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Juraj Jánošík

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Juraj Jánošík
Wood engraving by Władysław Skoczylas, which reads (in Polish), "The name of Janosik will never perish".
BornJanuary 1688
Terchová, Slovakia
Died17 March 1713 (aged 25)
Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia
Cause of deathExecution
NationalitySlovak
Other namesJuro Jánošík, Jurko Jánošík, Jerzy Janosik, Jánosik György
Occupation(s)soldier, prison guard, highwayman
Known forSlovak folk hero

Juraj Jánošík (first name also Juro or Jurko, Slovak pronunciation: [ˈjuraj ˈjaːnɔʃiːk]; baptised 25 January 1688, died 17 March 1713) was a Slovak highwayman. Jánošík has been the main character of many Slovak novels, poems, and films. According to the legend, he robbed nobles and gave the loot to the poor, a deed often attributed to the famous Robin Hood. The legend is known in neighboring Poland (under the name Jerzy Janoszik also Janosik, Janiczek or Janicek[1]) and the Czech Republic. The actual robber had little to do with the modern legend, whose content partly reflects the ubiquitous folk myths of a hero taking from the rich and giving to the poor. However, the legend was also shaped in important ways by the activists and writers in the 19th century when Jánošík became the key highwayman character in stories that spread in the north counties of the Kingdom of Hungary (much in present Slovakia) and among the local Gorals inhabitants of the Podhale region north of the Tatras. The image of Jánošík as a symbol of resistance to oppression was reinforced when poems about him became part of the Slovak and Czech middle and high school literature curriculum, and then again with the numerous films that propagated his modern legend in the 20th century. During the anti-Nazi Slovak National Uprising, one of the partisan groups bore his name.

Biography

The page No. 39 of the protocol from the trial with Juraj Jánošík. It is archived under the title Fassio Janosikiana, anno 1713 die 16 mensis Martii. Jánošík is called here "agili Georgius Janošík Tyarchoviensis latronum et praedorum antesignatus" - cautious (or agile) Juro Jánošík from the Ťarchová, the chief of the thieves and outlaws.[2]

Jánošík was born on January 25, 1688, and baptised shortly after. His parents were Martin Jánošík and Anna Čišníková from Terchová. His godparents were Jakub Merjad and Barbara Krištofíková.

He grew up in the village of Terchová in the Habsburg monarchy's Kingdom of Hungary area (present-day Žilina District in northwestern Slovakia). He fought with the Kuruc insurgents when he was fifteen. After the lost Battle of Trenčín, Jánošík was recruited by the Habsburg army.[3] In autumn 1710, as a young prison guard in Bytča, he helped the imprisoned Tomáš Uhorčík escape.[4] They formed a highwayman group and Jánošík became its leader at the age of 23, after Uhorčík left to settle in Klenovec.[5] The group was active mostly in northwestern Kingdom of Hungary (today's Slovakia), around the Váh river between Važec and Východná,[6] but the territory of their activity extended also to other parts of today's Slovakia, as well as to Poland and Moravia.[3] Most of their victims were rich merchants. Under Jánošík's leadership, the group was exceptionally chivalrous: they did not kill any of the robbed victims and even helped an accidentally injured priest.[6] They are also said to have shared their loot with the poor and this part of the legend may be based on the facts too.[6]

Jánošík was captured in autumn 1712 and detained at the Mansion of Hrachovo, but was released soon afterwards.[7] He was captured again in spring of 1713, in the Uhorčík's residence in Klenovec (Klenóc).[2][8] Uhorčík lived there under the false name Martin Mravec at that time. According to a widespread legend, he was caught in a pub run by Tomáš Uhorčík, after slipping on spilled peas, thrown in his way by a treacherous old lady. Jánošík was imprisoned and tried in Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš, (present Liptovský Mikuláš).

His trial took place on 16 and 17 March 1713, when he was sentenced to death. The date of his execution was not recorded, but it was customary to carry it out as soon as the trial was over. The manner of his execution, not in public awareness until the early 19th century, became part of his modern legend. A hook was pierced through his left side and he was left dangling on the gallows to die. This brutal way of execution was reserved for leaders of robber bands.[6] However, sources diverge about how he was executed, and it is also possible that Jánošík was hanged.[2] A legend says that he refused the coup de grâce offered in exchange for naming his associates with the words: "If you have baked me so you should also eat me!" and jumped on the hook.[9]

