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Azra Erhat

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Azra Erhat
Azra Erhat
Born(1915-06-04)4 June 1915
Şişli, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Died6 September 1982(1982-09-06) (aged 67)
Istanbul, Turkey
NationalityTurkish
Occupation(s)Author, archaeologist, academician, classical philologist, translator
Known forIntroducing the new nation of Turkey to the Classics in the native Turkish language; one of 3 Turkish companions who together coined the popular term Blue Cruise (Template:Lang-tr)
Notable workTurkish translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey in collaboration with A. Kadir (tr); Turkish translations of Hesiod's Theogony and Works and Days as well as works of Sophocles, Aristophanes, Plato, and Sappho
Awards
  • Habib Törehan Science Award (1959) w/A.Kadir for Homer's Iliad Translation Volume 1
  • Turkish Language Institution Translation Award (1961) Homer's Iliad Translation Volume 3

Azra Erhat (4 June 1915 – 6 September 1982) was a Turkish author, archaeologist, academician, classical philologist, and translator. A pioneer of Turkish Humanism, Azra Erhat is especially well known for her published works, including many translations into Turkish from the classical literature of Ancient Greece.

Biography

Azra Erhat was born on 4 June 1915 in Şişli, Istanbul. Her parents were Tevfik Bey and Nasibe Hanım. Nakibe and her sister, Mukbile, were the children of Fatma Hanım and Fadıl Bey. Fadıl Bey (1857-1938) was born in Selanik (Thessaloniki),today in Greece, where she completed his primary and secondary education before traveling to Istanbul, where he graduated from law school. Working as a lawyer while splitting his time between Istanbul and Thessaloniki, Fadil and his wife, Fatma, eventually settled down in Büyükada Island, Istanbul Province, in 1923. [1]

The period of Azra Erhat’s birth was a time of upheaval, coinciding with the occupation of Constantinople by British, French, and Italian forces. She moved with her parents to Izmir in 1922 and to Vienna, Austria in 1924, when her father's work was transferred there.[2] Erhat received two years of primary education in Volksschule, Vienna, before her father's work necessitated another move, this time to Brussels, Belgium. There she completed primary school and then attended Emile Jacqmain High School (fr) where she gained a strong interest in literature while studying French, Flemish, Latin, and Ancient Greek. When Erhat's father died in 1932, Azra stayed in Brussels at a friend's home to complete high school while her family moved back to Istanbul. Finishing with the highest achievement level -(Template:Lang-fr), she then rejoined her family in Istanbul. In 1934 Azra entered the Istanbul University Faculty of Arts degree, where her most influential instructor was the Austrian romance philologist and prolific literary critic, Leo Spitzer. Introducing Erhat to Professor George Rodhe of Ankara University in 1936, Spitzer recommended Azra for a student-assistant position translating Rodhe's lessons from French, German, Latin, and Greek content into Turkish. On September 1, 1936, Erhat accepted the offer and transferred to the newly inaugurated Department of Classical Philology of the Faculty of Languages, History, and Geography at Ankara University. Working as a student-translator-assistant up to and beyond graduation in 1939, she continued as an assistant in the University's Department of Classical Philology and became an associate professor in 1946. During this same period, Azra also worked in the Translation Office established by Minister of Education Hasan Ali Yücel with fellow Turkish Humanism pioneers Sabahattin Eyüboğlu, Vedat Günyol (tr), Orhan Burian (tr), and Saffet Korkut, establishing close friendships with them. In 1945, separately and together with Orhan Veli, she translated and published many works from Homer, Aristophanes, Sophocles, and Plato.

