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Fatherland League (Norway)

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Fatherland League
Fedrelandslaget
ChairmanJoakim Lehmkuhl (1925–38)
Victor Mogens (1938–40)
Founded25 January 1925
Banned25 September 1940
NewspaperNorges Fremtid (1927–32)
ABC (1932–40)
Membership100,000 (1930)[1]
IdeologyConservatism[2][3]
National conservatism[4]
Anti-communism[2][3]
Norwegian nationalism[2][3]
Corporatism[2][3]
Political positionRight-wing
ColorsRed, white, blue (flag of Norway)

The Fatherland League (Template:Lang-no) was a Norwegian right-wing, anti-communist political organisation in the interwar period. Founded in 1925, the movement aimed to unite all centre-to-right forces against the rise of the revolutionary Marxist labour movement. At its peak of popular support and political influence around 1930 it was the single largest mass movement ever organised on the political right in Norway, with an estimated 100,000 members.[1] The movement began to decline through the 1930s, followed by some unsuccessful attempts to gain direct influence as a political party. The Fatherland League was banned and dissolved after the German occupation of Norway in 1940.

History

Mass movement

Nansen on his 1929 campaign tour on the ship Stella Polaris, with rallies held from Bergen to Nordkapp.
Rally in rural Haukeliseter, with speech by Nansen ("N"). It was often the first centre-right group to establish local activity in more remote places.[5]

By the initiative of young industrialist Joakim Lehmkuhl, the organisation was co-founded with national hero Fridtjof Nansen and Norway's first Prime Minister Christian Michelsen.[3][1] Former Prime Minister Jens Bratlie also joined the organisation.[2][6] The Fatherland League's goal was a national coalition of all centre-to-right "bourgeoise" (borgerlige) and nationally minded forces, in opposition to the emerging revolutionary Marxist labour movement.[1][7] The organisation gained particular support from the Free-minded Liberal Party and the Farmers' Party, while it was met with scepticism by the Conservative Party, and largely rejection by the Liberal Party.[1] The labour movement in turn saw the organisation as a "seeding ground" for a fascist movement.[1]

After the government crisis of 1926 and continued division among the centre-right parties, a "Nansen-petition" was launched by several influential people of different political backgrounds for a national unity government to be led by Nansen, an idea that was eventually endorsed by Nansen himself and by Lehmkuhl.[8] The proposal fell through as Conservative and Liberal politicians reacted coldly to the idea, and quickly came to a new government agreement.[8]

Following a strong surge of support and victory for the Labour Party (which had adopted a revolutionary ideology in 1918) in the 1927 parliamentary election, the Fatherland League launched a "thousand day's election campaign" towards the 1930 parliamentary election, a period which is considered the most important and successful in the history of the movement.[1] The 1930 election resulted in Labour Party setbacks amid record voter turnouts, which the League assigned to its own credit, a view that was echoed by the Labour Party's Haakon Lie and Halvard Lange.[9] The organisation peaked the same year with around 100,000 members and more than 400 local chapters.[10][11]

Party attempt and decline

Increasingly seen as a political rival rather than a unifying force by the centre-right parties,[12] the organisation effectively reorganised into a political party in 1933 after pressure from its young activists.[13] At the same time it launched a more radical political program titled "A Norwegian program", and entered into secret, eventually unsuccessful negotiations of a "national block" with the Farmers' Party and the Free-minded People's Party (and briefly Nasjonal Samling which dropped out as it did not consider itself a borgerlig party).[1][14] Following the onset of the Great Depression, Lehmkuhl and the party developed an economic ideology in part inspired by the American New Deal social program, emphasising a more planned economy.[3][1] For the 1936 parliamentary election the party contested electoral lists in a few districts, both independently and together with the Free-minded, but did not win any representation.[1]

The group declined in the late 1930s, partly due to the Labour Party abandoning its revolutionary ideology dating from 1918, and partly as an effect of the Nazi German-friendly attitude exhibited by several of its leading members as segments of the movement came under the influence of Italian fascism and German national socialism.[1][7] In 1933, in response to the labour movement's long-standing use of uniforms, some of its young members marched in "greyshirts" for the first time at a local rally after the uniform had been launched by the party newspaper ABC.[15] While the labour movement's uniforms had been tolerated for years, political use of uniforms was swiftly banned by the Liberal government the day after the rally.[15] After the German invasion of Norway in April 1940, the remnants of the organisation attempted to establish a political alternative against the Quisling regime. The new chairman, Victor Mogens' secret talks and negotiations with the Germans remained unsuccessful.[7] The organisation, like all other parties but Nasjonal Samling, was banned by Reichskommissar Josef Terboven on 25 September 1940.[1]

The Fatherland League was not reorganised after the war.[1] As the archives of the organisation were burned after its dissolution, limited historical material remains of it despite being the single largest mass movement ever organised on the political right in Norway.[16] Anders Lange, founder of the modern Progress Party was active as the secretary of the organisation in Kristiansand and in Oslo until 1938.[17]

  • Representatives for the organisation in 1932.
    Representatives for the organisation in 1932.
  • "Show your colour. Vote labour up, and the Labour Party down."
    "Show your colour. Vote labour up, and the Labour Party down."
  • 1933 election poster.
    1933 election poster.
  • Fatherland League rally under the parole "Against Marxism".
    Fatherland League rally under the parole "Against Marxism".
  • Victor Mogens speaking at a rally in Kristiansand in 1935.
    Victor Mogens speaking at a rally in Kristiansand in 1935.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sjulseth, Daniel; Sejersted, Francis (13 April 2015). "Fedrelandslaget". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian).
  2. ^ a b c d e Blinkhorn, Martin (2003). Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Routledge. pp. 253–254. ISBN 9781134997121.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Salvatore Garau (2015). Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway. Routledge. pp. 215–224. ISBN 9781317909460.
  4. ^ Sjølyst-Jackson, Peter (2010). Troubling Legacies: Migration, Modernism and Fascism in the Case of Knut Hamsun. Bloomsbury Academic.
  5. ^ Norland, Andreas (1973). Hårde tider: Fedrelandslaget i norsk politikk (in Norwegian). Dreyer. p. 86. ISBN 8209011065.
  6. ^ Norland (1973) p. 33.
  7. ^ a b c Sørensen, Øystein (1995). "Fedrelandslaget". Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45 (in Norwegian).
  8. ^ a b Norland (1973) pp. 52–62.
  9. ^ Norland (1973) p. 170.
  10. ^ "Fedrelandslaget". Caplex (in Norwegian). Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  11. ^ Friis, Jacob; Hegna, Trond, eds. (1933). "Fedrelandslaget". Arbeidernes Leksikon (in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Oslo: Arbeidermagasinets forlag.
  12. ^ Norland (1973) p. 66.
  13. ^ Norland (1973) pp. 226–228.
  14. ^ Norland (1973) pp. 232–259.
  15. ^ a b Norland (1973) pp. 216–217.
  16. ^ Norland (1973) p. 7.
  17. ^ "Anders Lange". Norsk biografisk leksikon. 13 February 2009.
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