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Western Ukraine

Coordinates: 50°N 26°E / 50°N 26°E / 50; 26
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the short-lived country of this name, see West Ukrainian People's Republic.
Not to be confused with Galicia (Eastern Europe).
Western Ukraine
Regions that are included in the West of Ukraine
Area
 • Coordinates50°N 26°E / 50°N 26°E / 50; 26

Map of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia in the 13th/14th century
Old Town of Lviv, the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia[1] from 1272 to 1349 and nowadays, the most populated city of Western Ukraine
Old city and Catholic churches in Uzhhorod, showing the influence of Western Christianity on Western Ukraine
Fortress of Kamianets, a former Ruthenian-Lithuanian[2] castle and a later three-part Polish fortress[3][4][5]

Western Ukraine (Ukrainian: Західна Україна, romanized: Zakhidna Ukraina)[6] or West Ukraine refers to the western territories of Ukraine. There is no universally accepted definition of the territory's boundaries, but the contemporary Ukrainian administrative regions (oblasts) of Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Ternopil and Zakarpattia (which were part of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire) are typically included. In addition, Volyn and Rivne oblasts (parts of the territory annexed from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during its Third Partition) are also usually included. In modern sources, Khmelnytskyi Oblast is often included because of its geographical, linguistic and cultural association with Western Ukraine, although this can not be confirmed from a historical and political point of view. It includes several historical regions such as Carpathian Ruthenia, Halychyna including Pokuttia (the eastern portion of Eastern Galicia), most of Volhynia, northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region, and Podolia. Western Ukraine is sometimes considered to include areas of eastern Volhynia, Podolia, and the small northern portion of Bessarabia.

The area of Western Ukraine was ruled by various polities, including the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but also the Principality of Moldavia; it would then variously come under rule of the Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Second Polish Republic, the Kingdom of Romania, and finally the Soviet Union (via the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) in 1939 and 1940 following the invasion of Poland and the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, with the borders finalized after the end of World War II. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it became part of the independent Ukrainian state.

Western Ukraine is known for its exceptional natural and cultural heritage, several sites of which are on the List of World Heritage. Architecturally, it includes the fortress of Kamianets, the Old Town of Lviv, the former Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans, the Tserkvas, the Khotyn Fortress and the Pochayiv Lavra. Its landscapes and natural sites also represent a major tourist asset for the region, combining the mountain landscapes of the Ukrainian Carpathians and those of the Podolian Upland. These include Mount Hoverla, the highest point in Ukraine, Optymistychna Cave, the largest in Europe, Bukovel Ski Resort, Synevyr National Park, Carpathian National Park or the Uzhanskyi National Nature Park protecting part of the primary forests included in the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve.[7]

The city of Lviv is the main cultural center of the region and was the historical capital of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Other important cities are Chernivtsi, Rivne, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Lutsk, Khmelnytskyi and Uzhhorod.

History

[edit]
See also: General Government of Galicia and Bukovina
"Moneta Rvssiє" coined in 1382 based on groschen

Western Ukraine, takes its roots from the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, a successor of Kievan Rus' formed in 1199 after the weakening of Kievan Rus' and attacks from the Golden Horde.

Following the 14th century Galicia–Volhynia Wars, most of the region was transferred to the Crown of Poland under Casimir the Great, who received the lands legally by a downward agreement in 1340 after his nephew's death, Bolesław-Jerzy II. The eastern Volhynia and most of Podolia was added to the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Lubart.

The territory of Bukovina was part of Moldavia since its formation by voivode Dragoș, who was departed by the Kingdom of Hungary, during the 14th century.

After the 18th century partitions of Poland (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), the territory was split between the Habsburg monarchy and the Russian Empire. The modern south-western part of Western Ukraine became the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, after 1804 crownland of the Austrian Empire. Its northern flank with the cities of Lutsk and Rivne was acquired in 1795 by Imperial Russia following the third and final partition of Poland. Throughout its existence Russian Poland was marred with violence and intimidation, beginning with the 1794 massacres, imperial land-theft and the deportations of the November and January Uprisings.[8] By contrast, the Austrian Partition with its Sejm of the Land in the cities of Lviv and Stanyslaviv (Ivano-Frankivsk) was freer politically perhaps because it had a lot less to offer economically.[9] Imperial Austria did not persecute Ukrainian organizations.[10] In 1846, the Austrian government used the peasant uprising to decimate Polish nobles, who were organising an uprising against Austria.[11] In later years, Austria-Hungary de facto encouraged the existence of Ukrainian political organizations in order to counterbalance the influence of Polish culture in Galicia. The southern half of West Ukraine remained under Austrian administration until the collapse of the House of Habsburg at the end of World War One in 1918.[10]

Further information on West Ukraine's sociopolitical background: Austrian Partition and Polish culture in the Interbellum

In 1775, following the Russo-Turkish Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, Moldavia lost to the Habsburg monarchy its northwestern part, which became known as Bukovina, and remained under Austrian administration until 1918.

