Alligator prenasalis

Alligator prenasalis; Temporal range: Late Eocene, 37.2–33.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Skeleton of Alligator prenasalis (AMNH 4994) in the American Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Archosauromorpha
Clade:	Archosauriformes
Order:	Crocodilia
Family:	Alligatoridae
Subfamily:	Alligatorinae
Genus:	Alligator
Species:	A. prenasalis
Binomial name
	Alligator prenasalis; (Loomis, 1904)
Synonyms
	Crododilus prenasalis Loomis, 1904; Caimanoidea visheri Mehl, 1916; Caimanoideus visheri Mehl, 1916 (lapsus calami of Caimanoidea visheri); Caimanoeda visheri Mehl, 1916 (lapsus calami of Caimanoidea visheri); Allognathosuchus riggsi Patterson, 1931;

Alligator prenasalis is an extinct species of alligator from the Late Eocene period. It is well known, with many fossils having been collected from the Chadron and Brule Formations in South Dakota. The species was first named in 1904, but was originally classified as a crocodile in the genus Crocodilus. It was reassigned to the genus Alligator in 1918 on the basis of more complete material. It is the earliest known member of the genus Alligator.^[2]

Taxonomy

Junior synonyms

Several species of extinct alligatorines have been considered junior synonyms of A. prenasalis. These include Caimanoidea visheri, named by paleontologist Maurice Mehl in 1916 from fragmentary material, and Allognathosuchus riggsi, named in 1931 from a single piece of a lower jaw. Both were considered synonymous with the species in 1972 by paleontologist D.W. Higgins.^[2] Mehl used two alternate spellings of Caimanoidea in his 1916 paper: Caimanoideus and Caimanoeda.^[3] Because the name Caimanoidea is used first and most frequently, it has been considered the valid name of the genus.^[4]

Cladistics

A. prenasalis is similar to the Eocene alligatorine Allognathosuchus mooki. In 1930, American paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson considered A. prenasalis (then called Caimanoidea) to be ancestral to A. mooki because it appeared to be similar but less specialized. A. mooki was considered to be more specialized because it had a blunt snout, while A. prenasalis had a broader, flat, and supposedly primitive snout.^[5]

If A. prenasalis were an ancestor of A. mooki, it would have to have occurred in the Eocene. Simpson hypothesized that A. prenasalis appeared at this time and gave rise to A. mooki, which soon became extinct. While A. prenasalis (a more generalized form) possibly could have descended from A. mooki (a more specialized form) through what is known as a reversal, the accepted knowledge at the time was that generalists could not arise from specialists. This was called the "law of the unspecialized", first devised by paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1896.^[5]

More recent phylogenetic analyses have shown flat-snouted alligatorines to form a clade within a larger group of blunt-snouted alligatorines. Therefore, blunt-snouted forms did not form a single, specialized group, but rather a collection of basal taxa, some of which were ancestral to modern forms such as Alligator. Alligator is usually recovered as a monophyletic group with A. prenasalis as the most basal member of the clade.^[5]

References

^ Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ. 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMC 8428266. PMID 34567843.
^ ^a ^b Brochu, C.A. (1999). "Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea". Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology). 6: 9–100. doi:10.2307/3889340. JSTOR 3889340.
^ Mehl, M.G. (1916). "Caimanoidea visheri, a new crocodilian from the Oligocene of South Dakota". The Journal of Geology. 24 (1): 47–56. Bibcode:1916JG.....24...47M. doi:10.1086/622301. S2CID 128851838.
^ Martin, J.E. (1986). "Catalogue revisions of some type specimens of fossil vertebrates in the systematic collections at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology". Journal of Paleontology. 60 (2): 542–543. Bibcode:1986JPal...60..542M. doi:10.1017/S0022336000022046. S2CID 132883134.
^ ^a ^b ^c Brochu, C.A. (2004). "Alligatorine phylogeny and the status of Allognathosuchus Mook, 1921". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (4): 857–873. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0857:APATSO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85050852.

[Rio2021-1] Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ. 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMC 8428266. PMID 34567843.

[BCA99-2] Brochu, C.A. (1999). "Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea". Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology). 6: 9–100. doi:10.2307/3889340. JSTOR 3889340.

[MGM16-3] Mehl, M.G. (1916). "Caimanoidea visheri, a new crocodilian from the Oligocene of South Dakota". The Journal of Geology. 24 (1): 47–56. Bibcode:1916JG.....24...47M. doi:10.1086/622301. S2CID 128851838.

[MJE86-4] Martin, J.E. (1986). "Catalogue revisions of some type specimens of fossil vertebrates in the systematic collections at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology". Journal of Paleontology. 60 (2): 542–543. Bibcode:1986JPal...60..542M. doi:10.1017/S0022336000022046. S2CID 132883134.

[BCA04-5] Brochu, C.A. (2004). "Alligatorine phylogeny and the status of Allognathosuchus Mook, 1921". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (4): 857–873. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0857:APATSO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85050852.

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