Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)
| Wołyń Voivodeship Województwo wołyńskie | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voivodeship of Poland | |||||||||
| 1921–1939 | |||||||||
 Coat of arms
| |||||||||
.png) Wołyń Voivodeship (red) on the map of Second Polish Republic | |||||||||
| Capital | Łuck | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• 1921 | 30,274 km2 (11,689 sq mi) | ||||||||
• 1939 | 35,754 km2 (13,805 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1921 | 1,437,907 | ||||||||
• 1931 | 2,085,600 | ||||||||
| Government | |||||||||
| • Type | Voivodeship | ||||||||
| Voivodes | |||||||||
• Mar-Jul 1921 | Stanisław Jan Krzakowski | ||||||||
• 1938-1939 | Aleksander Hauke-Nowak | ||||||||
| Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
• Established | 19 February 1921 | ||||||||
| 17 September 1939 | |||||||||
| Political subdivisions | 11 powiats | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Ukraine | ||||||||
Wołyń Voivodeship[a] or Volhynian[citation needed] Voivodeship was an administrative region of interwar Poland (1918–1939) with an area of 35,754 km², 22 cities, and provincial capital in Łuck. The voivodeship was divided into 11 districts (powiaty). The area comprised part of the historical region of Volhynia. At the end of World War II, at the insistence of Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union during the Tehran Conference of 1943, Poland's borders were redrawn by the Allies. The Polish population was forcibly resettled westward; and the Voivodeship territory was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. Since 1991 it has been divided between the Rivne and Volyn Oblasts of sovereign Ukraine.
History
After a century of foreign rule, the Second Polish Republic was reborn in the aftermath of World War I. The borders of the republic were ratified by the Treaty of Versailles signed on 28 June 1919. They were a result of several cross-national conflicts including Polish–Ukrainian War (November 1918 – July 1919) and the Greater Poland Uprising (December 1918 – February 1919).
The borders of the republic were extended to the East as the result of the Polish–Soviet War (May – October 1920), resulting from Semyon Budyonny's August 1920 military foray into former Russian Poland as far as Warsaw. The Soviets withdrew in panic during the 1920 major Polish counter-offensive. The newly re-established sovereign Poland created Wołyń Voivodeship as one of the 16 main administrative divisions of the country.[1]
One of the biggest achievements of the regional government in Volhynia during the interwar period was the development of modern infrastructure. Around 1,000 school buildings were constructed from scratch,[2] with considerable amount of state funds. In total, some 2,000 elementary schools opened and over a dozen high schools, employing 4,500 teachers.[2][p. 128] The new projects in towns and cities – which were virtually abandoned by the imperial powers – included city halls and magistrates, post offices, state police buildings, financial institutions, hospitals, and health clinics. In 1928 the Lwów railway line via Stojanów was inaugurated.[2] The roads were being paved on a massive scale. Around 1925 telephone and telegraph lines were built, connecting post offices across the entire voivodeship area, making possible also the wider distribution of the press.[2]
September 1939 and its aftermath
On 17 September 1939, following German invasion of western Poland in accordance with the secret protocol of Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland. As the bulk of Polish Army was concentrated in the west fighting Nazi Germany, the Red Army met with limited resistance and their troops quickly moved westward, invading the Voivodeship’s area with considerable ease. They met with the invading Germans along the Curzon Line and held a joint victory parade.[3]
Wołyń Voivodeship was overrun by the Wehrmacht in July 1941 during the German attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland. The draconian restrictions on Polish Jews were imposed in August 1941. The Lutsk Ghetto was set up in the capital by the German occupation authorities,[4] and sealed from the outside in December 1941 with the provision of only starvation food rations.[4] The Ghetto population was about 20,000 people.[5] During a four-day period in mid August 1942 about 17,000 Jews were rounded up by Orpo and the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police,[6] and taken in lorries along with women and children to the Górka Połonka forest.[7] They were shot in waves into the prepared trenches.[8]
In the years of 1942–1944 Volhynia was subject to genocide, conducted by paramilitary groups associated with the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), in particular, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). These forces engaged in summary executions and massacres of the Polish population, along with the destruction of settlements. The razing of towns and villages would continue until August 1944. Władysław and Ewa Siemaszko estimate that around 60,000 Poles were massacred in the province.[9] According to historian Professor Czesław Partacz (Historian and Lecturer at the Koszalinkiej Politechnic) the true figure of massacred Poles was between 134,000 and 150,000.[10] Ukrainians who opposed the attacks on Poles were themselves targeted with similar aggression.[11]
Geography
The Wołyń voivodeship was located at the south-eastern corner of Poland, bordering the Soviet Union to the east, the Lublin Voivodeship to the west, the Polesie Voivodeship to the north, and the Lwów and Tarnopol Voivodeships to the south. Initially, the Voivodeship’s area in the new Poland was 30,276 square kilometres. On 16 December 1930, Sarny County, comprising 5,478 km² of land, was transferred from Polesie Voivodeship to the Wołyń Voivodeship.[12] As a result, the total area of the Wołyń Voivodeship increased to 35,754 km², making it Poland's second largest province.
