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Steven L. Small

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Steven L. Small is the Aage and Margareta Møller Distinguished Professor in Behavioral and Brain Sciences at the University of Texas at Dallas, and dean of its School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Small is a specialist in the neurobiology of language.   

Biography

Small was born in Flushing in the borough of Queens, New York City.

He obtained an A.B. in mathematics from Dartmouth College in 1976,[1][2] and then a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) from the University of Maryland in computer science in 1980.[1] He traveled to the Université de Paris VIII as a Fulbright Scholar to teach as a lecturer in artificial intelligence.[2]

In 1981, he became assistant professor of computer science and psychology at the University of Rochester.[2] In 1983, he enrolled in medical school there, remaining an adjunct assistant professor of computer science while earning his medical degree (M.D.).[2] Following graduation from medical school in 1987, he moved to the University of Pittsburgh as adjunct assistant professor of intelligent systems while completing a postdoctoral residency in neurology.[1]

Career

Small remained at the University of Pittsburgh for five years following completion of his residency in 1991[2] as assistant professor in three departments (Intelligent Systems, Psychology, and Communication Sciences and Disorders) as well as a member of the university's Center for Neuroscience and a founding member of its Center for Neural Basis of Cognition.[2] He moved to the University of Maryland as associate professor in the department of Neurology and Physiology in 1996, at which time he founded the university's MRI Research Program.[2]

In 1999, Small moved to the University of Chicago as associate professor in the departments of Neurology and Psychology and became the co-founder and co-director of the Brain Imaging Research Center,[2] becoming full professor in 2005.[2] In 2007, he became Senior Fellow of the Computation Institute and in 2008, Vice Chair for Research in the Department of Neurology.[2] Small left the University of Chicago in 2010 and retains professor emeritus status.[3]

From 2010 to 2017, he was Professor and Chair of the Department of Neurology at the University of California, Irvine,[4] while directing the university's Neuroscience Imaging Center (2012–2016). He retained holding appointments in the departments of Cognitive Sciences and Neurobiology and Behavior until 2019.[2] In 2017, Small left his position as Chair of Neurology to found and develop the university's Medical Innovation Institute as its Chief Scientific Officer.[4]

In spring 2019, Small was appointed dean of the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences at the University of Texas at Dallas.[5][6] He lives in Dallas, Texas, with his wife Ana Solodkin, who is a full professor in the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences at the same university.[7]

Academic work

Small's research specialization encompasses various fields including the neurobiology of language, neurobiology of sports, brain connectivity, computational neuroscience, aphasia, and brain recovery and repair after stroke and traumatic brain injury. Methods that he uses to investigate research questions include functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), neural networks, machine learning, and human neurophysiology.

Small was a pioneer in using magnetic resonance imaging to understand how the brain gives rise to the complex phenomenon of thought, and has consistently been positioned at the forefront of the study of the neurobiology of language.[8] His work emphasizes the importance of the implementation level of neuroscientist David Marr’s information processing levels of analysis, reflecting his complementary training as a computer scientist and a neurologist.

Small’s work has spanned the basic science of mechanisms of language understanding to the application of the science to new advances in therapy. His basic conceptual framework views language as a higher-level function superimposed across multiple systems over the phylogenetic history of the human species,[9] including motor and attention systems. This work demonstrates that the “language network” is not a static entity, but dynamically assembles necessary brain mechanisms to meet the challenges of language processing. His collaborative research provides evidence for motor system contributions to basic mechanisms of face-to-face communication for the decoding of acoustic-phonetic information and gesture, which correspond to homuncular activation patterns on premotor cortex.[10] While Small's work indicates that the motor system mediates perception and understanding of language, it also finds different functional anatomy for visually observing actions/objects compared to processing sentences describing actions/objects, providing evidence against the strongest version of the simulation theory for processing action-related language.[11] Small's work also indicates that attention to space, time, or action in identical stories modulates activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus.[12] Related work indicates that differential exogenous processing demands in discourse comprehension affect the nature of endogenous "resting state" networks dependent on the preceding task.[13]

In addition to his contributions to understanding the healthy brain, Small investigates the connection between brain and behavior in post-stroke aphasia,[14][15][16] early focal brain injury,[17][18] and concussion.[19][20]

