ceiling= {{Convert|3500|m|ft}}
|altitude=
|boost= 2 stages: boost to {{convert|900|m/s|mph}}, then sustained {{convert|600|m/s|mph}} stage to range
|speed= {{convert|900|m/s|mph}} maximum
|guidance= Radio [[Command guidance]]
|steering= [[rocket motor]] with four steerable control surfaces
|accuracy= {{convert|5|m|ft}}
|launch_platform= 2S6 combat vehicle
|transport= 2F77 transloader
}}
{{stack|float=right|[[File:SA-19.png|thumb|upright=.2|Illustration of the 9M311]]}}
The system uses the same 9M311 (NATO: SA-19/SA-N-11) missile family as the naval [[CIWS]] [[Kashtan CIWS|Kashtan]] which can engage targets at a range of {{convert|1.5|to|8|km|mi}} and to an altitude of {{convert|5|to|3500|m|ft}}<ref name="PVO"/> the Tunguska-M1 uses the improved 9M311-M1 missile with an increased range of {{convert|2.5|to|10|km|mi}} and an altitude of {{convert|15|to|3500|m|ft}}. The missile has two stages, a large booster stage with four folding fins, which boosts the missile to a velocity of {{convert|900|m/s|mph}}.<ref name="Australia Air Power">{{cite web |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-PLA-PD-SAM.html#Grison |title=Russian/PLA Point Defense |access-date=2008-07-21 |publisher=Air Power Australia |author=Peter Goon|date=12 May 2008 |pages=1 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080715165656/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-PLA-PD-SAM.html| archive-date= 15 July 2008 <!--DASHBot-->|url-status = live}}</ref> The second stage has four fixed fins, and four steerable control surfaces. The complete missile is around {{convert|2.56|m|ft}} long and a mass of {{convert|57|kg|lb}}.<ref name="PVO"/>

Guidance is performed by the target tracking radar, it constantly relays target range, elevation and bearing to the fire-control computer, and on the basis of this data the computer generates the laying commands for the guns or the trajectory corrections for the missiles. A back-up tracking method can be used by the gunner, who uses the stabilized sight of the Tunguska to track the target in elevation and azimuth.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Putreé |editor-first=Michael |title=International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook |date=2004 |publisher=Artech House |isbn=978-1-58053-898-5 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8kePYFK1L8C |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The gunner is initially cued towards the target by the system's search radar. Once the missile is steered to within {{convert|5|m|ft}} of the target, an active laser or radio fuse (9M311-M1) is triggered. A contact fuse is also fitted. The warhead weighs about {{convert|9|kg|lb}}, and is a [[Continuous-rod warhead|continuous-rod]] system, consisting of {{convert|600|mm|in}} long, {{convert|6|to|9|mm|in}} diameter rods, which break into fragments weighing {{convert|2|–|3|g|oz}}. The rods form a complete ring about {{convert|5|m|ft}} from the missile.<ref name="PVO"/>

===Missile variants===
* 9M311: Original missile, laser proximity fuze, range {{convert|8|km|mi}}.
* 9M311K (3M87): Naval version of the 9M311 used by the ''[[Kashtan CIWS|Kortik]]'' system. Export version of Kashtan uses the 9M311-1E missile.
* 9M311-1: Export version of the missile.
* 9M311M (3M88): Improved version of the missile.
* 9M311-M1: Used with the ''Tunguska-M1'' radar proximity fuse for improved capability against cruise missiles. Pulsed tracking light instead of constant flare for better resistance to infrared countermeasures. Range improved to {{convert|10|km|mi}}.