The landscape was flat and hilly for the most part. In the north, there was a flat strip of land called Volhynian Polesie, which extended some 200 kilometres from the Southern Bug river to the Polish-Soviet border. The landscape in the south was more hilly, especially in the extreme south-east corner around the historical town of Krzemieniec, in the Gologory mountains. The province's main rivers were the Styr, the Horyń, and the Słucz.
Administrative divisions
The Wołyń Voivodeship was created formally on 19 February 1921.[13] It was initially divided into the counties of Dubno, Horochow, Kowel, Krzemieniec, Luboml, Łuck, Ostróg, Równe and Włodzimierz Wołyński. On 1 January 1925 the gminas of Zdołbunów and Zdołbica of Równe county and gminas of Buderaż and Mizocz of Dubno one were passed to one of Ostróg. Center of Ostróg one was moved to Zdołbunów and was renamed as Zdołbunów one. Also gminas of Bereźne, Derażne, Kostopol, Ludwipol, Stepań and Stydyń were detached from county of Równe and one of Kostopol was formed. At same arrangements Majków gmina of Ostróg was passed to Równe one, Beresteczko gmina of Dubno one was passed to Horochow one, Ołyka gmina of Dubno one was passed to Łuck one, Radziwiłłów gmina of Krzemieniec was passed to Dubno one.[14]
Counties
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The capital, Łuck, had a population of around 35,600 (as of 1931). Other important centers of the Voivodeship were: Równe (in 1931 pop. 42,000), Kowel (pop. 29,100), Włodzimierz Wołyński (pop. 26,000), Krzemieniec (pop. 22,000), Dubno (pop. 15,300), Ostróg (pop. 13,400) and Zdołbunów (pop. 10,200).
