List of oil spills impacting penguins
Appearance
Penguins are vulnerable to exposure to oil spills due to their site fidelity, aquatic lifestyle and near-surface foraging habits. Across their range, penguins have been impacted by chronic and acute oil pollution at sea. The following list includes examples of events where impacts to penguins were documented. It is not exhaustive.
Year | Country | Location | Origin | Species | Notes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1925 | ![]() |
Port Phillip Bay, Victoria | Unknown | Little | "A number" of oiled penguins ashore and some dead. | [1] |
1934 | ![]() |
Kapiti Island, Manawatū beaches | Unknown | Little | “Many” penguins killed and oiled. | [2] |
1936 | ![]() |
Cape Town | Unknown | African | One bird oiled. | [3] |
1940 | ![]() |
Auckland | Unknown | Little | Hundreds of penguins oiled and killed. | [4] |
1945 | ![]() |
Sydney, New South Wales | Unknown | Little | Single penguin captured and treated. | [5][6] |
1946 | ![]() |
Port Phillip Bay, Victoria | Unknown | Little | “Many” penguins killed and oiled. | [7] |
1948 | ![]() |
Dyer Island | Esso Wheeling oil spill | African | One third of penguin population, “thousands” oiled and killed. | [8][9] |
1952 | ![]() |
Robben Island, Table Bay | Unknown | African | Over 1200 oiled penguins came ashore. | [8] |
1953 | ![]() |
Table Bay | Sliedrecht oil spill | African | Penguins oiled and killed. | [10] |
1954 | ![]() |
Port Phillip Bay, Victoria | Unknown | Little | 36 penguins oiled. | [11] |
1954 | ![]() |
Port Phillip Bay, Victoria | Unknown | Little | “large numbers” of dead and oiled birds ashore | [12] |
1968 | ![]() |
Cape Point, Western Cape | Esso Essen oil spill | African | Over 1700 penguins impacted by oil. | [8] |
1971 | ![]() |
Cowes, Victoria | Unknown | Little | 43 oiled, dying penguins found. | [13] |
1971 | ![]() |
South-eastern South Australia | Unknown | Little | "Hundreds" oiled coming ashore. | [14] |
1971 | ![]() |
Cape Aghulas & Dyer Island | SS Wafra oil spill | African | Over 1216 penguins oiled. | [8] |
1972 | ![]() |
Dassen Island | Unknown | African | 4000 penguins impacted. | [8] |
1972 | ![]() |
Ystervark Point | Oswego Guardian-Texanita collision | African | 500 penguins impacted. | [8] |
1973 | ![]() |
Guamblin Island | Napier oil spill | Magellanic | Impacts unknown. Penguins in vicinity. | [15] |
1974 | ![]() |
Strait of Magellan | VLCC Metula oil spill | Magellanic | 40,000 birds oiled. Mostly cormorants and penguins. | [16] |
1974 | ![]() |
Port Campbell, Victoria | Unknown | Little | "Numbers" of penguins oiled. | [17] |
1974 | ![]() |
Struisbaii, Western Cape | Oriental Pioneer (tanker) | African | Several thousand penguins oiled. | [8] |
1978 | ![]() |
San Vincente Bay | Cabo Tamar oil spill | Humboldt, Magellanic | Impacts unknown, penguins in area. | [18] |
1979 | ![]() |
St. Croix Island, Algoa Bay | Unknown | African | Penguins collected to prevent harm. | [19][20] |
1981 | ![]() |
Bahia Bustamante | Unknown | Magellanic | Dead penguins found, but ecological impact not studied. | [15] |
1982 | ![]() |
Punta Tombo | Unknown | Magellanic | 500 oiled penguins found. | [15] |
1985 | ![]() |
Cape Recife | Kapodistrias oil spill | Over 1180 penguins impacted, 137 killed. | [21][8] | |
1987 | ![]() |
Macquarie Island | Nella Dan supply ship wreck | Royal, King, Southern rockhopper, Gentoo | 70 tonnes of light fuel oil lost, ecological damage unknown. | [22] |
1987 | ![]() |
Punta Davis, Strait of Magellan | Cabo Pilar oil spill | 4900 tonnes crude spilled, penguin impacts unknown. | [23][24] | |
1988 | ![]() |
Portland, Victoria | ? | Little | 40% of a small colony oiled and killed (100 birds). | [25][26][27] |
1989 | ![]() |
Bismarck Strait, Antarctica | Bahia Paraiso oil spill | Several, including Adelie | 20,000-30,000 penguins swam through slick, toll unclear owing to 3 year migration pattern, 300 Adelie penguins known to have been killed. | [28] |
1990 | ![]() |
Apollo Bay, Cape Otway | Tanker Arthur Phillip | Little | 130 collected alive, only 65 survived. Over 200 dead, estimates up to 700 dead. | [29][30] |
1991 | ![]() |
Chubut Province | Unknown | Magellanic | An estimated 17,000 penguins killed. | [15] |
1991 | ![]() |
Punta Tombo | Unknown | Magellanic | Estimated 16,000-17,000 dead penguins found. More expected to have died at sea. | [31][32] |
1994 | ![]() |
Dassen Island | Apollo Sea | African | 10,000 penguins collected and cleaned, half of which survived. | [8] |
1995 | ![]() |
Low Head, Tasmania | MV Iron Baron | Little | An estimated 25,000 penguins died from spill impacts. | [33] |
1995 | ![]() |
Bass Strait | Unknown | Little | 13 oiled penguins. | [34] |
1995 | ![]() |
off Danger Point | Unknown | African | 1332 penguins. | [8] |
1998 | ![]() |