With the departure of Hasan Ali Yücel as Turkey’s minister of education following the 1946 elections, the political atmosphere began changing in the Department of Education. In 1948, during a cleansing of left-leaning thinkers, Erhat and fellow faculty members, including Pertev Naili Boratav, Behice Boran, Adnan Cemgil (tr), and Niyazi Berkes, were dismissed from Ankara University. Returning to Istanbul, Erhat continued working from 1949 to 1955 as a translator, an art critic, and news reporter, when she received a position with the Turkish daily newspaper, Vatan, where she worked until 1956. From 1956 until her retirement in 1975, Erhat worked in the library of the United Nations' International Labour Organization (ILO) Near and Middle East Center. In 1971, Erhat, Sabahattin Eyüboğlu, and Vedat Günyol were arrested and charged with violating Article 141 of the Turkish Criminal Code[3] (establishing a secret communist organization[4][5]) during the coup d’etat of March 12 1971 Turkish military memorandum. Detained for 4 months in the Maltepe Military Prison, Erhat and her companions were released in the first legal session. While she was unable to work throughout the one and a half years until her lawsuit was finally closed, the ILO supported Erhat and protected her staff.

The years between 1956 and 1982 are considered Erhat's most creative and prolific period, with the publication of many literary works during this time.[6] Individual works and others she collaborated on with Sabahattin Eyüboğlu were published in New Horizons Magazine (Template:Lang-tr). In collaboration with Ibrahim Abdulkadir Mericboyu, alias/pen-name A. Kadir (tr), Erhat translated Homer's Iliad, winning the Habib Törehan Science Award in 1959 for Volume 1, and the Turkish Language Institution Translation Award in 1961 for Volume 3. Erhat's translation of Homer's Odyssey was published in 1970, her Dictionary of Mythology (Template:Lang-tr) was published in 1972, and her Ph.D. thesis provided the material published in collaboration with Cengiz Bektaş in 1978 entitled, Conversations and Poetry on Sappho (Template:Lang-tr). Azra Erhat also occasionally wrote under the pseudonym Ayşe Nur.[7]

On September 6, 1982, after unsuccessful treatment in London for cancer, Azra Erhat died in Istanbul at age 67. Her body was buried at the Bülbüldere Cemetery in Üsküdar, Istanbul.

Following Erhat’s death, her books were endowed to Anadolu University, with a collection created in her memory. In 1983, in honor of Erhat’s significant contribution to Classical Literature translations, Yazko a Turkish journal of translation, began offering a literary award in her name.[8]

Azra Erhat’s translations of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey are still primary sources of classical literature in Turkey today. Drawn from Erhat’s distinctive humanism gained “from local values and bridges between Western cultures and Anatolian cultures,” her language and writing style “provides a simple and understandable epic text.” Enabling readers who are unable to read the original texts, Erhat’s translations, “which are not only linguistically but structurally and formally successful, also carry the Anatolian identity that the translator cares about and reflect the epicenter of the land they belong to.”[9]

In the Introduction to Azra Erhat’s book, İşte İnsan (Ecce Homo), Azra writes: (Turkish):[10]

Büyük tuttum bu işi: dört yıllık düşüncemi, yaşantımı bir kitaba sığdırmak isterdim. Homeros'ta insan dedim yola çıktım, beden ruh ikiliği dikildi karşıma, aldım inceledim; derken Platon'un insan anlayışı, toplum görüşü çeldi aklımı, onu da kavrayayım derken açıldım uçsuz bucaksız bir düşünce alanına. Özgürlük, mutluluk, insancılık... Sorunlar, saçları altın tellerle örülmüş öcüler gibi çekti sürükledi beni oradan oraya. (...) Bir desteğim vardı: Yaşantıya olan güvenim. İnsanı mı konu edindim: insan gibi yaşayayım kendimi vere vere, dolu dizgin, coşkunca yaşayayım ki insanı anlayayım, insanı söyleyebileyim. (...) Sevgiyi ahlak edindim kendime. İnsancılığı yalnız sevgide gördüm ve sevgiden bekledim, kitabımı satır satır yazdırsın bana. Yanılmadım da: Ecce Homo'yu bana sevgi yazdırdı. -Azra Erhat-

(From the same webpage translated to English by Google Translate:) I've kept this great job: four years of thought, I want to fit my life in a book. In Homer, I went on the road, body soul duality was erected, and I looked at it; Plato's human understanding, society, the wisdom of my mind, I understand it, I opened up to an immense field of thought. Freedom, happiness, humanity ... Problems, hairs woven with gold wires attracted the dangers pulled me from there. (...) I had a support: I have confidence in life. I've made a human being: I live like a human, I want to live a full, full of enthusiasm, let me understand the human, I can say human. I saw humanity in love alone and waited for love, let me print my book in line by line. I wasn't mistaken: Ecce Homo wrote me with love. -Azra Erhat-