===Similar systems===
* '''{{vanchor |FK-1000}}''': 9M311 missiles were first exported to China in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/292342/china-displays-entire-air-defence.html|title=9M311 sold to China in 1005|website=Deccan Herald|date=16 November 2012|access-date=2012-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118050241/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/292342/china-displays-entire-air-defence.html|archive-date=2012-11-18|url-status = live}}</ref> and at the 9th [[Zhuhai Airshow]] held in November 2012, a suspected Chinese derivative of 2K22 Tunguska designated as '''FK-1000''' (similar to this system is Sky Dragon 12, SD-12, Tianlong 12 on an 8-wheel chassis, only rockets){{citation needed|date=October 2020}}  was revealed to public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/china-displays-air-defence-arsenal-in-unprecedented-openness/1031959/|title=FK-1000 SAM|access-date=2012-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120070326/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/china-displays-air-defence-arsenal-in-unprecedented-openness/1031959|archive-date=2012-11-20|url-status = live}}</ref> The [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation]] (CASIC) developed FK-1000, differs from 2K22 Tunguska in that FK-1000 is mounted on an 8 × 8 truck, and the 30&nbsp;mm guns of Tunguska are replaced by 25&nbsp;mm [[autocannon]]s. The radars of FK-1000 are arranged in exactly the same way as in the 2K22 Tunguska, but mechanically scanned surveillance and tracking radars of Tunguska are both replaced by a phased array radars in FK-1000. A total of 12 missiles are mounted on the sides of weapons station, with 6 on each side, in the form of 2 rows of 3 containers/launchers each. The missile of FK-1000 is designated as '''KS-1000''', which is also surprisingly similar to 9M311,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.360doc.com/content/13/0209/13/11542102_264947307.shtml|title=KS-1000 missile|access-date=2014-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114033315/http://www.360doc.com/content/13/0209/13/11542102_264947307.shtml|archive-date=2016-01-14|url-status = live}}</ref> and this has led many in the west to claim that FK-1000 system is derived from 2K22 Tunguska, but with cheaper price tag than the latest Russian system: in comparison to the 15 million [[United States dollar|dollars]] of [[Pantsir-S1]] (SA-22), FK-1000 system is priced at 5 million dollars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htada/articles/20121127.aspx|title=Air Defense: China Does It Cheaper Again|website=strategypage.com|access-date=13 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513014743/http://strategypage.com/htmw/htada/articles/20121127.aspx|archive-date=13 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Combat history==
Variants of the 2K22 system have continued to serve in the Soviet and later Russian armed forces since their initial introduction in 1984. The 2K22 has also been inducted into the armed forces of a number of foreign states, most notably India. The 2K22 has been used in the [[2008 South Ossetia war]] by Russian armed forces.

The 2K22 has been used in the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] by Ukrainian and Russian forces.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mittal |first1=Vikram |title=Ukraine Is Neutralizing Russian Air Defense Systems Ahead Of The Counteroffensive |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/vikrammittal/2023/05/10/ukraine-is-neutralizing-russian-air-defense-systems-ahead-of-the-counteroffensive/?sh=40d3f07543b2 |website=Forbes |access-date=31 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Swierkowski |first1=Adam |title=Ukraińska Tunguska w akcji |url=https://defence24.pl/wojna-na-ukrainie-raport-specjalny-defence24/ukrainska-tunguska-w-akcji |website=defence24.pl |access-date=31 August 2023 |language=pl |date=16 October 2022}}</ref>
In June 2023, Ukraine ordered the repair, refurbishment, and spare parts through the International Fund for Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |title=UK will provide Ukraine with air defense package |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/uk-will-provide-ukraine-with-air-defense-package/ |website=Militarnyi |access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref>

==Operators==
[[File:2K22 operators.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Operators {{legend|#0a57c0|Current}}{{legend|#dc0023|Former}}]]
[[File:На полігоні у Гончарівському тривають навчальні збори резервістів 1-ї окремої танкової бригади (27734086700).jpg|thumb|2S6 [[Ukrainian Army]]]]

