42nd Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)
| 42nd Anti-Aircraft Brigade (later 68 Anti-Aircraft Brigade) | |
|---|---|
| Active | 1 October 1938–25 April 1955 |
| Country |  United Kingdom |
| Branch |  Territorial Army |
| Type | Anti-Aircraft Brigade |
| Role | Air Defence |
| Part of | 3rd AA Division 12th AA Division 6th AA Group 8th AA Group 3rd AA Group |
| Garrison/HQ | Glasgow |
| Engagements | Battle of Britain The Blitz |
42nd Anti-Aircraft Brigade was an air defence formation of Britain's Territorial Army (TA). It was responsible for protecting the City of Glasgow and industry along the Firth of Clyde during World War II.
Origin
With the expansion of Britain's Anti-Aircraft (AA) defences during the late 1930s, new formations were created to command the growing number of Royal Artillery (RA) and Royal Engineers (RE) AA gun and searchlight units. 42nd AA Brigade was raised on 1 October 1938 at Glasgow, and formed part of 3rd AA Division, which had been created a month earlier for the air defence of Scotland and Northern Ireland.[1][2]
Mobilisation
At the time the brigade was formed, the TA's AA units were in a state of mobilisation because of the Munich crisis, although they were soon stood down. In February 1939 Britain's AA defences came under the control of a new Anti-Aircraft Command. In June a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. AA Command mobilised fully on 24 August, ahead of the official declaration of war on 3 September.[3]
Order of Battle
On mobilisation in August 1939, 42nd AA Bde had the following composition:[1][4][5]
- 74th (City of Glasgow) AA Regiment, RA – new Heavy AA gun unit formed at Glasgow in 1938[6][7]
- HQ and 230th–232nd Batteries
- 83rd (Blythswood) AA Regiment, RA – Heavy AA gun unit converted from 7th (Blythswood) Battalion, Highland Light Infantry in 1938[7][8]
- HQ and 257th–259th Batteries at Bridgeton, Glasgow
- 100th AA Regiment, RA – new Heavy AA gun unit formed at Motherwell in 1939[7][9]
- HQ, 304th and 305th Batteries
- 42nd AA Brigade Company, Royal Army Service Corps
The AA regiments of the RA were redesignated Heavy AA (HAA) in 1940 to distinguish them from the new Light AA (LAA) regiments being formed.
Phoney War
Attacks on Royal Navy bases early in the so-called Phoney War period prompted calls for stronger AA defences at Scapa Flow, Invergordon, Rosyth and the Clyde anchorage, and 3rd AA Division was given priority for delivery of HAA guns. The defenders had problems at Scapa, where a chain of rugged islands enclose an extensive area of water, which stretched beyond the reach of HAA fire from the islands. Installing gun positions on the islands required an immense amount of labour. A new Luftwaffe attack on 16 March 1940 caught the defences half-prepared: only 52 out of 64 HAA guns were fit for action, and 30 out of 108 searchlights. About 15 Junkers Ju 88s approached at low level in the dusk: half dived on the warships and the rest attacked the airfield. 44 HAA guns of 42 AA Bde engaged, but their predictors were defeated by erratic courses and low height. 17 LAA guns also engaged, but the Gun layers were blinded by gun-flashes in the half light. No enemy aircraft were brought down. A subsequent inquiry concluded that the low level attack had evaded radar, the gun lay-out still left gaps in the perimeter, and guns were out of action awaiting spare parts.[10]
The Blitz
Following the Luftwaffe's defeat in the Battle of Britain, it began night attacks on Britain's cities ('The Blitz'). 3rd AA Division's responsibilities were split in November 1940 and a new 12th AA Division created, to which 42nd AA Bde was transferred, with its responsibility restricted to the defence of Glasgow and the Firth of Clyde. By this stage of the war, 42nd AA Bde's order of battle was as follows:[11][12][13][14]
- 83rd HAA Rgt – as above[8]
- 100th HAA Rgt – as above[9]
- 111th HAA Rgt – New HAA regiment formed in October 1940[15][16]
- 18th LAA Rgt – New LAA regiment formed at Glasgow in September 1939[7][17]
- HQ, 54th, 99 and 139 LAA Btys at Glasgow
- 56th LAA Bty at Ardeer
- 60th LAA Regt – New LAA regiment formed in November 1940[16][18]
- HQ, 180, 181 and 187 LAA Btys
(By this time, 74th HAA Rgt was on its way to Egypt.[1][6][19])
The industrial town of Clydebank near Glasgow was badly hit on the night of 13/14 March 1941 in the 'Clydebank Blitz', but none of the raiders was brought down by AA fire.