Honors

In 2014, he was an invited presenter for the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues.[21] In 2018, he received the Society for the Neurobiology of Language's first Distinguished Career Award during the 10th annual meeting.[22]

In 2009, along with Pascale Tremblay (Associate Professor of Rehabilitation, Université Laval), he organized the first international meeting on the Neurobiology of Language.[23] The success of the conference led to continuing the conference on an annual basis and the founding of the Society for the Neurobiology of Language as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable corporation in the State of Illinois.[24]

Small was Editor in Chief of the international scholarly journal Brain and Language from 2005 to 2019.[25][26] In 2019, he launched with nd co-editor in chief Kate Watkins (Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Oxford) the journal, Neurobiology of Language (MIT Press), sponsored by the Society for the Neurobiology of Language.[27]

He is a fellow of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Neurological Association, and one of the founders of the Society for Neurobiology of Language.

Selected work

His published work has been cited over 11,000 times[28]

  • Ertelt, D., Small, S., Solodkin, A., Dettmers, C., McNamara, A., Binkofski, F., & Buccino, G. (2007). Action observation has a positive impact on rehabilitation of motor deficits after stroke. Neuroimage, 36, T164-T173.
  • Solodkin, A., Hlustik, P., Chen, E. E., & Small, S. L. (2004). Fine modulation in network activation during motor execution and motor imagery. Cerebral cortex, 14(11), 1246–1255.
  • Burton, M. W., Small, S. L., & Blumstein, S. E. (2000). The role of segmentation in phonological processing: an fMRI investigation. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 12(4), 679–690.
  • Skipper, J. I., Van Wassenhove, V., Nusbaum, H. C., & Small, S. L. (2007). Hearing lips and seeing voices: how cortical areas supporting speech production mediate audiovisual speech perception. Cerebral Cortex, 17(10), 2387–2399.
  • Buccino, G., Solodkin, A., & Small, S. L. (2006). Functions of the mirror neuron system: implications for neurorehabilitation. Cognitive and behavioral neurology, 19(1), 55–63.
  • Skipper, J. I., Nusbaum, H. C., & Small, S. L. (2005). Listening to talking faces: motor cortical activation during speech perception. Neuroimage, 25(1), 76–89.
  • Small, S. L., Hlustik, P., Noll, D. C., Genovese, C., & Solodkin, A. (2002). Cerebellar hemispheric activation ipsilateral to the paretic hand correlates with functional recovery after stroke. Brain, 125(7), 1544–1557.
  • Skipper, J. I., Goldin-Meadow, S., Nusbaum, H. C., & Small, S. L. (2007). Speech-associated gestures, Broca's area, and the human mirror system. Brain and language, 101(3), 260–277.
  • Milton, J., Solodkin, A., Hluštík, P., & Small, S. L. (2007). The mind of expert motor performance is cool and focused. Neuroimage, 35(2), 804–813.

