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Suvarnapushpa

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Suvarnapushpa
Ruler of the Tocharians, King of Kucha
King Suvarnapusa of Kucha, from Cave 69, Kizil Caves.
Reign600-625
PredecessorSunidie
SuccessorSuvarnadeva

Suvarṇapuṣpa (सुवर्णपुष्प Suvarnapushpa, "Gold Flower" in Sanskrit, Swarnabūspe in Tocharian, or directly translated as Ysāṣṣa a Pyāpyo "Golden Flower", Chinese: 苏伐勃𫘝 Sufaboshi)[1] was a King of the Tarim Basin city-state of Kucha from 600 to 625. He was known in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (BHS) as kucīśvara Suvarṇapuṣpa "Suvarṇapuṣpa, lord of Kucha".[2] He was known in Chinese as Bái Sūfábójué (白蘇伐勃駃, the prefix "白" means "white", possibly pointing to the fair complexion of the Kucheans)[3][4] as he sent an embassy to the court of the Tang dynasty in 618 CE acknowledging vassalship.[5][6][7]

Epigraphy

Suvarṇapuṣpa is illustrated with his Queen in Cave 69 of the Kizil Caves, with an inscription in Brahmi script on his halo:[5]

"Temple Constructed for the Benefit of Suvarnapuspa by His Son"

— Cave 69 inscription.[5]

Suvarṇapuṣpa is known to have ruled between 600 and 625, and his three sons died before 647 CE according to Chinese sources.[5][8][9]

Visit of Xuanzang

Brahmi script inscription on the halo of Suvarṇapuṣpa (detail).

When he visited Kucha in 630 CE, the Chinese monk Xuanzang received the favours of Suvarna-deva (Chinese: 白蘇伐疊 Bái Sūfádié, ruled 625-645 CE), the son and successor of Suvarna-puspa, and king of Kucha.[6]

Xuanzang described in many details the characteristics of Kucha (屈支国, in "大唐西域记" "Tang Dynasty Account of the Western Regions"), and probably visited Kizil:[10][11]
1) "The style of writing is Indian, with some differences"
2) "They clothe themselves with ornamental garments of silk and embroidery. They cut their hair and wear a flowing covering (over their heads)"
3) "The king is of Kuchean race"[12]
4) "There are about one hundred convents (saṅghārāmas) in this country, with five thousand and more disciples. These belong to the Little Vehicle of the school of the Sarvāstivādas (Shwo-yih-tsai-yu-po). Their doctrine (teaching of Sūtras) and their rules of discipline (principles of the Vinaya) are like those of India, and those who read them use the same (originals)."
5) "About 40 li to the north of this desert city there are two convents close together on the slope of a mountain".[13]

These events were soon before the Tang campaign against Kucha in 648 CE.[6]

Suvarna-deva is known from an inscription in which he is called in Tocharian "Swarnatepe":[14][1]

[ika]ṃ ṣe kṣuṃntsa piṅkce [meṃ]ne • [i]

during the 21st year, in the 5th month …
oroccepi lānte swarnatepi kṣ(u)ṃ[n](e)
a3 [r]e [ā]k(ṣ)a •

in the year of the great king Swarnatepe.[14]

Haripuspa was the son and successor of Savarnadeva.[15]

Cave 69 in Kizil

Suvarṇapuṣpa is illustrated with his Queen in Cave 69 of the Kizil Caves, with an inscription in Brahmi script on his halo.[5]

  • Vajrapani, Cave 69, Kizil
    Vajrapani, Cave 69, Kizil
  • Cave 69, lunette over the front door: the Buddha preaching at Sarnath (佛鹿野苑初转法轮) with King Suvarnapusa and his Queen as attendants.
    Cave 69, lunette over the front door: the Buddha preaching at Sarnath (佛鹿野苑初转法轮) with King Suvarnapusa and his Queen as attendants.
  • King Suvarnapuspa and his Queen (龟兹国王与王后供养像) in Cave 69 (dated 600-647 CE per Chinese sources).[16]
    King Suvarnapuspa and his Queen (龟兹国王与王后供养像) in Cave 69 (dated 600-647 CE per Chinese sources).[16]

Sources

  • Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.

References

  1. ^ a b Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (23 October 2017). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1090. ISBN 978-3-11-052175-7.
  2. ^ "A dictionary of Tocharian B". www.win.tue.nl.
  3. ^ Peyrot, Michaël (January 2008). Variation and change in Tocharian B. BRILL. p. 199. ISBN 978-90-04-35821-8.
  4. ^ Puri, Baij Nath (1987). Buddhism in Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 79. ISBN 978-81-208-0372-5.
  5. ^ a b c d e "On the lunette of the front wall is painted a scene of the preaching of the Buddha in the Deer Park. On the left of the Buddha are painted the king and his wife; on the halo of the king is inscribed the dedication, which was interpreted by Pinault in his paper of 1994, 'Temple Constructed for the Benefit of Suvarnapousa by His Son' (this material is referred to in Kezier shiku neirong zonglu p. 2). From Chinese historical records it is known that this king reigned between the years 600 and 625, and his three sons died before 647: to date, this is the most accurate dating for the cave" in Vignato, Giuseppe (2006). "Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools". East and West. 56 (4): 405, note 71. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757697.
  6. ^ a b c Grousset 1970, p. 99.
  7. ^ "618年，汉名为苏伐勃駃（梵文Suvarna pushpa，意为金色的花朵）的库车王向隋场帝表示归顺。" in Grousset, René. 草原帝国 (L'Empire des Steppes). p. 138.
  8. ^ The inscription is translated in Chinese “儿子为苏伐那·勃驶功德造寺” in 霍, 旭初 (2014). 克孜尔石窟艺术模式及其对外影响, in English in Turfan revisited: the first century of research into the arts and cultures of the Silk Road. Berlin: Reimer.
  9. ^ Zhu, Tianshu (2007). BUDDHAS AND BODHISATTVAS: EMANATORS AND EMANATED BEINGS IN THE BUDDHIST ART OF GANDHĀRA, CENTRAL ASIA, AND CHINA. p. 399.
  10. ^ Beal, Samuel (2000). Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World : Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang (A.D. 629). Psychology Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-415-24469-5., also available in: "Kingdom of K'iu-chi (Kucha or Kuche) [Chapter 2]". www.wisdomlib.org. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  11. ^ ""屈支国" in 大唐西域记/01 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆". zh.m.wikisource.org. Wikisource.
  12. ^ "王屈支种也" in ""屈支国" in 大唐西域记/01 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆". zh.m.wikisource.org. Wikisource.
  13. ^ Waugh, Daniel (Historian, University of Washington). "Kizil". depts.washington.edu. Washington University. Retrieved 30 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ a b Carling, Gerd (Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen). "Tocharian (p.16)" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Peyrot, Michaël (January 2008). Variation and change in Tocharian B. BRILL. p. 169. ISBN 978-90-04-35821-8.
  16. ^ Zhu, Tianshu (2007). BUDDHAS AND BODHISATTVAS: EMANATORS AND EMANATED BEINGS IN THE BUDDHIST ART OF GANDHĀRA, CENTRAL ASIA, AND CHINA. p. 439.
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