Claque
A claque is an organized body of professional applauders in French theatres and opera houses. Members of a claque are called claqueurs.
History
Hiring people to applaud dramatic performances was common in classical times. For example, when the Emperor Nero acted, he had his performance greeted by an encomium chanted by five thousand of his soldiers.[1]
This inspired the French poet Jean Daurat (1508-1588) to develop the modern claque. Buying a number of tickets for a performance of one of his plays, he gave them away in return for a promise of applause. In 1820 claques underwent serious systematization when an agency in Paris opened to manage and supply claqueurs.[1]
By 1830 the claque had become an institution. The manager of a theatre or opera house could send an order for any number of claqueurs. These usually operated under a chef de claque (leader of applause), who judged where the efforts of the claqueurs were needed and initiated the demonstration of approval. This could take several forms. There would be commissaires ("officers/commissioner") who learned the piece by heart and called the attention of their neighbors to its good points between the acts. Rieurs (laughers) laughed loudly at the jokes. Pleureurs (criers), generally women, feigned tears, by holding their handkerchiefs to their eyes. Chatouilleurs (ticklers) kept the audience in a good humor, while bisseurs (encore-ers) simply clapped and cried "Bis! Bis!" to request encores.[1]
The practice spread to Italy (famously at La Scala, Milan), Vienna, London (Covent Garden) and New York (the Metropolitan Opera). Claques were also used as a form of extortion, as singers were commonly contacted by the chef de claque before their debut and forced to pay a fee in order to avoid being booed.
Richard Wagner withdrew a staging of his opera Tannhäuser from the Parisian operatic repertory after the claque of the Jockey Club derisively interrupted its initial performances[2][3] in March 1861.
Later Arturo Toscanini and Gustav Mahler discouraged claques, as a part of the development of concert etiquette.
Although the practice mostly died out during the mid- to late-20th century, instances of actors paid to applaud at performances still occasionally appear, most famously with the Bolshoi Ballet.[4]
See also
- Astroturfing
- Cheerleading
- Kakegoe
- Laugh track
- ōmukou (ja:大向う) - case of Kabuki
- Payola
- Professional mourning
- Shill
- Social proof
Notes
- ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Claque". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 423.
- ^ Millington, Barry, ed. (1992). The Wagner compendium : a guide to Wagner's life and music. New York: Schirmer Books. p. 281. ISBN 9780028713595.
- ^ Grey, Thomas S. (2013). "Tannhäuser, Paris scandal of 1861". In Vazsonyi, Nicholas (ed.). The Cambridge Wagner Encyclopedia. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 581–583. ISBN 9781107004252.
- ^ Barry, Ellen (14 August 2013). "Wild Applause, Secretly Choreographed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
References
- The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, by John Warrack and Ewan West (1992), 782 pages, ISBN 0-19-869164-5