Tilt test (geotechnical engineering)
In geomechanics, a tilt test is a simple test to estimate the shear strength parameters of a discontinuity.[1][2] Two pieces of rock containing a discontinuity are held in hand or mounted in test equipment with the discontinuity horizontal. The sample is slowly tilted until the top block moves. The angle with the horizontal at onset of movement is called the tilt-angle.
The size of the specimen is limited to 10–20 cm for hand-held tests, while machine-operated tilt test equipment may handle up to meter-sized samples. In the field, the angle can be determined most easily with an inclinometer as present in most geological or structural compasses.
Tilt-angle
[edit]The tilt-angle equals the material friction of the discontinuity wall plus the roughness i-angle (tilt-angle = φwall material + i) if no real cohesion is present (i.e. no cementing or gluing material between the two blocks), no infill material is present, the asperities do not break, and the walls of the discontinuity are completely fitting at the start of the test, while if the walls of the discontinuity are completely non-fitting, the tilt-angle equals the friction of the material of the discontinuity walls (tilt-angle = φwall material). If cementation or gluing material is present or asperities break, the tilt-angle represents a combination of the (apparent or real) cohesion and the friction along the discontinuity. If infill material is present, the tilt-angle is governed partially or completely by the infill, depending on the thickness of the infill and height of asperities.[3]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Hoek, E.; Bray, J. (1974). Rock slope engineering. London: Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. pp. 358. ISBN 978-0-419-16010-6.
- ^ Xian-Qin, H.; Cruden, D.M. (1992). "A portable tilting table for on-site tests of the friction angles of discontinuities in rock masses". Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology. 46 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1007/BF02595034.
- ^ Phien-wej, N.; Shrestha, U.B.; Rantucci, G. (1990). "Effect of infill thickness on shear behaviour of rock joints". In Barton, N.R.; Stephansson, O. (eds.). Rock Joints. Balkema (Taylor & Francis), Rotterdam. pp. 289–294. ISBN 978-90-6191-109-8.
Further reading
[edit]- Barton, N.R. (5–6 March 2008). "Shear Strength of Rockfill, Interfaces and Rock Joints, and their Points of Contact in Rock Dump Design". In Fourie, A. (ed.). Rock Dumps 2008. Perth, Australia: Nedlands, W.A. : Australian Centre for Geomechanics. pp. 3–17. ISBN 978-0-9804185-3-8.
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- Price, D.G. (2008). De Freitas, M.H. (ed.). Engineering Geology: Principles and Practice. Springer. p. 450. ISBN 978-3-540-29249-4.