Other members of Jánošík's group

Jánošík in film

Jánošík in literature

  • 1785 Slovak – Anon., "An Excellent Sermon by a Certain Preacher in the Days of the Chief Highwayman Jánošík." Staré nowiny liternjho uměnj, May 1785.
  • 1809 Slovak – Bohuslav Tablic, "Jánošík, the Highwayman of Liptov County." Slowensstj Werssowcy. Collecta revirescunt. Swazek druhý.
  • 1814 Slovak – Pavol Jozef Šafárik, "Celebrating Slavic Lads." Tatranská Můza s ljrau Slowanskau.
  • 1829 Slovak lower nobleman in German – Johann Csaplovics, "Robbers." Gemälde von Ungern.
  • 1845 Slovak lower nobleman – Štefan Marko Daxner, "Jánošík's Treasure." Orol Tatránski.
  • 1846 Slovak – Ján Botto, "Jánošík's Song." Holubica, Zábavník Levočskích Slovákou.
  • 1846 Slovak – Samo Chalupka, "Jánošík's Contemplation." Orol Tatránski.
  • 1862 Ján Botto, "The Death of Jánošík. A Romance." Lipa. — A key poem in Slovak literature and culture.
  • 1867 Slovak lower nobleman – Jonáš Záborský, Jánošík's Dinner. A Play in Four Acts With an Historical Background. A supplement to the journal Sokol.
  • 1875 Hungarian – "Jánosik and a Snitch." Nyitramegyei Szemle.
  • 1884 Polish – August Wrześniowski, "A Story About Janosik." Pamięci Towarzystwa Tatrzańskiego.
  • 1884 Czech – Alois Jirásek, "About Jánošík." Staré pověsti české.
  • 1893 American in Slovak – Dobrý Slovák, Jánošík, the Lad of Freedom: A Legend of Times Gone By.
  • 1894 American in Slovak – Gustáv Maršall-Petrovský, Jánošík, Captain of Mountain Lads – His Tumultuous Life and Horrific Death. A Novel. — A source of the screenplay for the 1921 Slovak film Jánošík.
  • 1900 American – George J. Krajsa, Janosik.
  • 1910 Czech – Jiří Mahen, Jánošík. — A play, a source of the screenplay for the 1921 Slovak film Jánošík.
  • 1933 Slovak – Ján Hrušovský, "Jánošík." Slovenská politika. — Narrative newspaper strips published later as a novel.
  • 1943 Slovak – Mária Rázusová-Martáková, Jánošík: A Rhymed Play in Five Acts.
  • 1947 Polish – Stanisław Nedza-Kubiniec, Janosik: A Poem About the Highwayman who Wanted to Make the World Equal.
  • 1955 Slovak – Mária Rázusová-Martáková, Tales about Jánošík.
  • 1958 Polish – Jalu Kurek, Janosik...
  • 1964 German – Käthe Altwallstädt, "Janosik and the Students." Die blaue Rose: Märchen aus Polen.
  • 1969 Polish – Katarzyna Gaertner, music, and Ernest Bryll, lyrics, Painted on Glass. — A musical whose Bratislava production had the longest run in the history of Slovak theater.
  • 1970 Slovak – Stanislav Štepka, Jááánošííík. — A spoof and the Slovak play with the longest run.
  • 1972 Polish – Tadeusz Kwiatkowski, Janosik. — A graphic novel.
  • 1972 Serbian in Slovak – Štefan Gráf, Jur Jánošiak. — Parallel publication in Serbia (Yugoslavia) and Slovakia (Czechoslovakia).
  • 1979 Slovak – Ľubomír Feldek, Jánošík According to Vivaldi. — A spoof play.
  • 1980 Slovak – Margita Figuli, A Ballad of Jur Jánošík.
  • 1980 Slovak – Ladislav Ťažký, Jánošík's Tear.
  • 1985 American – John H. Hausner, "Jánošík, We Remember!" And Other Poems.
  • 1993 Ukrainian in Polish – Василь Іванович Сави, Яносик, польська народна казка. — A picture book.
  • 1994 Slovak – Anton Marec, Jánošík, Jánošík... (33 Legends About the Famous Highwayman Commander.)
  • 2018 American in English; "Odesseus Ascendant", one of the stealthy rogue class destroyers featured prominently is named the Jánošík and captained by a native Slovak.

See also

  • Robin Hood - an English semi-legendary character
  • Harnaś - a Slavic title given to a commander of mountains footpad units.

Notes

  1. ^ "Tygodnik illustrowany: Pismo obejmujące ważniejsze wypadki spółczesne, życiorysy znakomitych ludzi, zabytki i pamiątki krajowe, podróże, powieści i poezye, sprawozdania z dziedziny sztuk pięknych, piśmiennictwa, nauk przyrodniczych, rolnictwa, przemysłu i wynalazków, szkice obyczajowe i humanistyczne, typy ludowe, ubiory i kostiumy, archeologię i.t.d". 1871.
  2. ^ a b c "Jaká je pravda o Jánošíkovi a Ilčíkovi?" (in Czech). www.ilcik.cz. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  3. ^ a b Juraj Jánošík osobnosti.sk | životopisy, diela, tvorba, články, linky
  4. ^ Kočiš (1986), p. 47 (in Slovak)
  5. ^ Kočiš (1986), p. 50 (in Slovak)
  6. ^ a b c d Odpočíva Jánošík na dne Liptovskej Mary? Aktuality Terchová | terchova-info.sk
  7. ^ Kočiš (1986), p. 53 (in Slovak)
  8. ^ Kočiš (1986), p. 56 (in Slovak)
  9. ^ About Janosik
  10. ^ Martin Votruba, Historical and Cultural Background of Slovak Filmmaking

References

  • Kočiš, Jozef (1986). Neznámy Jánošík (in Slovak). Martin: Vydavatel´stvo Osveta. - contains also list of published literature, German, French, Russian and Hungarian résumé.
  • Melicherčík, Andrej (1963). Juraj Jánošík, hrdina protifeudálného odboja slovenského l´udu (in Slovak). Martin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
See also: Jánošík
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