| List of Counties with square area and population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Name | CoA | Area | Population |
| 1 | Kowel county | 
|
5,682 km² | 255,100 |
| 2 | Sarny county (since 1930) | 
|
5,478 km² | 181,300 |
| 3 | Łuck county | 
|
4,767 km² | 290,800 |
| 4 | Kostopol county | 
|
3,496 km² | 159,600 |
| 5 | Dubno county | 
|
3,275 km² | 226,700 |
| 6 | Równe county | 
|
2,898 km² | 252,800 |
| 7 | Krzemieniec county | 
|
2,790 km² | 243,000 |
| 8 | Włodzimierz Wołyński county | 
|
2,208 km² | 150,400 |
| 9 | Luboml county | 
|
2,054 km² | 85,500 |
| 10 | Horochów county | 
|
1,757 km² | 122,100 |
| 11 | Zdołbunów county | 
|
1,349 km² | 118,300 |
Demographics
The capital of the Wołyń Voivodeship was Lutsk, Volhynia (now in Ukraine). It consisted of 11 powiats (counties), 22 larger towns, 103 villages and literally thousands of smaller communities and khutors (Template:Lang-pl), with clusters of farms unable to offer any form of resistance against future military attacks.[15] In 1921 Wołyń Province was inhabited by 1,437,569 people, and the population density was 47.5 persons per km2. By 1931 the population had grown to 2,085,600, and the density to 58 persons per km2. According to the Polish census of 1931, the Ukrainian language was spoken by 1,418,324 inhabitants (68.0 %), Polish by 346,640 (16.6 %), Yiddish by 174,157 (8.3 %), Hebrew by 31,388 (1.5 %), German by 46,883 (2.2 %), Czech by 30,977 (1.5 %), Russian by 23,387 (1.1 %), Ruthenian by 8,548 (0.4 %), and Belarusian by 2,417 (0.1 %).[16]
The primary religions practised in the area were Eastern Orthodox Christian (69.8%), Roman Catholic (15.7%) as well Judaism by the Jews (10%), Protestantism (2.6%) and the Islamic faith by the Tatars. With respect to the Orthodox Ukrainian population in eastern Poland, the Polish government initially issued a decree defending the rights of the Orthodox minorities. In practice, this often failed, as the Catholics, also eager to strengthen their position, had official representation in the Sejm and the courts.[17][18] With time, some 190 Orthodox churches were destroyed or disassembled (many of them already abandoned),[19] and 150 more were transformed into Roman Catholic churches.[20] Such actions were condemned by the head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky, who claimed that these acts would "destroy in the souls of our non-united Orthodox brothers the very thought of any possible reunion."[21]
The land reform designed to favour the Poles[22] in mostly Ukrainian populated Volhynia, the agricultural territory where the land question was especially severe, created alienation from the Polish state of even the Orthodox Volhynian population who tended to be much less radical than the Greek Catholic Galicians.[22]
Industry and infrastructure
The Wołyń Voivodeship was located in the so-called Poland "B". The bulk of its population, especially the rural areas, was poor. Forest covered 23.7% of the province (as of 1937). Decades of Russian imperial rule had left Volhynia in a state of economic catalepsy, but the agricultural output following the rebirth of Poland quickly grew.
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The introduction of modern farming practices brought about a dozen-fold increase in wheat production between 1922/23 and 1936/37. By 1937, the voivodeship was home to 760 factories, employing 16,555 workers. Mining, forestry, and food production provided employment for 14,206 persons. Workers laid-off from industrial plants were also the most likely to start new businesses. In terms of ethnic composition among new business owners, 72,6% were Jewish, 24% Ukrainian, and 23% Polish. The province went through a recession in 1938/39. The tensions between Jewish and Ukrainian shopkeepers increased greatly after the introduction of cooperative stores, which undermined Jewish-run private enterprises. The Jewish business owners were chased out of some 3,000 Ukrainian villages by 1929, with the emerging Ukrainian drive toward economic self-sustainability via cooperatives accompanying their new political aspirations.[24] The situation was much better among the ethnic Czechs and Germans, whose farms were highly efficient.
The railway network was thin, with only a few hubs, the most important at Kowel, with lesser ones at Zdołbunów, Równe and Włodzimierz. The total length of railways within the voivodeship was 1,211 km – just 3.4 km per 100 square kilometres. This was the result of decades of Russian exploitative economics.
In 1938, Polish government began a program of electrification of Volhynia. By spring of 1939, a 30,000 volt power plant was built in Krzemieniec, which provided light and electricity for towns and villages five counties. Other power plants were not completed, due to the Invasion of Poland. The annual Volhynian Trade Fair (1929–1938), which took place in Równe, was regarded as one of the most important regional fairs of Poland. In 1939, the fair was planned to take place on September 15–25.
Education
Prior to 1917 illiteracy was rife in Volhynia. The Russian Empire maintained only 14 secondary schools in the entire province. Under the restored Polish republic, the number of public schools greatly increased: by 1930, there were already 1,371 schools, growing in numbers to 1,934 by 1938. Illiteracy lingered and according to the 1931 census, as much as 47.8% of the Volhynian population were still illiterate, compared with the national average of 23.1% for the whole of Poland (by early 1939, illiteracy in Volhynia was further reduced to 45%). In order to fight illiteracy, Volhynian authorities organized a network of the so-called moving libraries, which in 1939 consisted of 300 vehicles and 25,000 volumes.
