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Joint Committee Against Communism

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Joint Committee Against Communism
FormationJanuary 1950
FounderRabbi Benjamin Schultz
Founded atNew York City
Chairman
Alfred Kohlberg
Executive Director
Rabbi Benjamin Schultz
Theodore Kirkpatrick, Roy Cohn
AffiliationsCounterattack (newsletter), Red Channels newsletter, Plain Talk magazine

The Joint Committee Against Communism, also known as the Joint Committee Against Communism in New York, was an anti-communist organization during the 1950s.[1][2][3]

Origins

Eugene Lyons (1940) was a co-founder of the committee's core coalition member, American Jewish League Against Communism, Inc. (AJLAC)

Benjamin Schultz of Rochester, New York, had studied under Rabbi Stephen S. Wise at the Jewish Institute of Religion in New York City. He was ordained as a rabbi in 1931 and served a Reform congregation, Temple Emanu-El in Yonkers, New York. From October 14 to 16, 1947, Schultz published a series of articles in the New York World-Telegram on Communism among Protestant and Catholic churches and Jewish synagogues. He attacked the Reverend Dr. Harry F. Ward of Union Theological Seminary, Abraham Cronbach of Hebrew Union College, and Stephen S. Wise by name.[1]

On March 15, 1948, Schultz announced in the New York Times the founding of the American Jewish League Against Communism, Inc. (AJLAC). AJLAC claimed to side with an "overwhelming majority of American Jewry" against Communism. It praised David Dubinsky, Abraham Cahan, Walter Winchell, and David Lawrence. Schultz declared, "Zionism and communism are incompatible."[4] Headquartered at 220 West Forty-second Street, AJLAC sought to remove "all Communist activity in Jewish life, wherever it may be."[5]

AJLAC national organizing members included:

(Pasternak had a seat on the New York Stock Exchange.[4]) Roy Cohn joined as a member of the board of directors.[1] Anti-communist journalist Isaac Don Levine was also a co-founder.[4]

On May 31, 1948, Schultz testified in support of the Mundt-Nixon Bill. In July 1948, Sokolsky mentioned formation of an AJLAC office in Los Angeles. In early 1949, Schultz testified to the Brooklyn Board of Education against the Jewish Peoples Fraternal Order, a member of the Communist-controlled International Workers Order; a week later, the board followed his recommendation and banned the group from classrooms. In March 1949, he publicly opposed a Soviet delegation led by Dmitri Shostakovich from entering the United States. In July 1949, Schultz also attacked Paul Robeson during the latter's hearings before the House Un-American Activities Committee.[1][6]

Formation

Roy Cohn (here with US Senaotor Joseph McCarthy during Army–McCarthy hearings in 1953) was a board member of AJLAC, a core coalition member of the Joint Committee Against Communism: both Cohn and McCarthy later received public recognition from the committee

In late January 1950, the committee formed in response to a call from George Craig, head of the American Legion, when 60 national organizations.[1]

The founders of the Joint Committee Against Communism were:

  • Rabbi Benjamin Schultz, executive director, American Jewish League Against Communism
  • Alfred Kohlberg, chairman, American Jewish League Against Communism
  • Theodore Kirkpatrick, managing editor, Red Channels and founder, Counterattack

Kohlberg, a prominent member of the China Lobby and publisher of Plain Talk magazine, bankrolled the committee.[7][8] As of July 1949, Rabbi Schultz named AJLAC's executive board members as: "Gen. Julius Klein, a past national commander of the Jewish War Veterans; your own colleague, the Hon. Abraham J. Multer; Isaac Don Levine; Eugene Lyons; Alfred Kohlberg; Morrie Ryskind, of Hollywood; Rabbi David S. Savitz; and Rabbi Ascher M. Yager, leading orthodox rabbis of New York."[1][6] In 1948, Multer ran for office against ex-CIO general counsel Lee Pressman. Multer used Pressman's communist association against him early on by claiming that he had received his "certificate of election" from the Daily Worker (CPUSA newspaper), thanks to its condemnation of him.[9])

The Joint Committee Against Communism drew together a coalition of several New York State groups and sub-groups including the American Legion, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and Catholic War Veterans, and the Veterans Division of AJLAC.[10]

In 1954, board members of the committee's core group, AJLAC, included: Alfred Kohlberg (chair), Benjamin Schultz (executive director), Harry Pasternak (treasurer) as well as Bern Dibner, Lawrence Fertig, Theodore Fine, Benjamin Gitlow, Walter R. Hart, Herman Kashins, Eugene Lyons, Norman L. Marks, Morris Ryskind, David S. Savitz, Nathan D. Shapiro, George E. Sokolsky, Maurice Tishman, and Ascher M. Yager.[11]

Activities

Actor Jean Muir (here, in a Warner Bros. publicity portrait) came under attack by the committee

In 1950, the Joint Committee Against Communism called on the New York Board of Education to ban the New York City Teachers Union (TU), which since the 1930s come under the control of the Communist Party USA.[10] (Former TU vice president Dr. Bella Dodd would testify before Congress about Communist control of the TU later in the 1950s.) That same year, the committee helped keep actress Jean Muir banned from radio, soon after her name had appeared in Red Channels.[7] Also in that year, the committee scared Bing Crosby away from recording the song "Old Man Atom", written by Vern Partlow of the Los Angeles Daily News and finally recorded by Sam Hinton. (The song's lyrics included the lines, "Einstein's scared, and when Einstein's scared, I'm scared.")[4][12] Partlow was a member of People's Songs, a left-wing publisher based in New York City and founded by folk-singer Pete Seeger.[13]