Origination of Turkey’s “Blue Cruise” Movement

Strongly connected with her activities as a writer and translator, Erhat’s recreational activities likewise significantly impacted the rising trend of Westernization in Kemal Atatürk’s newly-formed Republic of Turkey. Together with fellow authors Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı, alias/pen-name The Fisherman of Halicarnassus (Template:Lang-tr), and Sabahattin Eyüboğlu, Azra Erhat is considered an originator of the literary and touristic term, Blue Cruise (Template:Lang-tr). Used in Turkey's tourism industry, the name Blue Cruise (or Blue Voyage) is the title of Erhat’s travelogue, Mavi Yolculuk, originally published in 1962 and republished in 2005.[11]

Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı, sentenced in 1925 to a 3-year exile to Bodrum found this sleepy fishing village known in antiquity as Halicarnassus so charming that, long after his exile ended, he returned to settle down there. Convincing his closest friends and fellow members of the Turkish intelligentsia of the unspoiled beauties of the shoreline and rural environment of Bodrum, authors Sabahattin Eyüboğlu, Azra Erhat, and others soon joined Cevat, who had renamed himself Halikarnas Balıkçısı (the Fisherman of Halicarnassus).[12] In the coming decades, the close friends would enjoy many long sailing trips together in the local sponge divers' sailing boats, called gulets.[13] Finding herself immersed in a lush natural landscape seemingly unchanged since antiquity, Erhat viewed her surroundings as “the scenes of historical and mythological events.” Expressing her strong belief that Anatolia gave birth to Western civilization, Erhat charmed her companions (and soon her readers) with detailed discussions from Classical Literature on Halicarnassus, Troy, Pergamum, Ephesus, and other famous Anatolian sites of Ancient Greece.[14][15]

Especially with the 1962 release of Erhat’s immensely popular travel book, Mavi Yolculuk (Blue Cruise), and articles written by Erhat and her colleagues at New Horizons Magazine (Template:Lang-tr), the Turkish reading public began flocking to this region. Guidebooks were published in both Turkish[16] and German[17] and soon the Turquoise Coast became an international tourist destination that is still famous today for Blue Cruises.[18][19]

Enduring until the end of their lives, the relationship between Azra Erhat and the Fisherman of Halicarnassus (Template:Lang-tr) blossomed into a love story regularly nourished by Blue Cruises when they were together and thousands of letters written to each other when they were apart. After Halikarnas Balıkçısı died in 1972, with his prior permission, Erhat published a collection of his letters in her 1976 book, Letters of the Fisherman of Halicarnassus (Template:Lang-tr).[20]

Bibliography

Azra Erhat has written 104 works in 307 publications in 2 languages and 633 library holdings, according to WorldCat Identities. Among her more popular books, WorldCat notes, Mektuplarıyle Halikarnas Balıkçısı (Letters of the Halicarnassus Fisherman), has had “15 editions published between 1976 and 2002 in Turkish and held by 43 WorldCat member libraries worldwide,” and Mitoloji sözlüğü (Dictionary of Mythology), with “20 editions published between 1972 and 2011 in Turkish and ‘undetermined’ and held by 40 WorldCat member libraries worldwide.”[21]


