Siphonops annulatus

Siphonops annulatus
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Gymnophiona
Clade:	Apoda
Family:	Siphonopidae
Genus:	Siphonops
Species:	S. annulatus
Binomial name
	Siphonops annulatus; (Mikan, 1820)
Synonyms
	Caecilia interrupta Cuvier, 1829; Dermophis crassus Cope, 1885; Siphonops annulatus ssp. marmoratus Sawaya, 1937

Siphonops annulatus, the ringed caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae from South America.^[2] It might have the broadest known distribution among terrestrial caecilian species.^[3]

Description

Ringed caecilian measures 286–450 mm (11.3–17.7 in) in total length. The body is cylindrical and slightly wider than deep. It is bluish-black to slate in colour. The annular grooves that completely encircle the body (except the 3–4 posteriormost ones) are edged in white or cream.^[3]

A team of scientists from Brazil and the United States discovered that these organisms have skin glands with different specialized functions. Glands on the head of the animals excrete lubricating mucous which may aid them in burrowing, while those on the tail region are packed with noxious chemicals, similar to the poison glands found in other amphibians such as toads and newts ^[4]

Distribution and habitat

Widely distributed east of the Andes: originally discovered in Brazil,^[2] reported to exist in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.^[1]

Reproduction

Nestlings are equipped with 44 spoon-shaped teeth to feed on the outer layer of their mother's skin. Young feed all at once for some seven minutes; then they all rest for three days as the female grows a new outer skin layer.^[5] This phenomenon is known as maternal dermatophagy. This practice and morphological similarities are shared with its African relative Boulengerula taitana, suggesting it evolved over 100 million years ago.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). "Siphonops annulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T59593A43784684. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T59593A43784684.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Siphonops annulatus (Mikan, 1820)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Siphonops annulatus". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
^ Jared, Carlos; Mailho-Fontana, Pedro Luiz; Marques-Porto, Rafael; Sciani, Juliana Mozer; Pimenta, Daniel Carvalho; Brodie, Edmund D.; Antoniazzi, Marta Maria (2018-02-23). "Skin gland concentrations adapted to different evolutionary pressures in the head and posterior regions of the caecilian Siphonops annulatus". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 3576. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.3576J. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22005-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5824806. PMID 29476100.
^ David Attenborough: Life in Cold Blood, page 28. BBC Books, 2008.
^ Wilkinson, Mark; Kupfer, Alexander; Marques-Porto, Rafael; Jeffkins, Hilary; Antoniazzi, Marta M; Jared, Carlos (June 2008). "One hundred million years of skin feeding? Extended parental care in a Neotropical caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)". Biology Letters. 4 (4): 358–61. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0217. PMC 2610157. PMID 18547909.

External links

Data related to Siphonops annulatus at Wikispecies
Media related to Siphonops annulatus at Wikimedia Commons

[iucn_status_11_November_2021-1] IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). "Siphonops annulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T59593A43784684. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T59593A43784684.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.

[frost-2] Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Siphonops annulatus (Mikan, 1820)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 13 April 2015.

[AmphibiaWeb-3] "Siphonops annulatus". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.

[4] Jared, Carlos; Mailho-Fontana, Pedro Luiz; Marques-Porto, Rafael; Sciani, Juliana Mozer; Pimenta, Daniel Carvalho; Brodie, Edmund D.; Antoniazzi, Marta Maria (2018-02-23). "Skin gland concentrations adapted to different evolutionary pressures in the head and posterior regions of the caecilian Siphonops annulatus". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 3576. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.3576J. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22005-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5824806. PMID 29476100.

[5] David Attenborough: Life in Cold Blood, page 28. BBC Books, 2008.

[6] Wilkinson, Mark; Kupfer, Alexander; Marques-Porto, Rafael; Jeffkins, Hilary; Antoniazzi, Marta M; Jared, Carlos (June 2008). "One hundred million years of skin feeding? Extended parental care in a Neotropical caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)". Biology Letters. 4 (4): 358–61. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0217. PMC 2610157. PMID 18547909.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]