In 1951, Schultz attacked the reputation of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz and US Secretary of Defense General George C. Marshall. That same year, conservative journalist Westbrook Pegler wrote a supportive syndicated article called "Let Me Introduce Rabbi Benjamin Schultz."[1]

In 1952, the committee honored US Senator Joseph McCarthy with a dinner at the Astor Hotel.[14] That same year, the committee named 18 college professors as "politically objectionable" and called for legislation against them; the committee declared that "it is up to the professors to prove their fitness to teach in the face of its accusations."[15] In a speech in Lansing, Michigan, Schulz denounced both former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), a group she supported and which he called "an organizational extension of that lady's personality... more dangerous than Communism."[4]

By 1953, the committee's original members in AJLAC had become known among leading Jewish "anti-Reds" and included: Eugene Lyons, Isaac Don Levine, David Lawrence, George Sokolsky, Benjamin Mandel, Barney Balaban, Rabbi Ben Schultz, Maurice Tishman, and Victor Riesel.[16][17]

In 1954, the committee honored Roy Cohn with a dinner at the Astor Hotel; US Senator Joseph McCarthy was the principal speaker at the dinner.[18][19] Also in 1954, Rabbi Schultz spoke before an American Legion gathering in Boston.[20]

In 1955, the committee honored Myers Lowman for exposing communist influence.[8] AJLAC honored Ruth Shipley with an award for "a lifetime of service to the American people."[21]

Legacy

In 1950, TIME magazine lumped the Joint Committee Against Communism and its founder Benjamin Schultz with the newsletter Counterattack and its founder Theodore Kirkpatrick.[22]

It was the committee's 1952 attack on actress Jean Muir that first brought it to public attention.[4]

Works

  • Soviet Russia and Jews (undated pamphlet) (AJLAC)[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Krause, Allen (2010). "Rabbi Benjamin Schultz and the American Jewish League Against Communism: From McCarthy to Mississippi". Southern Jewish History. Southern Jewish Historical Society: 167 (quote), 208 (fn25 on founding). Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  2. ^ Krause, Allen (2010). "Rabbi Benjamin Schultz and the American Jewish League Against Communism: From McCarthy to Mississippi". Southern Jewish History. Southern Jewish Historical Society. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  3. ^ Beim, Aaron; Fine, Gary Alan (1997). "The Cultural Framework of Prejudice: Reputational Images and the Postwar Disjuncture of Jews and Communism". The Sociological Quarterly. 48 (3). Taylor & Francies: 373–397. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00082.x. JSTOR 40220030. S2CID 144866065.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Miller, Merle (1952). The Judges and the Judged. Doubleday. p. 153 (AJLAC), 154 (Muir), 155, 156 (Levine), 157 (Roosevelt, ADA), 178 (Old Man Atom). Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Jewish Unit Vows Communist Purge". New York Times. 15 March 1948. p. 7. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  6. ^ a b Hearings Regarding Communist Infiltration of Minority Groups. US GPO. July 1949. pp. 434 (Robeson, AJLAC members). Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  7. ^ a b Navasky, Victor S. (1980). Naming Names. Viking Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780670503933. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  8. ^ a b Katagiri, Yasuhiro (6 January 2014). Black Freedom, White Resistance, and Red Menace: Civil Rights and Anticommunism in the Jim Crow South. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 9780807153154. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  9. ^ "1,700 Attend Rally to Fight Communism". New York Times. 17 July 1948. p. 4. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  10. ^ a b Taylor, Clarence (2013). Reds at the Blackboard. Columbia University Press. pp. 162–163 (composition), 166, 304. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  11. ^ Piper, Michael Collins (2006). The Judas Goats: The Enemy Within. American Free Press. ISBN 9780981808628. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  12. ^ "Old Man Atom". Sound Beat. 24 October 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  13. ^ Wiener, Laura (January 2014). "Pete Seeger: The Communist Consumers Love". First Things. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  14. ^ "McCarthy Holding Plaque For Fighting Communism". Getty Images. 10 December 1952. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  15. ^ "Conformity Reigns". The Crimson. Harvard University. 17 January 1952. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  16. ^ Lasky, Victor (6 July 1953). "The Writers' Forum Holds Professional Bigots Playing Moscow's Game". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 8. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  17. ^ Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress, Volume 99, Part 12. US GPO. 1953. p. A4181. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  18. ^ "Cohn and McCarthy Wave to Crowd". Getty Images. 28 July 1954. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  19. ^ Carlson, Peter. "Joe McCarthy's sidekick and Donald Trump's mentor was not a very nice man". HistoryNet. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  20. ^ "Jewish Community Relations Council, Boston, Massachusetts". American Ancestors. 1954. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  21. ^ "Mrs. Shipley Cited by Anti-Red Groups". New York Times. 11 May 1955. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  22. ^ "Letters, Oct. 2, 1950". TIME. 2 October 1950. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  23. ^ "A Checklist of Books Dealing with Various Aspects of Communism". American Legion Magazine. August 1953. p. 23. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
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