Harriet Lane
Harriet Lane | |
|---|---|
 | |
| First Lady of the United States | |
| In role March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 | |
| President | James Buchanan |
| Preceded by | Jane Pierce |
| Succeeded by | Mary Todd Lincoln |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Harriet Rebecca Lane May 9, 1830 Franklin County, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | July 3, 1903 (aged 73) Narragansett, Rhode Island, U.S. |
| Spouse | Henry Johnston |
| Children | 2 |
| Signature |  |
Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903) acted as First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her uncle, lifelong bachelor James Buchanan, from 1857 to 1861. Lane is among eleven women who have served as First Lady, but were not married to the President, with most of the other women being relatives of widowed presidents. She is the only First Lady to a bachelor president, Buchanan being the only U.S. president never to have married.
In appearance "Hal" Lane was of medium height, with masses of light, almost golden-colored hair. She had eyes that were described as "violet colored".[1]
Early life
Harriet Lane's family was from Franklin County, Pennsylvania. She was the youngest child of Elliott Tole Lane, a merchant, and Jane Ann Buchanan Lane. She lost her mother when she was 9; when her father's death 2 years later made her an orphan, she requested that her favorite uncle, James Buchanan, be appointed her legal guardian. Buchanan, an unmarried Democratic senator from Pennsylvania, indulged his niece and her sister, enrolling them in boarding schools in Charles Town, Virginia (later for two years at the Georgetown Visitation Monastery in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C.) By this time, Buchanan was Secretary of State, and, as he had promised, he introduced her to fashionable and political circles.
In 1854, she joined him in London, where he was minister to the Court of St. James's. Queen Victoria gave "dear Miss Lane" the rank of ambassador's wife; admiring suitors gave her the fame of a beauty.
First Lady of the United States
The capital welcomed its new "Democratic Queen" to the White House in 1857. Harriet was a popular hostess during the four years of the Buchanan presidency. Women copied her hair and clothing styles (especially when she lowered the neckline on her inaugural gown by 2.5 inches), parents named their daughters for her, and a popular song ("Listen to the Mockingbird") was dedicated to her. While in the White House, she used her position to promote social causes, such as improving the living conditions of Native Americans in reservations. She also made a point of inviting artists and musicians to White House functions. For both her popularity and her advocacy work, she has been described as the first of the modern first ladies, and her popularity at the time is compared to that of Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1960s.[2] The presidential yacht was named for her—the first of several ships to be named after her, one of which remains in service.
As sectional tensions increased, she worked out seating arrangements for her weekly formal dinner parties with special care, to give dignitaries their proper precedence and still keep political foes apart. Her tact did not falter, but her task became impossible—as did her uncle's. Seven states had seceded by the time Buchanan retired from office and returned with his niece to his spacious country home, Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Romance and marriage
During her time in England, Sir Fitzroy Kelly, then Prime Minister Palmerston's attorney general, proposed marriage to her; Queen Victoria was strongly in favor of this match, as it would keep Lane in England.[3]
Lane considered the advantages of a number of bachelors. Her uncle cautioned Lane against "rushing precipitately into matrimonial connections" as his ward found her potential suitors "pleasant but dreadfully troublesome". Lane eventually married Baltimore banker Henry Elliott Johnston at the age of 36. They had two sons but within 18 years her uncle, her husband, and her children had died.[4]
Later life and death
Harriet wrote her will in 1895 and lived another eight years, during which the country's general prosperity greatly increased the value of her estate. She added a codicil in 1899 directing that a school building be constructed on the grounds of the Washington National Cathedral property and asked that it be called the Lane-Johnston Building "to the end that the family names of my husband and myself may be associated with the bequest made in loving memory of our sons." A codicil of 1903 increased her gift by one third but said that only half the total was to be spent on the building. The remainder was "specially to provide for the free maintenance, education and training of choirboys, primarily those in service of the Cathedral." This bequest founded the prestigious boys' school that today is called St. Albans School, which opened in October 1909.[5]
At Harriet Lane Johnston's funeral, services were conducted by Bishop Satterlee and Canon DeVries of the Washington National Cathedral. She was buried in Green Mount Cemetery, Baltimore, Maryland, her grave marked with a Celtic cross like the Peace Cross on the cathedral close. In 1905, guests were invited to see the cornerstone of the first St. Albans School building, laid for what the invitation referred to as "The Lane Johnston Choir School for Boys of the Washington Cathedral".