Later war
As the war progressed, several of the existing TA AA units went overseas, to be replaced by war-formed units, many of them 'mixed', including women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service. 60 LAA Rgt left the UK and joined 13 AA Bde in India in April 1942.[18][20] By June 42, 83 HAA and 18 LAA Rgts had joined Tenth Army in Iraq.[8][17][21] 100 HAA Rgt was in Middle East Forces by May 1943, later serving under Eighth Army in the Italian campaign.[9][22]
The AA divisions in the UK were disbanded in September 1942 and replaced by a system of AA Groups corresponding to the Groups of RAF Fighter Command. 42nd AA Bde came under 6 AA Group based at Edinburgh and affiliated to No. 14 Group RAF.[23][24] When 6 AA Group HQ moved to the south of England in March 1944 to prepare for the expected assault with V-1 flying bombs, a new 8 AA Group took over command of AA brigades in Scotland.[25] By October 1944, with the Luftwaffe suffering from such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious aerial attacks on the United Kingdom could be discounted, and with many AA units with 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe, the AA defences of the Clyde were reduced to a mere three HAA batteries (24 guns).[26]
Postwar
When the TA was reconstituted in 1947, 42 AA Bde was reorganised as 68 AA Brigade (TA), with its HQ at Glasgow, forming part of 3 AA Group at Edinburgh. It comprised the following units:[27][28][29]
- 500 (Mobile) HAA Rgt at Hamilton – formerly 100 HAA Rgt, see above[30]
- 518 LAA Rgt at Maryhill – formerly 18 LAA Rgt, see above
- 554 (Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders) LAA Rgt at Milngavie – formerly 54 LAA Rgt in 9th Armoured Division, originally 9th (Dunbartonshire) Bn, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders[31][32][33]
- 558 (Mobile) HAA Rgt at Wishaw – formerly 58 (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) LAA Rgt, duplicate of 54 LAA Rgt[33]
On 1 October 1948, the brigade became a Regular Army HQ and dropped the '(TA)' part of its title, though continuing to command its TA units. In 1950, 500 and 558 HAA Regiments merged, as 558 HAA Rgt at Coatdyke,[31][33] and 518 LAA Rgt merged with 591st (Cameronians) (Mixed) LAA/Searchlight Rgt (formerly 125 LAA Rgt, originally 5/8th Bn, The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)).[7]
AA Command was abolished on 10 March 1955, when 558 HAA was disbanded and the other regiments of 68 AA Bde underwent mergers. A few weeks later, HQ 68 AA Bde itself was converted into an Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA), taking the designation 1 AGRA (Field). It joined British Army of the Rhine as a Corps artillery HQ in 1958 and was redesignated again as 1st Artillery Brigade in 1961.[27][34][35]
Notes
- ^ a b c 3 AA Division 1939 at British Military History.
- ^ Routledge, Table LVIII, p. 376.
- ^ Routledge, pp. 65–6 & 371.
- ^ Routledge, Table LX, p. 378.
- ^ AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.
- ^ a b 74 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ a b c d e Litchfield, pp. 290–3.
- ^ a b c 83 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ a b c 100 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ Routledge, p. 375.
- ^ Routledge, Table LXV, p. 396.
- ^ 12 AA Division 1940 at British Military History.
- ^ Farndale, Annex D.
- ^ 12 AA Div at RA 39–45.
- ^ 111 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ a b Farndale, Annex M.
- ^ a b 18 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ a b 60 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
- ^ Joslen, p. 479.
- ^ Joslen, p. 524.
- ^ Joslen, p. 488.
- ^ Joslen, p. 467.
- ^ Routledge p. 401 & Map 36.
- ^ AA Corps History at British Military History.
- ^ Routledge, p. 409.
- ^ Routledge, Table LXXIII, p. 425.
- ^ a b 67–102 AA Bdes at British Army 1945 on.
- ^ Litchfield, Appendix 5, p. 333.
- ^ Watson, Territorial Army 1947.
- ^ 474–519 Rgts RA at British Army 1945 on.
- ^ a b Litchfield, p. 281.
- ^ Joslen, p. 20.
- ^ a b c 520–563 Rgts RA at British Army 1945 on.
- ^ Lord & Watson, p. 90.
- ^ RA Formation badges at British Badge Forum.
References
- Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, ISBN 1-85753-080-2.
- Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1-843424-74-6.
- Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
- Cliff Lord & Graham Watson, Royal Corps of Signals: Unit Histories of the Corps (1920–2001) and its Antecedents, Solihull: Helion, 2003, ISBN 1-874622-92-2.
- Brig N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, ISBN 1-85753-099-3.