Virola
| Virola | |
|---|---|
| |
| Canopy of Virola koschnyi | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Myristicaceae |
| Genus: | Virola Aubl. |
| Species | |
|
About 67 species, see text. | |
Virola is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as epená, patricá, or cumala. They have glossy, dark green leaves and clusters of tiny yellow flowers, and may emit a pungent odor.
Traditional use
Several species of this genus have been used to create hallucinogenic snuff powders.[1]
Chemical constituents
The tops of Virola oleifera have been shown to produce lignan-7-ols and verrucosin that have antifungal action regarding Cladosporium sphaerospermum in doses as low as 25 micrograms. Lignan-7-ols oleiferin-B and oleiferin-G worked for Cladosporium cladosporioides starting as low as 10 micrograms.[2]
Species
About 76 species, including:[3]
- Virola aequatorialis
- Virola albidiflora
- Virola araujovii
- Virola atopa
- Virola bicuhyba
- Virola boliviensis
- Virola brachycarpa
- Virola caducifolia
- Virola calophylla (Spruce) Warb.,[4]
- Virola calophylloidea
- Virola carinata
- Virola coelhoi
- Virola crebrinervia
- Virola cuspidata
- Virola decorticans
- Virola divergens
- Virola dixonii
- Virola duckei
- Virola elliptica
- Virola elongata (syn. V. theiodora)
- Virola flexuosa
- Virola gardneri
- Virola glaziovii
- Virola glycycarpa
- Virola guatemalensis
- Virola guggnheimii
- Virola incolor
- Virola koschnyi
- Virola kukachkana
- Virola kwatae
- Virola laevigata
- Virola lepidota
- Virola lieneana
- Virola lorentensia (or V. loretensis)
- Virola macrantha
- Virola macrocarpa A.C. Sm.,[5]
- Virola malmei
- Virola marlenei
- Virola megacarpa A.H. Gentry[6]
- Virola melinonii
- Virola merendonis
- Virola michelii Heckel,[7]
- Virola micrantha
- Virola minutiflora
- Virola mocoa
- Virola mollissima
- Virola multicostata Ducke[8]
- Virola multiflora (Standl. ) A. C. Sm.,[9]
- Virola multinervia
- Virola mycetis
- Virola nobilis
- Virola obovata
- Virola officinalis
- Virola oleifera
- Virola panamensis
- Virola papillosa
- Virola parvifolia
- Virola pavonis
- Virola peruviana
- Virola polyneura
- Virola reidii
- Virola rufula
- Virola rugulosa
- Virola schultesii
- Virola schwackei
- Virola sebifera
- Virola sessilis
- Virola steyermarkii
- Virola subsessilis
- Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb. ) Warb.,[10]
- Virola theiodora
- Virola urbaniana
- Virola venezuelensis
- Virola venosa (Benth.) Warb.[11]
- Virola villosa
- Virola warburgli
- Virola weberbaueri
Gallery
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Virola elongata fruit -
Virola elongata seeds -
Virola carinata embryo -
Virola sebifera -
Virola surinamensis
Legal status
United States
Louisiana
Except for ornamental purposes, growing, selling or possessing Virola spp. is prohibited by Louisiana State Act 159.
See also
- Myristica — some species of this genus have been reclassified into Virola.
- Ayahuasca
- Entheogen
- Psychedelic plants
References
Notes
- ^ Torres, C. M., et al. (1991). "Snuff powders from pre-Hispanic San Pedro de Atacama: Chemical and contextual analysis". Current Anthropology, 640–649. Archived 2016-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sartorelli, P.; Young, M.C.M.; Kato, M.J., "Antifungal lignans from the arils of Virola oleifera"[permanent dead link]. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. March 1998. v. 47 (6) p. 1003–1006.
- ^ "Genus Species list for John's species database". www3.isrl.uiuc.edu. Archived from the original on 2005-04-30. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
- ^ "Virola calophylla". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
- ^ "Virola macrocarpa A.C. Sm". mobot.mobot.org. Archived from the original on 2013-08-02. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
- ^ "Virola megacarpa A.H. Gentry". mobot.mobot.org. Archived from the original on 2013-08-02. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
- ^ "Virola michelii Heckel". mobot.mobot.org. Archived from the original on 2013-08-02. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
- ^ "Virola multicostata Ducke". mobot.mobot.org. Archived from the original on 2013-08-02. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
- ^ "Discover Life - Myristicaceae: Virola multiflora (Standl. ) A. C. Sm. - Fruta dorada". Discover Life. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
- ^ "Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb.) Warb". mobot.mobot.org. Archived from the original on 2013-08-02. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
- ^ "Virola venosa (Benth.) Warb". mobot.mobot.org. Archived from the original on 2013-08-02. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
General references
- Jonathan Ott – Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines (2001) ISBN 1-888755-02-4
- Richard Evans Schultes – Plants of the Gods (1992) ISBN 0-89281-979-0
- Erowid Virola Vault
External links
Media related to Virola at Wikimedia Commons- Sura.ots.ac.cr: Virola koschnyi — photos and info.
- Gardening.eu: Info on Growing Virola