Books

  • Hickok, G., & Small, S. L. (Eds.). (2016). Neurobiology of Language (1st Edition). San Diego, California: Academic Press
  • The Chicago Social Brain Network (2010). Invisible Forces and Powerful Beliefs: Gravity, Gods, and Minds. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: FT Press.
  • Small, S. L., G. C. Cottrell, and M. K. Tanenhaus (eds.) (1988), Lexical Ambiguity Resolution: Perspectives from Psycholinguistics, Neuropsychology, and Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Los Altos, California.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Steven Small". profiles.utdallas.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Steven L. Small CV, May 2018" (PDF).
  3. ^ "Steven Small (aka Steve Small) Home Page". home.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  4. ^ a b "Steven L. Small MD, PhD". ANA2018. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  5. ^ "Dean and Associate Deans - School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences". The University of Texas at Dallas. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  6. ^ "Neurologist Named New Dean of School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences - News Center". The University of Texas at Dallas. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  7. ^ "Faculty - School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences - The University of Texas at Dallas". bbs.utdallas.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  8. ^ "Steven Small, Ph.D., M.D." Brain Institute of Louisiana. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  9. ^ Hickok, Gregory; Small, Steven L. (2015-08-15). Neurobiology of Language. Academic Press. ISBN 9780124078628.
  10. ^ Skipper, Jeremy I.; Goldin-Meadow, Susan; Nusbaum, Howard C.; Small, Steven L. (June 2007). "Speech-associated gestures, Broca's area, and the human mirror system". Brain and Language. 101 (3): 260–277. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2007.02.008. ISSN 0093-934X. PMC 2703472. PMID 17533001.
  11. ^ Tremblay, Pascale; Small, Steven L. (May 2011). "From language comprehension to action understanding and back again". Cerebral Cortex. 21 (5): 1166–1177. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq189. ISSN 1460-2199. PMC 3114551. PMID 20940222.
  12. ^ Cooper, Emily A.; Hasson, Uri; Small, Steven L. (2011-04-01). "Interpretation-mediated changes in neural activity during language comprehension". NeuroImage. 55 (3): 1314–1323. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.003. ISSN 1095-9572. PMC 3049859. PMID 21232614.
  13. ^ Hasson, Uri; Nusbaum, Howard C.; Small, Steven L. (2009-06-30). "Task-dependent organization of brain regions active during rest". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (26): 10841–10846. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610841H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903253106. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 2705532. PMID 19541656.
  14. ^ Cherney, Leora R.; Harvey, Richard L.; Babbitt, Edna M.; Hurwitz, Rosalind; Kaye, Rosalind C.; Lee, Jaime B.; Small, Steven L. (2012-09-01). "Epidural cortical stimulation and aphasia therapy". Aphasiology. 26 (9): 1192–1217. doi:10.1080/02687038.2011.603719. ISSN 0268-7038. PMC 3647471. PMID 23667287.
  15. ^ Sarasso, Simone; Määttä, Sara; Ferrarelli, Fabio; Poryazova, Rositsa; Tononi, Giulio; Small, Steven L. (February 2014). "Plastic changes following imitation-based speech and language therapy for aphasia: a high-density sleep EEG study" (PDF). Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 28 (2): 129–138. doi:10.1177/1545968313498651. ISSN 1552-6844. PMID 23980019. S2CID 10077299.
  16. ^ Lee, Jaime; Fowler, Robert; Rodney, Daniel; Cherney, Leora; Small, Steven L. (2010). "IMITATE: An intensive computer-based treatment for aphasia based on action observation and imitation". Aphasiology. 24 (4): 449–465. doi:10.1080/02687030802714157. ISSN 0268-7038. PMC 2882655. PMID 20543997.
  17. ^ Raja Beharelle, Anjali; Dick, Anthony Steven; Josse, Goulven; Solodkin, Ana; Huttenlocher, Peter R.; Levine, Susan C.; Small, Steven L. (June 2010). "Left hemisphere regions are critical for language in the face of early left focal brain injury". Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 133 (Pt 6): 1707–1716. doi:10.1093/brain/awq104. ISSN 1460-2156. PMC 2912693. PMID 20466762.
  18. ^ Dick, Anthony Steven; Raja Beharelle, Anjali; Solodkin, Ana; Small, Steven L. (2013-03-27). "Interhemispheric functional connectivity following prenatal or perinatal brain injury predicts receptive language outcome". The Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (13): 5612–5625. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2851-12.2013. ISSN 1529-2401. PMC 3786176. PMID 23536076.
  19. ^ Cecchi, Nicholas J.; Monroe, Derek C.; Fote, Gianna M.; Small, Steven L.; Hicks, James W. (2019). "Head impacts sustained by male collegiate water polo athletes". PLOS ONE. 14 (5): e0216369. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1416369C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216369. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6497298. PMID 31048869.
  20. ^ Blumenfeld, Robert S.; Winsell, Jessica C.; Hicks, James W.; Small, Steven L. (2016). "The Epidemiology of Sports-Related Head Injury and Concussion in Water Polo". Frontiers in Neurology. 7: 98. doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00098. ISSN 1664-2295. PMC 4919321. PMID 27445965.
  21. ^ "Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues Meeting Transcript" (PDF).
  22. ^ "Congratulations to Steven L. Small, Recipient of the SNL 2018 Distinguished Career Award | SNL". Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  23. ^ "Society Organization | SNL". Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  24. ^ "About SNL | SNL". Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  25. ^ "Brain and Language Editorial Board".
  26. ^ "Brain and Language".
  27. ^ "SNL & MIT Press Launch Neurobiology of Language – Society for the Neurobiology of Language". Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  28. ^ "Steven L. Small - Google Scholar Citations". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
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