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James Balfour (died 1845)

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For other people named James Balfour, see James Balfour (disambiguation).

Whittingehame House, Balfour's mansion in East Lothian, Scotland

James Balfour (c. 1775 – 19 April 1845) was a Scottish nabob who became a landowner and politician. The son of a prosperous and influential Scottish gentry family, he became a trader in India. Having made a fortune supplying the Royal Navy, he returned to Scotland to buy several landed estates, including Whittingehame in East Lothian where he built a classical mansion.

Balfour became a Tory Member of Parliament (MP) from 1826 to 1834, but never achieved ministerial office. However, many of his descendants found fame and success, including his grandson Arthur Balfour,[1] who served as prime minister from 1902 to 1905.

At his death, Balfour's estates in Scotland alone were estimated to be worth over £1 million[2] (equivalent to £125 million in 2024[3]).

Family and early life

Balbirnie House in Fife, Balfour's birthplace

Balfour was born about 1775.[4] He was the second son of John Balfour (1739–1813), an advocate who owned Balbirnie House, near the town of Glenrothes in Fife.[2] His elder brother Robert Balfour, who inherited Balbirnie, became a Lieutenant-General in the British Army.

His ancestor George Balfour had purchased Balbirnie in the late 16th or early 17th century,[5] and by the late 18th century its land included profitable mines in the Fife Coalfield.[6]

Career

India

After studying book-keeping and accountancy in Edinburgh, Balfour went to Madras in March 1795 as a writer (junior clerk) for the British East India Company. He held several posts in the following years, before being sent back to Britain after a disciplinary issue.[2]

Balfour returned to India in 1802, where he became a merchant in partnership with James Baker. His breakthrough came in 1806, when the partners obtained the contract with the Victualling Commissioners of the Royal Navy to supply their needs throughout the East Indies.[7]

The contract had been held since 1796 by the Hon. Basil Cochrane, who had built his own flour mills and bakeries in Madras.[7] Cochrane returned to England in 1806 due to ill-health, and had intended to appoint Balfour and Baker as his agents.[8] However, before leaving, Cochrane was notified that the Navy was reviewing his accounts dating back to 1794, and that the Navy had lost much of the paperwork. He then returned to England permanently to settle the accounts, which took until 1820.[8]

Instead of engaging agents, Cochrane passed the contract to Balfour and Baker, who held it until at least 1815.[8] At some point the partnership was dissolved, and the contract held by Balfour alone.[7] When he left India, he had accumulated a fortune of £300,000[9] (equivalent to £34.4 million in 2024[3]).

The Indian business did not end with Balfour's return home. It was run on his behalf by agents, and within a few decades the family's assets had grown ten-fold to £3 million[10] (equivalent to £344 million in 2024[3]).

Scotland

The east lodge of Balfour's Whittingehame estate, possibly also designed by Robert Smirke

On his return to Scotland in 1815, Balfour married Lady Eleanor Maitland (1790–1869), daughter of the Tory politician James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale.[1] They had seven children, three of whom predeceased their parents. The eldest son was killed by a fire in 1822.[11][12]

Within two years of their marriage, Balfour had bought two large county estates. The first was a sporting estate with shooting lodge in the Highlands, at Strathconan in Ross-shire.[13] In 1817, he purchased the 10,000-acre (4,000 ha; 16 sq mi) Whittingehame estate in Haddingtonshire from Colonel William Hay of Duns Castle,[2] which provided a net rental income of £11,000 per year (equivalent to £1,375,000 in 2024[3]).[1] He also bought a town house in London,[1] No. 3 Grosvenor Square.[14]

In the 1820s the Balfours employed the architect Robert Smirke, designer of the British Museum, to build a large classical mansion at Whittingehame,[1] along with a stable block and gate lodges.[15] They equipped their home with French furniture and Sèvres china.[1] Built of pale cullalo stone, the house was expanded and altered in 1827 to the designs of William Burn, which were not entirely successful. Colin McWilliam and Christopher Wilson describe them as having changed "a dry composition into a boring one".[15]

They then rebuilt the local church, and created a new model village to the north-west of the old one. Built in about 1840 of red sandstone, it consists of a row of cottages and a school.[15]

Established as a country gentleman, though known locally as "the nabob",[1][9] Balfour became a justice of the peace,[1] and in 1822 was appointed as a Deputy Lieutenant of Haddingtonshire.[16]

Strathconon (or Strathconan) House, Balfour's hunting lodge in the Scottish Highlands

In about 1823[17] or 1824 he paid £104,000[17] (equivalent to £11.6 million in 2024[3]) to buy from the 10th Earl of Leven[5] a large estate in his native Fife, including Balgonie Castle. Adjacent to his native Balbirnie, the Balgonie estate included coal mines which worked seams described as "inexhaustible"[18] and iron workings.

