Ice Ic
Ice Ic (pronounced "ice one c" or "ice I c") is a metastable cubic crystalline variant of ice. Hans König was the first to identify and deduce the structure of ice Ic.[1] The oxygen atoms in ice Ic are arranged in a diamond structure and is extremely similar to ice Ih having nearly identical densities and the same lattice constant along the hexagonal puckered-planes.[2] It forms at temperatures between 130 and 220 kelvins (−143 and −53 degrees Celsius) upon cooling, and can exist up to 240 K (−33 °C) upon warming,[3][4] when it transforms into ice Ih.
Apart from forming from supercooled water,[5] ice Ic has also been reported to form from amorphous ice[2] as well as from the high-pressure ices II, III and V.[6] It can form in and is occasionally present in the upper atmosphere[7] and is believed to be responsible for the observation of Scheiner's halo, a rare ring that occurs near 28 degrees from the Sun or the Moon.[8]
Ordinary water ice is known as ice Ih (in the Bridgman nomenclature). Different types of ice, from ice II to ice XIX,[9] have been created in the laboratory at different temperatures and pressures.
Some authors have expressed doubts whether ice Ic really has a cubic crystal system, claiming that it is merely stacking-disordered ice I (“ice Isd”),[10][11][12] and it has been dubbed the ″most faceted ice phase in a literal and a more general sense.″[13]
However, in 2020, two research groups individually prepared ice Ic without stacking disorder; Komatsu et al. prepared C2 hydrate at high pressure and decompressed it at 100 K to make hydrogen molecules extracted from the structure, resulting in ice Ic without stacking disorder;[14] del Rosso et al. prepared ice XVII from C0 hydrate and heated it at 0 GPa to obtain pure ice Ic without stacking disorder.[15] Pure ice Ic prepared in the latter method transforms into ice Ih at 226 K with an enthalpy change of -37.7 J/mol. [16]
See also
- Ice I, for the other crystalline form of ice
References
- ^ König, H. (1943). "Eine kubische Eismodifikation". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie (in German). 105 (1): 279–286. doi:10.1524/zkri.1943.105.1.279. S2CID 101738967.
- ^ a b Dowell, L. G.; Rinfret, A. P. (December 1960). "Low-Temperature Forms of Ice as Studied by X-Ray Diffraction". Nature. 188 (4757): 1144–1148. Bibcode:1960Natur.188.1144D. doi:10.1038/1881144a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4180631.
- ^ Murray, B.J.; Bertram, A. K. (2006). "Formation and stability of cubic ice in water droplets". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8 (1): 186–192. Bibcode:2006PCCP....8..186M. doi:10.1039/b513480c. hdl:2429/33770. PMID 16482260.
- ^ Murray, B.J. (2008). "The Enhanced formation of cubic ice in aqueous organic acid droplets". Env. Res. Lett. 3 (2): 025008. Bibcode:2008ERL.....3b5008M. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/025008.
- ^ Mayer, E.; Hallbrucker, A. (1987). "Cubic ice from liquid water". Nature. 325 (12): 601–602. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..601M. doi:10.1038/325601a0. S2CID 4233237.
- ^ Bertie, J. E.; Calvert, L. D.; Whalley, E. (1963). "Transformations of Ice II, Ice III, and Ice V at Atmospheric Pressure". J. Chem. Phys. 38 (4): 840–846. Bibcode:1963JChPh..38..840B. doi:10.1063/1.1733772.
- ^ Murray, Benjamin J.; Knopf, Daniel A.; Bertram, Allan K. (March 2005). "The formation of cubic ice under conditions relevant to Earth's atmosphere". Nature. 434 (7030): 202–205. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..202M. doi:10.1038/nature03403. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15758996. S2CID 4427815.
- ^ Whalley, E. (1981). "Scheiner's Halo: Evidence for Ice Ic in the Atmosphere". Science. 211 (4480): 389–390. Bibcode:1981Sci...211..389W. doi:10.1126/science.211.4480.389. PMID 17748273.
- ^ Flatz, Christian; Hohenwarter, Stefan. "Neue kristalline Eisform aus Innsbruck". Universität Innsbruck (in German). Retrieved 2021-02-18.
- ^ Murray, Benjamin J.; Salzmann, Christoph G.; Heymsfield, Andrew J.; Dobbie, Steven; Neely, Ryan R.; Cox, Christopher J. (2015). "Trigonal Ice Crystals in Earth's Atmosphere" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 96 (9): 1519–1531. Bibcode:2015BAMS...96.1519M. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00128.1.
- ^ Chaplin, Martin (15 September 2019). "Stacking disordered ice; Ice Isd". Water Structure and Science. London South Bank University. Archived from the original on 22 Oct 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
- ^ Malkin, Tamsin L.; Murray, Benjamin J.; Salzmann, Christoph G.; Molinero, Valeria; Pickering, Steven J.; Whale, Thomas F. (2015). "Stacking disorder in ice I". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 17 (1): 60–76. doi:10.1039/C4CP02893G. PMID 25380218.
- ^ Kuhs, W. F.; Sippel, C.; Falenty, A.; Hansen, T. C. (2012). "Extent and relevance of stacking disorder in "ice Ic"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (52): 21259–21264. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10921259K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1210331110. PMC 3535660. PMID 23236184.
- ^ Komatsu K, Machida S, Noritake F, Hattori T, Sano-Furukawa A, Yamane R; et al. (2020). "Ice Ic without stacking disorder by evacuating hydrogen from hydrogen hydrate". Nat Commun. 11 (1): 464. arXiv:1909.03400. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..464K. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14346-5. PMC 6997176. PMID 32015342.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Del Rosso L, Celli M, Grazzi F, Catti M, Hansen TC, Fortes AD; et al. (2020). "Cubic ice Ic without stacking defects obtained from ice XVII". Nat Mater. 19 (6): 663–668. arXiv:1907.02915. Bibcode:2020NatMa..19..663D. doi:10.1038/s41563-020-0606-y. PMID 32015533. S2CID 195820566.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Tonauer CM, Yamashita K, Rosso LD, Celli M, Loerting T (2023). "Enthalpy Change from Pure Cubic Ice Ic to Hexagonal Ice Ih". J Phys Chem Lett. 14 (21): 5055–5060. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00408. PMC 10240532. PMID 37227149.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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