Hyles livornica

Striped hawk-moth
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Sphingidae
Genus:	Hyles
Species:	H. livornica
Binomial name
	Hyles livornica; (Esper, 1780)
Synonyms
	List Sphinx livornica Esper, 1780 ; Phinx koechlini Fuessly, 1781 ; Celerio lineata saharae Gehlen, 1932 ; Celerio lineata tatsienluica Oberthür, 1916 ; Hyles renneri Eitschberger, Danner & Surholt, 1998 ; Celerio livornica perlimbata Abbayes, 1932 ; Celerio lineata obscurata Niepelt, 1922;

Hyles livornica, the striped hawk-moth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae.

Taxonomy and systematics

Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper described the striped hawk-moth in 1780 using a specimen found in Italy at Livorno (hence the Latin name livornica). In 1819 Jacob Hübner allocated this species in his newly erected genus Hyles.

Until the 20th century Hyles livornica has been considered conspecific with the American Hyles lineata and is therefore under that name (or as Celerio lineata ssp. livornica) found in the older literature. Similar was the case with the Hyles livornicoides, which is prevalent in Australia. Hyles renneri from Nepal is sometimes treated as a valid species.

On the basis of DNA testing it is well established that H. livornica in its entire Afro-Palaearctic distribution forms a genetic and taxonomic unit. This results in the following relationships among the Palaearctic widespread species of the genus Hyles:

	Hyles nicaea

	Hyles gallii

Hyles livornica

	Hyles vespertilio

	Hyles euphorbiae - Complex s.l.

Distribution

This species is found in Africa, southern Europe, Poland, Australia, and central and east Asia.^[1]^[3]

Description

Hyles livornica has a wingspan reaching 60–80 mm. Males are slightly smaller than females. The forewings and the body are mainly olive brown or beige, with white stripes. The hindwings are pink, with black and white edges. The head and the thorax are olive-brown, with white stripes. The olive-brown abdomen has black-and-white segment, the first two segments have large black and white side spots. The antennae are dark olive brown and have a white tip.

These moths fly from February to October depending on the location. In Europe they are visible from April to June and from August to September in two generations and sometimes they overwinter. This species is a migrant from Africa to Europe. The caterpillars are green, with black markings and reach a length from 65 to 80 millimeters.

Male
Male
Female
Female

Biology

The caterpillars feed on various plants, mainly on Galium, Gossypium, Rumex, Vitis, Euphorbia, Linaria, Epilobium, Antirrhinum, Scabiosa, Linum, Fuchsia and Asphodelus.^[3]

Gallery

Eggs
Caterpillar
Feeding on Lantana flowers

References

^ ^a ^b Fauna Europaea
^ Pittaway, A. R. (2018). "Hyles livornica (Esper, 1780)". Sphingidae of the Western Palaearctic. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Savela, Markku. "Hyles livornica (Esper, 1780)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved November 23, 2018.

External links

Hyles livornica, Striped hawk-moth, UKMoths
Hyles livornica Archived 2017-03-18 at the Wayback Machine, Lepidoptera of Belgium
Hyles livornica, Lepiforum e.V.
Hyles livornica, Vlindernet.nl (in Dutch)

[FE-1] Fauna Europaea

[2] Pittaway, A. R. (2018). "Hyles livornica (Esper, 1780)". Sphingidae of the Western Palaearctic. Retrieved December 17, 2018.

[funet-3] Savela, Markku. "Hyles livornica (Esper, 1780)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved November 23, 2018.

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