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Rhododendron columbianum

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Rhododendron columbianum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Rhododendron
Species:
R. columbianum
Binomial name
Rhododendron columbianum
Synonyms[1]
  • Ledum columbianum Piper
  • Ledum glandulosum Nuttall 1843, not Rhododendron glandulosum (Standley ex Small) Millais 1917
  • Rhododendron neoglandulosum Harmaja

Rhododendron columbianum, commonly known as western Labrador tea, swamp tea, or muskeg tea, is a shrub that is widespread in the western United States and in western Canada, reported from British Columbia, Alberta, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, California, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and Colorado. It grows in wet places from sea level up to 3,500 m (11,000 ft).[1] It was formerly known as Ledum columbianum. Its origins date back to the late Pliocene.[2]

Description

Rhododendron columbianum is a shrub up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) tall, spreading by means of underground rhizomes. The evergreen leaves are ovate to lanceolate, fragrant when crushed. Flowers are white to cream, borne in groups of 10 to 35.[3] The leaves grow very close to the stalk and their bottoms bear tiny white hairs.[4]

Taxonomy

History

Rhododendron columbianum was originally named Ledum columbianum, so it appears as its former name in many texts. In 2009 Kathleen A. Kron and Walter S. Judd deemed the morphology of genus Ledum alike enough to the Rhododendron genus to combine it into the larger Rhododendron genus. This taxonomic change resulted in the original name of Ledum columbianum being changed to Rhododendron columbianum.[5] Ledum columbianum was removed from the National Wetland Plant List in 2012, but re-added as Rhodedendron columbianum for the official 2013 list publication, where it still remains.[6] Currently, both Rhododendron columbianum and Rhododendron groenlandicum share the common name of Labrador tea.[7]

Phylogeny

According to The Smithsonian Institution's Paleobotanical Library, a megafossil of R. columbianum was found in Washington and dated to the late Pliocene, along with five other Rhododendron species belonging to the Pliocene era.[8] The genetic crossing of R. groenlandicum and R. neoglandulosum results in R. columbianum.[9] Results from molecular and nuclear phylogenetic analyses indicate that R. columbianum and R. tolmachevii make up a clade most closesly related to R. groenlandicum, R. hypoleucum, and R. tomentosum.[10]

Uses

Rhododendron columbianum has been used medicinally as a tea astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic and laxative properties. The plant can, however, be toxic if the tea is allowed to steep too long. The fragrance of the leaves has also been shown useful in repelling insects and rodents.[11][12]

References

  1. ^ a b Judd, Walter S.; Kron, Kathleen A. (2009). "Rhododendron columbianum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2020-11-30 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  2. ^ Leppik, Eliner E. (1974). "Interactions Between Rhododendrons, Pollinating Insects and the Rust Fungi". The Quarterly Bulletin of the American Rhododendron Society. 28 (2). ISSN 0003-0821.
  3. ^ Harmaja, Harri (1990). "New names and nomenclatural combinations in Rhododendron (Ericaceae)". Annales Botanici Fennici. 27 (2): 203.
  4. ^ Harmaja, Harri (1991). "Taxonomic notes on Rhododendron subsection Ledum (Ledum, Ericaceae), with a key to its species". Annales Botanici Fennici. 28: 173 – via JSTOR.
  5. ^ NIE, Ze-Long; SUN, Hang; MENG, Ying; WEN, Jun (2009). "Phylogenetic analysis of Toxicodendron(Anacardiaceae) and its biogeographic implications on the evolution of north temperate and tropical intercontinental disjunctions". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 47 (5): 416–430. doi:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00045.x. ISSN 1674-4918. S2CID 84305917.
  6. ^ Lichvar, Robert W. (2012-10-01). "The National Wetland Plant List". Fort Belvoir, VA. doi:10.21236/ada570149. hdl:11681/5506. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ Hébert, François; Thiffault, Nelson (2011). "The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 146. Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron and Judd". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 91 (4): 725–738. doi:10.4141/cjps2010-012. ISSN 0008-4220.
  8. ^ Leppik, Eliner E. (1974). "Interactions Between Rhododendrons, Pollinating Insects and the Rust Fungi". The Quarterly Bulletin of the American Rhododendron Society. 28 (2). ISSN 0003-0821.
  9. ^ Harmaja, Harri (8 October 2002). "Rhododendron subulatum, comb. nova (Ericaceae)". Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board: 184.
  10. ^ Hart, Andrew (2017). "MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE NORTH–TEMPERATE LABRADOR TEAS (ERICACEAE: RHODODENDRON SUBSECT. LEDUM) SUGGESTS A COMPLEX GENETIC HISTORY". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 11: 58–60. doi:10.17348/jbrit.v11.i1.1138. S2CID 207807554.
  11. ^ "Rhododendron columbianum". Plants for a Future.
  12. ^ Plants for a Future, The Goddess Project Archived 2014-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
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