===Current operators===
* {{BLR}}: 2S6<ref name="IISS2023">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032508955 |edition=1st |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>{{rp|176}}
* {{IND}}: Up to 80 2S6 as of 2023.<ref name="IISS2023">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032508955 |edition=1st |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>{{rp|394}}
* {{MAR}}: 12 2К22М1s as of 2012<ref>''Military Balance 2012'', page 340</ref>
* {{MYA}}: 38 acquired from [[Russia]] between 2004 and 2007,<ref name="sipri">{{cite web|title=Trade Register 1990–2019|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |access-date=28 April 2020|website=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref> and 3 from Ukraine in 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukrmilitary.com/2019/09/tunguska.html?m=1&fbclid=IwAR0Y-_eiDNshaEixEve6JnFc3SnN6zti9eknpJbxJvGjqFw92PU5QRDngh4 |title=Спецтехноекспорт поставив М'янмі три "Тунгуски" по $1000|date=22 September 2019 |access-date=22 September 2019 |language=ru |trans-title=Spetstechnoexport supplied Myanmar with three Tunguskas for $ 1,000 each}}</ref>
* {{RUS}}: more than 250 2К22s as of 2012, according to ''Military Balance 2012''. 21 Tunguska-M1s were delivered in 2012–2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/1107/142043988/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Валерий Герасимов: за пятилетний период принято на вооружение более 300 новых образцов ВиВТ |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107222249/http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/1107/142043988/detail.shtml |archive-date=2017-11-07 |url-status = live}}</ref>
* {{SYR}}: six 2S6М1s delivered in 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.nationaldefense.ru/757/760/index.shtml?id=7010 |title=Национальная оборона / Рынки вооружений|access-date=2014-09-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140323172234/http://old.nationaldefense.ru/757/760/index.shtml?id=7010 |archive-date=2014-03-23|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vpk.name/news/95907_chem_budet_voevat_siriya_v_sluchae_agressii_stran_zapadnoi_koalicii.html |title=Чем будет воевать Сирия в случае агрессии стран западной коалиции?|date=30 August 2013 |access-date=2014-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082427/http://vpk.name/news/95907_chem_budet_voevat_siriya_v_sluchae_agressii_stran_zapadnoi_koalicii.html |archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status = live}}</ref>
* {{UKR}}: 70 2S6s as of 2012, according to ''Military Balance 2012.'' At least one captured Tunguska-M1 is operational in Ukrainian service.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1504525128847220740|user=UAWeapons|title=Something very interesting; the Ukrainian Army (Most likely the 93rd Mechanized Brigade) is now confirmed to be operating a captured 2K22M/M1 "Tunguska" SPAAG; we don't know if the capture of this particular unit was previously unknown, but quite notable either way.}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2022}} 75 as of 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inside Ukraine's extensive but ageing air defence system |url=https://www.key.aero/article/inside-ukraines-extensive-ageing-air-defence-system |website=www.key.aero |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221202070025/https://www.key.aero/article/inside-ukraines-extensive-ageing-air-defence-system |archive-date=2 December 2022 |language=en |date=17 January 2022 |quote=Tunguska AAA/SAM short-range self propelled system (maximum range of 5.3nm), with no less than 75 units in active service |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Former operators===
* {{flag|Soviet Union}}: passed on to successor states

==Comparable systems==
*{{lwc|EE-11 Urutu#Other variants|EE-11 air defense}}
*{{lwc|Pantsir-S1}}
*{{lwc|K30 Biho}}
*{{lwc|BOV (APC)|HS M09 BOV-3}}
*{{lwc|Air defense anti-tank system}}
*{{lwc|Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard}}
*{{lwc|PZA Loara}}
*{{lwc|Tor missile system}}
*{{lwc|Type 08#Export Variant|CS/SA5}}
*{{lwc|Type 08#Variants|PGL-625}}
*{{lwc|Type 87 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun}}
*{{lwc|Type 95 SPAAA}}
*{{lwc|LAV-25|LAV-AD (Air Defense)}}

==References==
<references/>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book
  | last = Koll
  | first = Christian
  | title = Soviet Cannon: A Comprehensive Study of Soviet Arms and Ammunition in Calibres 12.7mm to 57mm
  | publisher = Koll
  | year = 2009
  | location = Austria
  | url = http://www.russianammo.org
  | isbn = 978-3-200-01445-9
  | page = 276 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Guardia |first1=Mike |title=Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Guns of the Soviet Union |date=20 May 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-0624-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Y6HCwAAQBAJ |access-date=25 August 2023 |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120615011921/http://kbptula.ru/eng/zencom/tung.htm Tunguska-M1 Air Defense Missile/Gun System], KBP Instrument Design Bureau website
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-19.htm Federation of American Scientists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902152543/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-19.htm |date=2016-09-02 }}
* [https://archive.today/20130219190355/http://warfare.be/?lang=&catid=264&linkid=1693 Warfare.ru SA-19]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090722200554/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/Red-Star/issues/APR95/APR95.HTML Threat Update: 2S6 Tunguska Self-Propelled Air Defense System, Red Thrust Star, April 1995 issue]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3JY-9nLay0 YouTube Tunguska-M1 Video]
* [http://dishmodels.com/wshow.htm?p=1220&lng=E Tunguska-M1 Walkaround]

{{PostWWIISovietAFVS}}
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SAM}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2k22 Tunguska}}
[[Category:Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Close-in weapon systems]]
[[Category:Missile launchers]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union|2K22]]
[[Category:KBP Instrument Design Bureau products]]
[[Category:Almaz-Antey products]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1980s]]