Year Title Coauthors Publisher Notes
1944 Sophocles’ Elektra (Ἠλέκτρα/Elektra) Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları Translation
1954 A. Gabriel’s Türkiye Tarih ve Sanat Memleketi (Turkey’s Native History and Art) Doğan Kardeş Translation
1954 Colette’s Dişi Kedi (La Chatte/The cat) Varlık Yayınları Translation
1958 Aristophanes’ Hayatı, Sanatı, Eseri (Life, Art, Work) Varlık Yayınları Translation
1960 Mavi Anadolu (Blue Anatolia) Bilgi Yayınevi
1962 Mavi Yolculuk (Blue Voyage/Blue Cruise) Çan yayınları
1962 Mavi Yolculuk II (Blue Voyage/Blue Cruise II) Faruk Kırkan (editor) Çan yayınları
1962 Homer’s İlyada (Ἰλιάς/The Iliad) A. Kadir Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları Translation
1965 Vercors’ İnsan ve İnsanlar (Human and Humans) Sabahattin Eyuboğlu, Vedat Günyol Çan yayınları Translation
1966 Aristophanes’ Lysistrata (Λυσιστράτη/Lysistrata) Sabahattin Eyuboğlu Remzi Kitabevi Translation
1968 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s Küçük Prens (Le Petit Prince: La planète des Globus) Yankı Yayınları Translation
1968 Yasunari Kawabata’s Bin Beyaz Turna / İzu Dansözü (千羽鶴 /Sembazuru) Zeyyat Selimoğlu Cem Yayınevi Translation
1969 İşte İnsan - Ecce Homo (Here is Human) Remzi Kitabevi
1969 Vincent Van Gogh’s Theo’ya Mektuplar (Dear Theo: The Letters of Vincent Van Gogh) Yankı Yayınları Translation
1970 Homer’s Odysseia (Ὀδύσσεια/The Odyssey) A. Kadir Sander yayınları Translation
1972 Mitoloji Sözlüğü (Dictionary of Mythology) Remzi Kitabevi
1972 Plato’s Şölen - Dostluk (Συμπόσιον/Symposium) Sabahattin Eyuboğlu Remzi Kitabevi Translation
1973 François Rabelais’ Gargantua Sabahattin Eyuboğlu, Vedat Günyol Cem Yayınevi Translation
1975 Aristophanes’ Eşekarıları, Kuşlar, Kömürcüler, Barış, Kadınlar Savaşı (The Wasps, The Birds, The Acharnians, Peace, Lysistrata) Sabahattin Eyuboğlu Hürriyet Yayınları Translation
1976 Homeros - Gül ile Söyleşi (Homer - Interview with Rose) Cem Yayınevi
1976 Mektuplarıyla Halikarnas Balıkçısı (Letters of the Fisherman of Halicarnassus) Çağdaş Yayınları
1977 Hesiodos, Eserleri ve Kaynakları (Works and Resources) Sabahattin Eyüboğlu Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi Translation
1977 Hesiod’s Theogonia - İşler ve Günler (Θεογονία - Ἔργα καὶ Ἡμέραι/Theogony - Works and Days) Sabahattin Eyüboğlu Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi Translation
1977 Pir Sultan Abdal’s Pir Sultan Abdal (Sufi Poetry of Patriarch Sultan Abdal) Sabahattin Eyüboğlu, Attila Özkırımlı, Asim Bezirci Cem Yayınevi Translation
1978 Sappho - Üzerine Konuşmalar ve Şiir Çevirileri (Conversations and Poetry on Sappho) Cengiz Bektaş Cem Yayınevi Translation
1978 Sevgi Yönetimi (Love Management) Çaǧdaş Yayınları
1979 Karya'dan Pamfilya'ya Mavi Yolculuk (Blue Cruise from Karya to Pamphylia) Cem Yayınevi
1981 Halikarnas Balıkçısı: Düşün Yazıları (Halicarnassus Fisherman: Thought Articles) Halikarnas Balıkçısı Bilgi Yayınevi
1981 Troya Masalları (Troy Tales) Cem Yayınevi
1991 Colette’s Cicim (Chéri) Can Yayinlari Translation
1991 Hesiodos, Eserleri ve Kaynakları (Works and Resources) Sabahattin Eyüboğlu Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi ISBN 9789751603395
1993 Pir Sultan Abdal’s Pir Sultan Abdal (Sufi Poetry of Patriarch Sultan Abdal) Sabahattin Eyüboğlu, Attila Özkırımlı, Asim Bezirci Cem Yayınevi ISBN 9789754060362
1994 Vercors’ İnsan ve İnsanlar (Human and Humans) Sabahattin Eyuboğlu, Vedat Günyol Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları ISBN 9789757244059
1996 Gulleyla'ya Anilar: En hakiki mürşit (Gulleyla Memories: The Most Genuine Artist) Cem Yayınevi