Legacy
Lane left bequests in her will that established a children's hospital and a boys' school, and she donated her collection of artwork to the Smithsonian. Several Navy and Coast Guard ships have been named in her honor.
Her birthplace, the Lane House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.[6]
Hospital and school
She dedicated $400,000 (equivalent to $13,600,000 in 2023) to establish the Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland as a memorial to two sons who had died in childhood.[7] In October 1912 the Harriet Lane Home officially opened. It was the first children's clinic in the United States that was associated with a medical school. Eventually treating over 60,000 children a year, the Harriet Lane Home became a pioneer treatment, teaching, and research clinic.
From 1930 to 1963 Helen Taussig, who helped to develop the blue baby operation, headed the pediatric cardiac clinic. Child psychiatrist Leo Kanner did studies of autistic children. Lawson Wilkins established an endocrine clinic that developed procedures used universally to treat children with certain glandular disorders, including dwarfism. John E. Bordley and William G. Hardy broke ground in detecting hearing impairments in very young children. It became a renowned pediatric facility; the Harriet Lane Outpatient Clinics serve thousands of children today, and the widely used manual for pediatric house officers, The Harriet Lane Handbook, bears her name.
The Harriet Lane Outpatient Clinics continue to operate in countries throughout the world.
The pediatric medicine Harriet Lane Handbook series continues in print and online, with multiple titles. The original title (subtitled A Manual for Pediatric House Officers) is in its 22nd edition, published by Mosby.
Art collection
She had an art collection based on European works which she left to the US government. The Smithsonian Institution called her the "First Lady of the National Collection of Fine Arts" after her collection was accepted into public ownership.[4]
Namesake ships
The United States Coast Guard has had three cutters named in her honor. The first was the USRC Harriet Lane, commissioned into the United States Revenue Cutter Service (predecessor of the USCG) in 1857. This cutter was transferred to the United States Navy in 1861 because of the American Civil War.[a]
The second cutter named for Harriet Lane was the 125 foot USCGC Harriet Lane (WSC-141), commissioned in 1926 and decommissioned in 1946.
The third cutter named for Harriet Lane is the USCGC Harriet Lane (WMEC-903). The cutter was commissioned in May 1984, and as of 2016[update], is still in active service.
Footnotes
- ^ Lieutenant W. D. Thompson fired the first naval shot of the Civil War from the USRC Harriet Lane. The ship was captured by the Confederate Navy in 1863, and recaptured by the U.S. Navy, but was declared to be in too poor a shape to be of any further use to the Navy. She was sold to a private party.
References
- ^ "Harriet Lane biography". National First Ladies' Library. firstladies.org. CNN.
- ^ Stern, Milton (2005). Harriet Lane: America's First Lady. Self-published. ISBN 978-1-4116-2608-9.
- ^ "Harriet Lane biography". National First Ladies' Library. firstladies.org. CNN. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
- ^ a b "Harriet Lane". archives.gov. White House biography. Retrieved 9 Feb 2017.
- ^ Bergheim, Laura (1992). The Washington Historical Atlas: Who did what, when, and where in the nation's capital. Woodbine House. ISBN 0-933149-42-5.
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
- ^ "The Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children". www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
Further reading
- Updike, John (1974). Buchanan Dying (play). (Ms. Johnston is a character in Updike's play about President Buchanan.)
External links
- Works by or about Harriet Lane at the Internet Archive
- "Harriet Lane". First Ladies: Influence & Image. firstladies.org. CNN.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
- 1830 births
- 1903 deaths
- 19th-century American women
- 20th-century American women
- 19th-century American Episcopalians
- 20th-century American Episcopalians
- First Ladies of the United States
- American adoptees
- Burials at Green Mount Cemetery
- Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School alumni
- History of the District of Columbia
- People from Franklin County, Pennsylvania
- People from Washington, D.C.