Further information: Duchy of Bukovina

Interbellum and World War II

[edit]
See also: West Ukrainian People's Republic and Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia

Following the defeat of Ukrainian People's Republic (1918) in the Soviet–Ukrainian War of 1921, Western Ukraine was partitioned by the Treaty of Riga between Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the Soviet Russia acting on behalf of the Soviet Belarus and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic with capital in Kharkiv. The Soviet Union gained control over the entire territory of the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic east of the border with Poland.[12] In the Interbellum most of the territory of today's Western Ukraine belonged to the Second Polish Republic. Territories such as Bukovina and Carpatho-Ukraine belonged to Romania and Czechoslovakia, respectively.

See also: Soviet invasion of Poland, The Holocaust in Ukraine, Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, and Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

At the onset of Operation Barbarossa by Nazi Germany, the region became occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941. The southern half of West Ukraine was incorporated into the semi-colonial Distrikt Galizien (District of Galicia) created on August 1, 1941 (Document No. 1997-PS of July 17, 1941 by Adolf Hitler) with headquarters in Chełm Lubelski, bordering district of General Government to the west. Its northern part (Volhynia) was assigned to the Reichskommissariat Ukraine formed in September 1941. Notably, the District of Galicia was a separate administrative unit from the actual Reichskommissariat Ukraine with capital in Rivne. They were not connected with each other politically for Nazi Germans.[13] The division was administrative and conditional, in his book "From Putyvl to the Carpathian" Sydir Kovpak never mentioned about any border-like divisions. Bukovina was controlled by the Nazi-allied Kingdom of Romania.

Post-War

[edit]
See also: Polish population transfers (1944–1946)

After the defeat of Germany in World War II, in May 1945 the Soviet Union incorporated all territories of current Western Ukraine into the Ukrainian SSR.[12] Between 1944 and 1946, a population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine occurred in which all ethnic Poles and Jews who had Polish citizenship before September 17, 1939 (date of the Soviet Invasion of Poland) were transferred to post-war Poland and all ethnic Ukrainians to the Ukrainian SSR, in accordance with the resolutions of the Yalta and Tehran conferences and the plans about the new Poland–Ukraine border.[14]

Recent history

[edit]
See also: Russian invasion of Ukraine

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia attacked Ukrainian military facility near the city of Lviv,[15] in Western Ukraine with cruise missiles. Later in March Russia performed missile attacks on oil depots in Lviv,[16] Dubno[17][18] and Lutsk.[19]

Divisions

[edit]
Souvenir from Bukovel
The Carpathians in the Zakarpattia Oblast are the highest mountain range in Ukraine

Western Ukraine includes such lands as Zakarpattia, Volyn, Halychyna (Prykarpattia, Pokuttia), Bukovina, Polissia, and Podillia.

The history of Western Ukraine is closely associated with the history of the following lands:

Administrative and historical divisions

[edit]
Administrative region Area sq km Population
(2001 Census)		 Population
Estimate
(Jan 2012)
Chernivtsi Oblast 8,097 922,817 905,264
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast 13,927 1,409,760 1,380,128
Khmelnytskyi Oblast 20,629 1,430,775 1,320,171
Lviv Oblast 21,831 2,626,543 2,540,938
Rivne Oblast 20,051 1,173,304 1,154,256
Ternopil Oblast 13,824 1,142,416 1,080,431
Volyn Oblast 20,144 1,060,694 1,038,598
Zakarpattia Oblast 12,753 1,258,264 1,250,759
Total 131,256 10,101,756 9,765,281

Cultural characteristics

[edit]

Differences with rest of Ukraine

[edit]

"Perhaps, if Ukraine did not have its western regions, with Lviv at the centre, it would be easy to turn the country into another Belarus. But Galicia (Halychyna) and Bukovina, which became part of Soviet Ukraine under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, brought to the country a rebellious and free spirit."

Andrey Kurkov in an opinion piece about Euromaidan on BBC News Online (28 January 2014)[20]

Ukrainian is the dominant language in the region. Back in the schools of the Ukrainian SSR learning Russian was mandatory; currently, in modern Ukraine, in schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction, classes in Russian and in other minority languages are offered.[10][21]

In terms of religion, the majority of adherents share the Byzantine Rite of Christianity as in the rest of Ukraine, but due to the region escaping the 1920s and 1930s Soviet persecution, a notably greater church adherence and belief in religion's role in society is present. Due to the complex post-independence religious confrontation of several church groups and their adherents, the historical influence played a key role in shaping the present loyalty of Western Ukraine's faithful. In Galician provinces, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church has the strongest following in the country, and the largest share of property and faithful. In the remaining regions: Volhynia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia the Orthodoxy is prevalent. Outside of Western Ukraine the greatest in terms of Church property, clergy, and according to some estimates, faithful, is the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate). In the listed regions (and in particular among the Orthodox faithful in Galicia), this position is notably weaker, as the main rivals, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, have a far greater influence. Within the lands of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, the largest Eastern Catholic Church, priests' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing a tightly-knit hereditary caste.[22]

Noticeable cultural differences in the region (compared with the rest of Ukraine especially Southern Ukraine and Eastern Ukraine) are more "negative views"[clarification needed] on the Russian language[23][24] and on Joseph Stalin[25] and more "positive views"[clarification needed] on Ukrainian nationalism.[26] A higher percentage of voters in Western Ukraine supported Ukrainian independence in the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum than in the rest of the country.[27][28]

Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) geographical division of Ukraine used in their polls.