Cape Town | Harbor pipeline burst | African | 563 penguins. | [8] |
1998 | ![]() |
Falkland Islands | Oil exploration spills | Magellanic | Killed several hundred penguins. | [15] |
1999 | ![]() |
Gore Bay, Sydney, New South Wales | Shell tanker | Little | Several birds oiled, five were captured, cleaned and released. | [35][36] |
2000 | ![]() |
Between Summerland Bay and The Nobbies, Phillip Island, Victoria | Unknown | Little | 9 killed, 164 more oiled and treated. | [37][38][39] |
2000 | ![]() |
Cifuncho, Antofagasta | La Moure County (US Navy vessel) | Humboldt | 80-120,000 gallons of diesel lost. Penguin impacts unknown. | [40] |
2000 | ![]() |
Robben Island & Dassen Island | MV Treasure oil spill | African | 19000 oiled and an additional 19500 removed. Less than 2000 died. 91% rehabilitation success. | [8] |
2001 | ![]() |
Moraleda Channel | Jose Fuchs | Magellanic | 150 tonnes crude oil spilled. | [23] |
2001 | ![]() |
Victoria | Little | 438 penguins treated with a 96% survival rate. | [41] | |
2004 | ![]() |
Primera Angostura, Magellan Strait | Tanker Berge Nice collision with tugboat | 160 tonnes of oil spilled. Unknown number of penguins impacted. | [23][15] | |
2005 | ![]() |
Antofagasta | Eider cargo ship grounded | Humboldt | Penguins impacted. | [15] |
2006 | ![]() |
Near Cabo Virgenes, south Patagonia | Unknown | Magellanic | 100 oiled penguins found. An estimated 400 were oiled. | [42][43] |
2007 | ![]() |
Caleta Cordova, Chubut | Oil terminal spill | Magellanic | Over 1500 penguins impacted. | [15] |
2009 | ![]() |
Kingston / Robe, South Australia | Unknown | Little | 7 penguins oiled and treated. | [44] |
2008 | ![]() |
Montevideo | Tanker Syros oil spill | Magellanic | At least 72 penguins oiled and killed | [45] |
2011 | ![]() |
Tauranga | Rena oil spill | Little | 20,000 seabirds (including penguins) killed by spill and ecosystem impacts. 383 were successfully cleaned and released. | [46][47] |
2011 | ![]() |
Tristan da Cunha islands | MS Oliva | Rockhopper | 20,000 penguins oiled, 4,000 relocated to Tristan da Cunha. "Thousands" more died. | [48][49] |
2015-2016 | ![]() |
near Cachagua | Humboldt | Penguin colony threatened by two oil spills during this period. | [50] | |
2016 | ![]() |
Port of Ngqura | Bunkering | African | 100 oiled penguins were treated. | [51] |
2019 | ![]() |
Port of Ngqura | Bunkering | African | Hundreds of penguins were harmed in minor spill. | [51] |
2022 | ![]() |
Lima | Repsol refinery | Humboldt | Penguins and other seabirds oiled. Some rescued and cleaned. | [52][53] |
References
- ^ "A Naturalist's Jottings". Frankston and Somerville Standard (Vic. : 1921 - 1939). 1925-08-14. p. 7. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Oil Menace to Sea Birds". Telegraph (Brisbane, Qld. : 1872 - 1947). 1934-08-23. p. 33. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Oily penguin, South Africa (1936)". Hartford Courant. 1936-08-02. p. 70. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Oil Kills Penquins". Northern Times (Carnarvon, WA : 1905 - 1952). 1940-11-07. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "GETTING TO KNOW AUSTRALIA". Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954). 1945-09-20. p. 12. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Duke telephones about penguin". Daily Telegraph (Sydney, NSW : 1931 - 1954). 1945-05-27. p. 7. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "OIL ON BAY KILLS MANY PENGUINS". Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861 - 1954). 1946-07-16. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Brief History of Penguin Oiling in South African Waters | Animal Demography Unit". www.adu.uct.ac.za. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Oil wrecks penguins of Dyer Island (Esso Wheeling, 1949)". The Morning Call. 1949-04-29. p. 22. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Ship Oil Kills Fish, Penguins". Newcastle Sun (NSW : 1918 - 1954). 1953-11-03. p. 8. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Penguin guard stands watch". Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861 - 1954). 1954-07-03. p. 1. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Oil causing big toll of penguins on bayside". Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861 - 1954). 1954-07-07. p. 9. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Oil tanker spill will wipe out penguins (1992 account of 1971 event)". The Age. 1992-12-17. p. 11. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Huge oil slick seen". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). 1971-05-14. p. 3. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hofer, Tobias N. (2008). Marine Pollution: New Research. Nova Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60456-242-2.