Parliament

In November 1820, the death of Henry St Paul MP triggered a by-election for the borough of Berwick-upon-Tweed, where Balfour's father-in-law Lord Lauderdale had great influence.[19] Balfour was also supported by Admiral Sir David Milne,[9] who had defeated St Paul at the general election in March 1820[20] but was unseated on petition in July.[21]

However, Lauderdale was disliked for his opposition to the popular Queen Caroline, which became a significant issue in the campaign. His agents claimed that Balfour would have opposed her trial for alleged adultery, but he was portrayed as too close to Liverpool's Tory ministry to properly represent interests of the borough. After four days of polling, Balfour lost by 9 votes (374—363) to the Whig baronet Sir Francis Blake.[19]

Balgonie Castle in Glenrothes, Fife, in Balfour's Fife estate

A further vacancy occurred in Berwick in 1822, but Balfour did not contest the seat.[2] Instead, he turned his attentions to the Anstruther Burghs, a set of five burghs which were located only 15 miles from his newly purchased estate at Balgonie in Fife.[22] At the 1826 general election he won the support of three burghs of Pittenweem, Anstruther Easter and Crail, whereas the sitting MP and Lord Advocate of Scotland Sir William Rae won only Anstruther Wester and Kilrenny.[22] With three out of five votes[22] Balfour was declared elected,[23] and a petition lodged by Rae was rejected in March 1827.[24]

In 1829, several groups of his constituents submitted petitions against the Roman Catholic Relief Bill. Balfour presented all the petitions to Parliament,[22] but in April he voted with the majority in favour of the Bill.[25]

Balfour was opposed at the 1830 general election by Robert Marsham, the Warden of Merton College, Oxford. However, he won the seat,[26] taking three of the four boroughs remaining after Kilrenny's disenfranchisement in 1829.[22]

At the 1831 general election, Balfour was drafted to stand instead in the county seat of Haddingtonshire, the area which included Whittingehame. The sitting MP Lord John Hay had been an advocate of Parliamentary reform, a view which was supported by the county's voteless tenant farmers but opposed by the existing voters. Lord John's position looked untenable, so Balfour was drafted by Lord Lauderdale and Hay's brother Lord Tweeddale. Describing himself as an opponent of the current reform proposals, but a supporter of a "wise and prudent amendment to the representative system", he won the seat by a margin of 40 votes to the 11 of his opponent Sir David Baird, Bt.[27] However, a crowd of non-voting residents of Haddington shouted down his attempts to make a speech of thanks.[2]

The new Parliament was dominated by the Reform Bills, and in the last Parliament of the Unreformed House of Commons Balfour voted against them at most opportunities.[2] At the general election in December 1832, with the franchise expanded under the Scottish Reform Act, Balfour was re-elected[28] but with a much narrower majority of 271 votes to 232.[29]

His health had been declining, and he cited that as his reason for retiring at the dissolution of Parliament in December 1834.[2] At the general election in January 1835, the Haddingtonshire seat was won by the Whig Robert Ferguson.[29]

Death and legacy

The Balfour Monument, near Whittingehame, erected in memory of Balfour's son James Maitland Balfour

Balfour died at Whittingehame in April 1845, aged about 70. He was survived by his wife, Lady Eleanor, two sons, and two daughters.[30] Another two daughters and a son predeceased him.[11]

The surviving children were:

On his death, Balfour's estate was valued at over £1 million. His widow Eleanor (who survived him by 24 years) was left a legacy of £31,000 and a life annuity of £3,760.[2]

The rest was divided between his children. The estates at Whittingehame and Strathconan were left to his eldest son, along with a house in Grosvenor Square, London.[2] His property in Fife, including Balgonie Castle, was left to his second son Charles, while his daughters Mary and Anna had each been given a dowry of £40,000[2] (equivalent to £4.59 million in 2024[3]).

Whittingehame Tower, which is still owned by descendants of James Balfour

Until the Reform Act in 1832, political power in Britain had been dominated for centuries by a land-owning oligarchy, and for another century they shared power with the rising bourgeoisie.[1] The Balfour family straddled both groups. James Balfour's new wealth brought new vigour to the ancient family, with many of his grandchildren and great-grandchildren achieving notability. They include:

As with many other estate houses in Scotland, Balfour family ownership of Whittingehame House ended in the 20th century. Arthur and Gerald lost a lot of money in a series of poor investments, particularly in their efforts to develop peat processing as a green alternative to coal-mining.[10] In the 1930s, death duties forced the mothballing of the house and sale of its contents.[32] The building was leased for various purposes before being sold in 1963 to become a residential school,[33] and has since been converted into apartments.[32][34] The older Whittingehame Tower has been restored and remains the residence of the Earls of Balfour,[35] descendants of James Balfour.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Zebel, Sydney H. (2008). Balfour: A Political Biography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-521-08881-7. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fisher, David R. (2009). D.R. Fisher (ed.). "BALFOUR, James (c.1775–1845), of Whittinghame, Haddington; Balgonie, Fife, and 3 Grosvenor Square, Mdx". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1820–1832. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  4. ^ Fisher (op. cit) notes that on 31 March 1795, Balfoyur swore on oath that he was ‘above the age of 17 years, and under the age of 22 years’ (BL OIOC J/1/15, f. 274). According to Zebel (op. cit), he was born in 1773.
  5. ^ a b Leighton, John M. (1840). History of the County of Fife: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Vol. III. Glasgow: Joseph Swan. p. 182. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  6. ^ Society for the Benefit of the Sons and Daughters of the Clergy (1845). The New Statistical Account of Scotland. Vol. Fife, Kinross. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood and Sons. p. 659.
  7. ^ a b c MacDonald, Janet (2010). The British Navy's Victualling Board, 1793–1815: Management Competence and Incompetence. Boydell & Brewer. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-84383-553-0. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  8. ^ a b c Knight, Roger; Wilcox, Martin Howard (2010). Sustaining the Fleet, 1793–1815: War, the British Navy and the Contractor State. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 172–4. ISBN 978-1-84383-564-6. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  9. ^ a b c Chapple, John (1997). Elizabeth Gaskell: The Early Years. Manchester University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-7190-2550-1. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  10. ^ a b c "Colonel Eustace James Anthony Balfour". Dictionary of Scottish architects. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  11. ^ a b Edward J. Davies, "The Balfours of Balbirnie and Whittingehame", The Scottish Genealogist, 60(2013):84-90.
  12. ^ The Times, 27 Nov 1822.
  13. ^ Harris, Paul (1989). Life in a Scottish country house: the story of A. J. Balfour and Whittingehame House. Whittingehame House Pub. p. 16. ISBN 9780951498507. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  14. ^ Sheppard, F. H. W., ed. (1980). Grosvenor Square: Individual Houses built before 1926. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 117–166. Archived from the original on 3 August 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  15. ^ a b c McWilliam, Colin; Wilson, Christopher (1978). The Buildings of Scotland: Lothian (Except Edinburgh). Pevsner Architectural Guides. p. 469. ISBN 978-0-14-071066-3.
  16. ^ "No. 17812". The London Gazette. 27 April 1822. p. 695.
  17. ^ a b Lewis, Samuel (1851) [1846]. A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Genealogical Publishing Com. pp. 232–3. ISBN 978-0-8063-1255-2. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  18. ^ Society for the Benefit of the Sons and Daughters of the Clergy (1845). The New Statistical Account of Scotland. Vol. Fife, Kinross. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood and Sons. pp. 661–3.
  19. ^ a b Estcott, Margaret (2009). D.R. Fisher (ed.). "Berwick-upon-Tweed borough". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1820–1832. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  20. ^ Escott, Margaret; Healey, Robin (2009). D.R. Fisher (ed.). "MILNE, Sir David (1763–1845), of Inveresk, Edinburgh". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1820–1832. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  21. ^ "House Of Commons, Monday, July 3: Berwick-upon-Tweed". The Times. No. 10976. London, England. 4 July 1820. p. 2. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  22. ^ a b c d e Fisher, David R. (2009). D.R. Fisher (ed.). "Anstruther Easter Burghs". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1820–1832. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  23. ^ "No. 18269". The London Gazette. 18 July 1826. p. 1787.
  24. ^ Journals of the House of Commons, Volume 82. 15 March 1827. p. 320. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  25. ^ "Majority And Minority". The Times. No. 13877. London. 1 April 1829. p. 3. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  26. ^ "No. 18723". The London Gazette. 3 September 1830. p. 1877.
  27. ^ Fisher, David R. (2009). D.R. Fisher (ed.). "Haddingtonshire (East Lothian)". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1820–1832. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  28. ^ "No. 19008". The London Gazette. 28 December 1832. p. 2836.
  29. ^ a b Craig, F. W. S. (1989) [1977]. British parliamentary election results 1832–1885 (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 587. ISBN 0-900178-26-4.
  30. ^ Burke, Sir Bernard (1871). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. 1. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  31. ^ Opitz, Donald L. (2004). "Behind folding shutters in Whittingehame House": Alice Blanche Balfour (1850–1936) and amateur natural history". Archives of Natural History. 31 (2): 330–348. doi:10.3366/anh.2004.31.2.330.
  32. ^ a b "Apartment 3, Whittingehame House, Haddington, East Lothian". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  33. ^ "Whittingehame House". Scotland's Places. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  34. ^ "Whittingehame House with Terrace Walls and Sundial, Haddington". British Listed Buildings. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  35. ^ "Whittingehame Tower". Scotland's Places. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Anstruther Easter Burghs
1826 – 1831 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Haddingtonshire
1831 – 1835 		Succeeded by
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