1996 İşte İnsan - Ecce Homo (Here is Human) Adam Yayınları ISBN 9789750702655
1999 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s Savaş Uçuşu (Courrier sud/South Courier) İnkılâp Kitabevi ISBN 9789751013040
1999 Homeros - Gül ile Söyleşi İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları
1999 Sappho - Üzerine Konuşmalar ve Şiir Çevirileri (Conversations and Poetry on Sappho) Cengiz Bektaş Cumhuriyet Gazetesi Translation
2000 Aristophanes’ Lysistrata (Λυσιστράτη/Lysistrata) Sabahattin Eyuboğlu Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları ISBN 9789754582239
2001 Homeros - Gül ile Söyleşi (Homer - Interview with Rose) Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları ISBN 9789754581775
2002 Mektuplarıyla Halikarnas Balıkçısı (Letters of the Fisherman of Halicarnassus) Can Yayınları ISBN 9789750702150
2002 Osmanlı Münevverinden Türk Aydınına (From Ottoman to Turkish) Can Yayınları ISBN 9789750702167
2005 Homer’s Odysseia (Ὀδύσσεια/The Odyssey) A. Kadir Can Yayınları ISBN 9789755103785
2005 Homer: Tepegözlerin Mağarasında (In the Cave of the Cyclops) A. Kadir Can Yayınları ISBN 9789750705748
2006 François Rabelais’ Gargantua Sabahattin Eyuboğlu, Vedat Günyol Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları ISBN 9789754587159
2009 Mavi Anadolu (Blue Anatolia) Can Yayınları ISBN 9789750706394
2009 Troya Masalları (Troy Tales) Günışığı Kitaplığı ISBN 9789944717267
2012 Sophocles’ Elektra” (Ἠλέκτρα/Elektra) Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları ISBN 9786053606390
2013 Colette’s Cicim (Chéri) Can Yayinlari ISBN 9789755102863
2013 Colette’s Dişi Kedi (La Chatte/The cat) Can Yayınları ISBN 9789755102856
2013 Aeschylus’ Zincire Vurulmuş Prometheus (Προμηθεύς Δεσμώτης/Prometheus Bound) Sabahattin Eyuboğlu Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları ISBN 9789754582062
2013 Aristophanes’ Eşekarıları, Kuşlar, Kömürcüler, Barış, Kadınlar Savaşı (The Wasps, The Birds, The Acharnians, Peace, Lysistrata) Sabahattin Eyuboğlu Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları ISBN 9789754588965
2014 Homer’s İlyada (Ἰλιάς/The Iliad) A. Kadir Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları ISBN 9786053321026
2014 Plato’s Şölen - Dostluk (Συμπόσιον/Symposium) Sabahattin Eyuboğlu Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları ISBN 9789754587623
2015 Aglayan Kaya Niobe Siirler (The Weeping Rock of Niobe - Poetry) Hakký Avan, Seval Arslan, A. Kadir Guzel Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayinlari ISBN 9786053963172
2015 Gulleyla'ya Anilar: En hakiki mürşit (Gulleyla Memories: The Most Genuine Artist) Can Yayinlari ISBN 9789750701788
2015 Mavi Yolculuk II (Blue Voyage/Blue Cruise II) Faruk Kırkan (editor) Inkilap Kitabevi ISBN 9789751011510
2015 Mitoloji Sözlüğü (Dictionary of Mythology) Remzi Kitabevi ISBN 9789751403919
2015 Sevgi Yönetimi (Love Management) Can Yayinlari ISBN 9789750702662
2016 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s Küçük Prens (Le Petit Prince: La planète des Globus) Eksik Parça ISBN 9786059864534
2016 Hesiod’s Theogonia - İşler ve Günler (Θεογονία - Ἔργα καὶ Ἡμέραι/Theogony - Works and Days) Sabahattin Eyüboğlu Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları ISBN 9786053327776
2017 Halikarnas Balıkçısı: Düşün Yazıları (Halicarnassus Fisherman: Thought Articles) Halikarnas Balıkçısı Bilgi Yayınevi ISBN 9789754943818
2017 Osmanlı Münevverinden Türk Aydınına (From Ottoman to Turkish) Can Yayınları ISBN 9789750702167
2017 Vincent Van Gogh’s Theo’ya Mektuplar (Dear Theo: The Letters of Vincent Van Gogh) Remzi Kitabevi ISBN 9789751417862

