Chang Hsien-yi
Chang Hsien-yi | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1943 |
| Nationality | Republic of China (former) |
| Education | National Tsing Hua University |
| Spouse | Hung Mei-feng |
| Children | Three |
| Espionage activity | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
Chang Hsien-yi (Chinese: 張憲義; born 1943) is a scientist who served as deputy director of Taiwan's Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER). He defected to the United States in 1988 after he exposed Taiwan's nuclear weapons program, causing it to shut down under American pressure.[1]
Early life
Chang was born in 1943 in Haikou City, mainland China, but with parents from the island of Taiwan.[2] He went to Taichung Second National High School, and attended National Tsing Hua University, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science degree.
Recruitment by the CIA
In 1967, Chang graduated from the military's Chung Cheng Institute of Technology (now National Defense University). Then from the 1970s, he was recruited by a case officer of the CIA while studying in America.[3] While rising through the ranks in Taiwan, he passed on information to the USA. By 1987, as Deputy Director of INER, he was well-positioned to provide information about the country's secret small-scale plutonium extraction facility. At this time, the Reagan administration considered it possible that the secret program was proceeding without the knowledge of Taiwan's president Lee Teng-hui.[4]
Defection to the United States of America
On 9 January 1988, Chang did not return to Taiwan from a holiday, and instead coerced his family to defect with him to the United States. Chang brought with him numerous top-secret documents[3] that could not have been obtained by other means,[4] though an article from the BBC claims Chang did not take a single document.[5] A study into the secret program concluded that at the time of Chang's defection, Taiwan was one or two years away from being able to complete a nuclear bomb.[6] According to The Economist, there were plans to fit nuclear warheads to Taiwan's Tien Ma, or 'Sky Horse' missile, which had an estimated range of up to 1,000 kilometres.[7] There were also plans to load miniaturised nuclear weapons into the auxiliary fuel tanks of the Indigenous Defense Fighter.[8] Armed with Chang's documents, President Reagan insisted that Taiwan shut down its program.[1]
Taiwan's Ministry of Defence denied that Chang had been a CIA informant. Its retired Chief of General Staff (1981-1989), General Hau Pei-tsun, claimed that for more than a decade previously, Taiwan already had the potential to develop nuclear weapons.[9] A former member of President Lee Teng-hui's national security team, Chang Jung-feng, has described Chang's actions as a 'betrayal'.[10] The CIA has refused to discuss Chang's defection.[11] James R. Lilley, who served as CIA station chief in Beijing, said the case should be 'publicly acknowledged as a success'.[6]
Chang is quoted in The Taipei Times as saying that he was "...motivated by fears that his research into nuclear weapons would be used by 'politically ambitious' people who would harm Taiwan."[10]
Nuclear energy in Taiwan
Taiwan uses nuclear power for some of its electricity generation, but since 1988, its official position has been that it will not develop nuclear weapons.[3] Were it to do so, China has said it would be 'a legitimate reason' to launch an attack on the island.[12]
References
- ^ a b "The Nuclear Vault: The United States and Taiwan's Nuclear Program, 1976-1980".
- ^ 陳儀深 (21 Dec 2016). 核彈！間諜？CIA: 張憲義訪問紀錄. 台北: 遠足文化. ISBN 9789869392129. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ^ a b c Muthiah Alagappa (2009). The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia. NUS Press. pp. 415–. ISBN 978-9971-69-478-4.
- ^ a b Jeffrey Richelson (17 September 2007). Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 367–. ISBN 978-0-393-32982-7.
- ^ Sui, Cindy (2017-05-18). "The man who helped prevent a nuclear crisis". BBC News. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
- ^ a b By TIM WEINERDEC. 20, 1997 (1997-12-20). "How a Spy Left Taiwan in the Cold - The New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. (January 1998). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. pp. 60–. ISSN 0096-3402.
- ^ "Defector reveals mini-nuke project against China - Taipei Times".
- ^ Etel Solingen (9 February 2009). Nuclear Logics: Contrasting Paths in East Asia and the Middle East. Princeton University Press. pp. 102–. ISBN 1-4008-2802-3.
- ^ a b "Chang Hsien-yi's defection 'a betrayal'". Taipei Times. 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
- ^ "U.s. Spy Defused Taiwan's Nuclear Dreams - tribunedigital-chicagotribune". Articles.chicagotribune.com. 1997-12-21. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
- ^ I. C. Smith; Nigel West (4 May 2012). Historical Dictionary of Chinese Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7370-4.