The percentage of pupils in Ukrainian–language–only schools fell from 2.5% in 1929/1930 to 1.2% in 1934/35.[24] Polish government of Ignacy Mościcki, in its 1935 April Constitution of Poland (Chapter 1), redefined the concept of state as home to all faiths and cultures (as opposed to a Polish "nation"), thus reducing the political impact, among others, of Ukrainian nationalism. Senators representing the German and Ukrainian minorities voted in Senat against the new changes, which were nevertheless passed on 16 January 1935.[25]
Voivodes
- Stanisław Jan Krzakowski, 14 March 1921 – 7 July 1921
- Tadeusz Łada, 7 July 1921 – 12 August 1921 (acting)
- Stanisław Downarowicz, 13 August 1921 – 19 August 1921
- Tadeusz Dworakowski, 10 October 1921 – 15 March 1922 (acting)
- Mieczysław Mickiewicz, 22 February 1922 – 1 February 1923
- Stanisław Srokowski, 1 February 1923 – 29 August 1924
- Bolesław Olszewski, 29 August 1924 – 4 February 1925
- Aleksander Dębski, 4 February 1925 – 28 August 1926
- Władysław Mech, 28 August 1926 – 9 July 1928
- Henryk Józewski, 9 July 1928 – 29 December 1929
- Józef Śleszyński, 13 January 1930 – 5 June 1930 (acting)
- Henryk Józewski, 5 June 1930 – 13 April 1938
- Aleksander Hauke-Nowak, 13 April 1938 – September 1939
Notes
References
- ^ Janusz Cisek (2002). In Defense of the City of the Lion. McFarland & Company. pp. 141–152. ISBN 0-7864-1240-2. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ a b c d Włodzimierz Mędrzecki (2008). "Polacy i ich Wołyń 1921-1939" [The Poles and their Wołyń 1921-1939] (PDF). Niepodległość I Pamięć 15/1 (Nr 27). Instytut Historii PAN, Warszawa: Muzeum Historii Polski. 125-151. pp. 127-129, 4-6 / 28 in PDF – via direct download.
- ^ (in Polish) Janusz Magnuski, Maksym Kolomijec, Czerwony Blitzkrieg. Wrzesien 1939: Sowieckie Wojska Pancerne w Polsce (The Red Blitzkrieg. September 1939: Soviet armored troops in Poland). Wydawnictwo Pelta, Warszawa 1994, ISBN 83-85314-03-2, Scan of page 72 of the book.
- ^ a b Dr Pawel Goldstein, Lutsk (Luck) Ghetto. Geni.com. "In the spring of 1942 a group of young Jews attempted to escape from the ghetto to the forests, but most of them were caught and murdered by the Ukrainians. A few, however, managed to join the Soviet partisans and fought the Germans as part of the Kowpak units."
- ^ IZRUS (October 2011). "The forgotten December". The fall of "masada" of Western Ukraine. The Berdichev Revival. Testimony of one of the few surviving participants in the revolt, Shmuel Shilo from Kibbutz Tseelim, is preserved in the Book of Memory of Lutsky Jews "Sefer Lutsk" (translated from Hebrew). Retrieved 21 July 2015.
