Ice Ic
Ice Ic (pronounced "ice one c" or "ice icy") is a metastable cubic crystalline variant of ice. H. König (de) was the first to identify and deduce the structure of ice Ic.[1] The oxygen atoms in ice Ic are arranged in a diamond structure and is extremely similar to ice Ih having nearly identical densities and the same lattice constant along the hexagonal puckered-planes.[2] It forms at temperatures between 130 and 220 kelvins (−143 and −53 degrees Celsius) upon cooling, and can exist up to 240 K (−33 °C) upon warming,[3][4] when it transforms into ice Ih.
Apart from forming from supercooled water,[5] ice Ic has also been reported to form from amorphous ice[6] as well as from the high pressure ices II, III and V.[7] It can form in and is occasionally present in the upper atmosphere[8] and is believed to be responsible for the observation of Scheiner's halo, a rare ring that occurs near 28 degrees from the Sun or the Moon.[9]
Ordinary water ice is known as ice Ih (in the Bridgman nomenclature). Different types of ice, from ice II to ice XVIII, have been created in the laboratory at different temperatures and pressures.
Some authors have expressed doubts whether ice Ic really has a cubic crystal system, claiming that it is merely stacking-disordered ice I (“ice Isd”),[10][11][12] and it has been dubbed the ″most faceted ice phase in a literal and a more general sense.″[13]
See also
- Ice I, for the other crystalline form of ice
References
- Chaplin, Martin (16 July 2007). "Cubic ice". Water Structure and Science. Retrieved 2 January 2008.
- ^ König, H. (1943). "Eine kubische Eismodifikation". Z. Kristallogr. 105 (1): 279–286. doi:10.1524/zkri.1943.105.1.279. S2CID 101738967.
- ^ "Low-temperature forms of ice as studied by x-ray diffraction". Nature. 189 (4757): 1144–1148. 1960. Bibcode:1960Natur.188.1144D. doi:10.1038/1881144a0. S2CID 4180631.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Murray, B.J.; Bertram, A. K. (2006). "Formation and stability of cubic ice in water droplets". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8 (1): 186–192. Bibcode:2006PCCP....8..186M. doi:10.1039/b513480c. hdl:2429/33770. PMID 16482260.
- ^ Murray, B.J. (2008). "The Enhanced formation of cubic ice in aqueous organic acid droplets". Env. Res. Lett. 3 (2): 025008. Bibcode:2008ERL.....3b5008M. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/025008.
- ^ "Cubic ice from liquid water". Nature. 325 (12): 601–602. 1987. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..601M. doi:10.1038/325601a0. S2CID 4233237.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ "Low-temperature forms of ice as studied by x-ray diffraction". Nature. 189 (4757): 1144–1148. 1960. Bibcode:1960Natur.188.1144D. doi:10.1038/1881144a0. S2CID 4180631.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ "Transformations of Ice II, Ice III, and Ice V at Atmospheric Pressure". J. Chem. Phys. 38 (4): 840–846. 1963. Bibcode:1963JChPh..38..840B. doi:10.1063/1.1733772.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Murray, B.J.; et al. (2005). "The formation of cubic ice under conditions relevant to Earth's atmosphere". Nature. 434 (7030): 202–205. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..202M. doi:10.1038/nature03403. PMID 15758996. S2CID 4427815.
- ^ "Scheiner's Halo: Evidence for Ice Ic in the Atmosphere". Science. 211 (4480): 389–390. 1981. Bibcode:1981Sci...211..389W. doi:10.1126/science.211.4480.389. PMID 17748273.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Murray, Benjamin J.; Salzmann, Christoph G.; Heymsfield, Andrew J.; Dobbie, Steven; Neely, Ryan R.; Cox, Christopher J. (2015). "Trigonal Ice Crystals in Earth's Atmosphere" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 96 (9): 1519–1531. Bibcode:2015BAMS...96.1519M. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00128.1.
- ^ "Stacking disordered ice; Ice Isd". lsbu.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
- ^ Malkin, Tamsin L.; Murray, Benjamin J.; Salzmann, Christoph G.; Molinero, Valeria; Pickering, Steven J.; Whale, Thomas F. (2015). "Stacking disorder in ice I". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 17 (1): 60–76. doi:10.1039/C4CP02893G. PMID 25380218.
- ^ Kuhs, W. F.; Sippel, C.; Falenty, A.; Hansen, T. C. (2012). "Extent and relevance of stacking disorder in "ice Ic"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (52): 21259–21264. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10921259K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1210331110. PMC 3535660. PMID 23236184.
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