- ^ "Giant Oil Spill Ruins 40 Miles of South America, Chile (1975)". The Cincinnati Enquirer. 1975-02-16. p. 53. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Penguins". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). 1974-01-07. p. 6. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ Pizarro, Francisco (February 1995). "Contingency Planning in Chile". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings. 1995 (1): 501–502. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-501. ISSN 2169-3366.
- ^ ""Homing" Penguins Travel 500 Miles (1979)". The Charlotte News. 1979-09-17. p. 4. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Penguins baffle scientists (1979)". The Daily News. 1979-09-18. p. 27. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ Lord, Desmond A.; Kerley, Graham I. H.; Randall, Rodney M.; Reddering, Jacobus S. V.; Schumann, Eckart H.; Bricknell, William E.; Rowe, Sidney (April 1987). "Thekapodistriasgrounding and Oil Spill Cape Recife, South Africa". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings. 1987 (1): 33–38. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-33. ISSN 2169-3366.
- ^ "Southern Ocean not the place to enjoy a Christmas dinner". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). 1987-12-29. p. 3. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ a b c "Chile - ITOPF". www.itopf.org. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ Pizarro, Francisco (February 1989). "Thecabo Pilargrounding and Oil Spill". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings. 1989 (1): 61–64. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-61. ISSN 2169-3366.
- ^ Dann, Peter; Cullen, Mike; Weir, Ian (1996-04-01). "NATIONAL REVIEW OF THE CONSERVATION STATUS AND MANAGEMENT OF AUSTRALIAN LITTLE PENGUIN COLONIES".
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(help) - ^ "Race to contain Portland oil spill, penguins oiled (1988)". The Age. 1988-07-30. p. 1. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Clean-up of the worst of Portland's oil spill to be complete soon, oiled penguins (1988)". The Age. 1988-08-01. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "A world away from Alaska, an ecological disaster widens (Argentina, Antarctica 1989)". Chicago Tribune. 1989-06-18. p. 4. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Survivors train for the race of a lifetime (penguins, Australia 1990)". The Age. 1990-08-07. p. 6. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Caltex summonsed over Apollo Bay oil spill (Australia, 1990)". The Age. 1990-10-25. p. 3. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "In Argentina's Patagonia region, man and nature threaten fragile coastline (1991)". The Miami Herald. 1991-12-12. p. 654. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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- ^ "Fairy penguin in peril, Australia (2000)". Journal Gazette. 2000-01-12. p. 10. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Penguin chicks may starve while waiting for oily parents (Australia, 2000)". The Age. 2000-01-05. p. 7. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Penguins die as oil spills along coast (Australia, 2000)". The Age. 2000-01-03. p. 3. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "La Moure County | IncidentNews | NOAA". incidentnews.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Victoria's little penguins — cute, famous and in need of the perfect woolly jumper". www.abc.net.au. 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Oil-coated penguins discovered on shores, Argentina (2006)". El Paso Times. 2006-05-12. p. 12. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ Network, Good News (2006-06-17). "Penguins Caught in Oil Spill Saved by "Commando" Veterinarians". Good News Network. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ Bateman, Ivy (2009-03-24). "Oil covered penguins still not back on their happy feet". www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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- ^ "Rena: Oil clean-up chemical worries Greenpeace". NZ Herald. 2011-11-24. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ Chilvers, B. Louise; Morgan, Kerri J.; Battley, Phil; Sievwright, Karin A. (May 2017). "Lessons Learnt from post-release monitoring of oiled-penguins: New Zealand C/V Rena". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings. 2017 (1): 2996–3010. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2996. ISSN 2169-3366.
- ^ "Oil spill triggers rescue of endangered Rockhopper penguins (2011)". The Vancouver Sun. 2011-03-28. p. 18. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ Guggenheim, David E.; Glass, Trevor (May 2014). "Disaster at Nightingale – The Wreck of the MS Oliva at the World's Remotest Island: Lessons Learned for Resource Managers in Remote Areas". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings. 2014 (1): 711–720. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.711. ISSN 2169-3366.
- ^ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (2018-08-09). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Spheniscus humboldti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
- ^ a b "Refuelling under scrutiny as S.Africa penguins hit by oil spill". phys.org. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
- ^ "Peru demands compensation for disastrous oil spill caused by Tonga volcano". the Guardian. 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
- ^ "Calif. wildlife team rescues penguins from Peru oil spill". KRON4. 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2022-10-26.