- ^ Yad Vashem, testimony of Shmuel Shulman (Shmulik Shilo), Liquidation of the Jewish inmates of the Łuck labor camp in December 1942 on YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
- ^ Andrzej Mielcarek, Wieś i kolonia Hnidawa, inaczej Gnidawa, powiat Łuck; Gromada Połonka. Interactive 1936 map included. Strony o Wołyniu Wolyn.ovh.org in Polish. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
- ^ Yad Vashem, Mass-murder of Łuck Jews at Gurka Polonka in August 1942 on YouTube Note: village Połonka (Template:Lang-pl or its Połonka Little Hill subdivision) is misspelled in the documentary, with testimony of eyewitness Shmuel Shilo. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
- ^ (in Polish) Józef Turowski; Władysław Siemaszko, Zbrodnie nacjonalistów ukraińskich dokonane na ludności polskiej na Wołyniu, 1939–1945 (Template:Lang-en) Warsaw, Wydawnictwo von borowiecky Publishing, 2000. Second edition, foreword by Prof. Dr Ryszard Szawłowski. ISBN 83-87689-34-3.
- ^ (in Polish) Profesor Czesław Partacz - Historyk, Wykładowca na Politechnice Koszalinkiej.
- ^ (in Polish) Stanisław Bereś, Rozmowa ze Stanisławem Srokowskim: WIELKA CIEMNOŚĆ SPOWIŁA KRESY Dziennik, Warsaw, 9.01.07, reprinted in Angora Weekly, nr 4/2007, 28.01.07
- ^ "Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej z dnia 29 listopada 1930 r. O zmianie granic województw poleskiego i wołyńskiego".
- ^ Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych (1921). "Ustawa z dnia 4 lutego 1921 r. o unormowaniu stanu prawno-politycznego na ziemiach, przyłączonych do obszaru Rzeczypospolitej". Na Podstawie Umowy O Preliminaryjnym Pokoju I Rozejmie Podpisanej W Rydze Dnia 12 Października 1920 R (Dz.U. 1921 nr 16 poz. 93). Dziennik Ustaw.
- ^ "Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 16 lipca 1924 r. W sprawie podziału powiatu rówieńskiego na dwie jednostki administracyjne i kreowania powiatu kostopolskiego tudzież regulacji granic powiatów: Rówieńskiego, dubnowskiego, łuckiego, ostrogskiego, krzemienieckiego i horochowskiego".
- ^ Ewa i Władysław Siemaszko, Wołyń w latach okupacji in Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939 - 1945, ibidem.
- ^ Census of Poland: Wołyń Voivodeship (1931). The population summary page from 1931 census. Table 10: Ludnosc - Population. Jezyk ojczysty - Mother tongue, page 22.
- ^ Paul R. Magocsi, A history of Ukraine,University of Toronto Press, 1996, p.596 [1]
- ^ In Russian Poland: "Under Tsarist rule the Uniate population had been forcibly converted to Orthodoxy. In 1875, at least 375 Uniate Churches were converted into Orthodox churches. The same was true of many Latin-rite Roman Catholic churches."[[iarchive:polandsholocaust00piot/page/182|]] Orthodox churches were built as symbols of the Russian rule and associated by Poles with Russification during the Partition period [2]
- ^ Manus I. Midlarsky, The Impact of External Threat on States and Domestic Societie, (in) Dissolving Boundaries, Blackwell Publishers, 2003, ISBN 1-4051-2134-3, Google Print, p. 15.
- ^ Subtelny, Orest (1988). Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-5808-6.
- ^ Magoscy, R. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- ^ a b Snyder, op cit, Google Print, p.146
- ^ "Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich". Volume X. Nakład Filipa Sulimierskiego i Władysława Walewskiego, Warsaw. 1880–1914. p. 793. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
- ^ a b (in Polish) Referat na temat: „Województwo wołyńskie w okresie międzywojennym. Gospodarka i społeczeństwo.” (Wołyń Voivodeship in the interwar period. Economy and Society.)
- ^ Konstytucja kwietniowa 1935 (April Constitution of Poland, 1935). Full text at Wikisource (in Polish). See also: Czesław Znamierowski, "Konstytucja styczniowa i ordynacja wyborcza." In: Elita, ustrój, demokracja. Warsaw: Aletheia, 2001. ISBN 83-87045-85-3.
Bibliography
- Maly rocznik statystyczny 1939, Nakladem Glownego Urzedu Statystycznego, Warszawa 1939 (Concise Statistical Year-Book of Poland, Warsaw 1939).
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