References

  1. ^ "95045256.pdf" (PDF) (in Turkish). CORE.ac.uk/İstanbul Şehir University Library Taha Toros Archive * 001523493006 *. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  2. ^ "Azra Erhat is 100 Years Old" (in Turkish). Istanbul University Classical Philology Society. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  3. ^ "Azra Erhat". Can Yayinlari Publishing House, Istanbul. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
  4. ^ "Sabahattin Eyüboğlu" (in Turkish). Yazar Mezar. Archived from the original on 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
  5. ^ "Sabahattin Eyüboğlu" (in Turkish). Tüm Hakları Korunmaktadır. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
  6. ^ "Azra Erhat is 100 Years Old" (in Turkish). Istanbul University Classical Philology Society. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  7. ^ "Azra Erhat". Women Writers of Turkey: Database Directors: Dr. Burcu Alkan (Bahçeşehir University) and Dr. Çimen Günay-Erkol (Özyeğin University). Retrieved 2018-11-16.
  8. ^ "Azra Erhat". Women Writers of Turkey: Database Directors: Dr. Burcu Alkan (Bahçeşehir University) and Dr. Çimen Günay-Erkol (Özyeğin University). Retrieved 2018-11-16.
  9. ^ "Azra Erhat" (in Turkish). Women Writers of Turkey: Database Directors: Dr. Burcu Alkan (Bahçeşehir University) and Dr. Çimen Günay-Erkol (Özyeğin University). Retrieved 2018-11-16.
  10. ^ Azra Erhat. "İşte İnsan (Ecce Homo)" (in Turkish). 5th edition, Adam Yayincili, 1996, via kitapyurdu.com. Retrieved 2018-11-10.
  11. ^ Erhat, Azra; Gültekin Çizgen (2005). Mavi yolculuk: gezi (in Turkish). Galatasaray, İstanbul: Can Yayınları. ISBN 978-975-07-0446-8.
  12. ^ Whiting, Dominic (2001). Turkey Handbook. Footprint Handbooks. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-900949-85-9.
  13. ^ Eyuboğlu, Bedri Rahmi (2008). Mavi yolculuk defterleri. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür yayınları (in Turkish). Vol. 1630. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. ISBN 978-9944-88-541-6.
  14. ^ Sebestyan, Agnes; Thomas Dittelbach (2017). Light Colour Line - Perceiving the Mediterranean: Conflicting Narratives and Ritual Dynamics. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. ISBN 9783487155098.
  15. ^ "Azra Erhat". Women Writers of Turkey: Database Directors: Dr. Burcu Alkan (Bahçeşehir University) and Dr. Çimen Günay-Erkol (Özyeğin University). Retrieved 2018-11-16.
  16. ^ Özükan, Bülent (2005). Mavi yolculuk /Blue voyage (in Turkish). İstanbul: Boyut Yayın Grubu. ISBN 978-975-521-778-9.
  17. ^ Hengirmen, Mehmet (2000). Die blaue Reise: mit 201 Fotos des Verfassers und 122 Karten = Mavi yolculuk (in German). Ankara: Eğitim ve Kalkınma Vakfı. ISBN 978-975-96804-3-5.
  18. ^ Bodream, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme Ed., 2010
  19. ^ The Fisherman of Halicarnassus: The Man Who Made Bodrum Famous, by Roger Williams, Bristol Book Publishing 2013, ISBN 978-09567416-6-0
  20. ^ "Azra Erhat". Women Writers of Turkey: Database Directors: Dr. Burcu Alkan (Bahçeşehir University) and Dr. Çimen Günay-Erkol (Özyeğin University). Retrieved 2018-11-16.
  21. ^ "Erhat, Azra 1915- ". WorldCat Identities: OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. Retrieved 2018-11-16.


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