In a poll conducted by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in the first half of February 2014 0.7% of polled in West Ukraine believed "Ukraine and Russia must unite into a single state", nationwide this percentage was 12.5. The Russian-occupied parts of the Luhansk and Donetsk regions of Ukraine were not polled.[29]

During elections voters of Western oblasts (provinces) vote mostly for parties (Our Ukraine, Batkivshchyna)[30] and presidential candidates (Viktor Yushchenko, Yulia Tymoshenko) with a pro-Western and state reform platform.[31][32][33] Of the regions of Western Ukraine, Galicia tends to be the most pro-Western and pro-nationalist area. Volhynia's politics are similar, though not as nationalist or as pro-Western as Galicia's. Bukovina-Chernvisti's electoral politics are more mixed and tempered by the region's significant Romanian minority. Finally, Zakarpattia's electoral politics tend to be more competitive, similar to a Central Ukrainian oblast. This is due to the region's distinct historical and cultural identity as well as the significant Hungarian and Romanian minorities. The politics in the region was dominated by such Ukrainian parties as Andriy Baloha's Team, Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united), Congress of Carpathian Ruthenians led by the Rusyn Orthodox Church bishop Dimitry Sydor and KMKSZ – Hungarian Party in Ukraine.

Demographics

[edit]

Religion

[edit]

Religion in western Ukraine (2016)[34]

  Eastern Orthodoxy (57.0%)
  Greek Catholicism (30.9%)
  Unspecified Christianity (4.3%)
  Protestantism (3.9%)
  Roman Catholicism (1.6%)
  Judaism (0.2%)
  Non-believers (2.1%)
Percentage of Ukrainians in each oblast (2001 census)

According to a 2016 survey of religion in Ukraine held by the Razumkov Center, approximately 93% of the population of western Ukraine declared to be believers, while 0.9% declared to non-believers, and 0.2% declared to atheists.

Of the total population, 97.7% declared to be Christians (57.0% Eastern Orthodox, 30.9% members of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, 4.3% simply Christians, 3.9% members of various Protestant churches, and 1.6% Latin Church Catholics), by far more than in all other regions of Ukraine, while 0.2% were Jews. Non-believers and other believers not identifying with any of the listed major religious institutions constituted about 2.1% of the population.[34]

Ethnicity

[edit]

Prior to World War II the areas of current Lviv Oblast, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ternopil Oblast, Volyn Oblast and Rivne Oblast were parts of Polish voivodeships of Lwów, Stanisławów, Tarnopol and Wołyń (Volhynia). This area was ethnically very mixed. Table below shows the linguistic (mother tongue) and religious structure of interwar South-East Poland (now part of Western Ukraine) by county, according to the 1931 census:

Linguistic and religious structure of South-East Poland in 1931[35][36][37][38][39]
County Pop. Ukrainian & Ruthenian % Polish % Yiddish & Hebrew % Other language

[Note 1]

% Uniate & Orthodox % Roman Catholic % Jewish % Other religion

[Note 2]

%
Dubno 226709 158173 69.8% 33987 15.0% 17430 7.7% 17119 7.6% 173512 76.5% 27638 12.2% 18227 8.0% 7332 3.2%
Horokhiv 122045 84224 69.0% 21100 17.3% 9993 8.2% 6728 5.5% 87333 71.6% 17675 14.5% 10112 8.3% 6925 5.7%
Kostopil 159602 105346 66.0% 34951 21.9% 10481 6.6% 8824 5.5% 103912 65.1% 34450 21.6% 10786 6.8% 10454 6.6%
Kovel 255095 185240 72.6% 36720 14.4% 26476 10.4% 6659 2.6% 187717 73.6% 35191 13.8% 26719 10.5% 5468 2.1%
Kremenets 243032 196000 80.6% 25758 10.6% 18679 7.7% 2595 1.1% 195233 80.3% 25082 10.3% 18751 7.7% 3966 1.6%
Liuboml 85507 65906 77.1% 12150 14.2% 6818 8.0% 633 0.7% 65685 76.8% 10998 12.9% 6861 8.0% 1963 2.3%
Lutsk 290805 172038 59.2% 56446 19.4% 34142 11.7% 28179 9.7% 177377 61.0% 55802 19.2% 34354 11.8% 23272 8.0%
Rivne 252787 160484 63.5% 36990 14.6% 37484 14.8% 17829 7.1% 166970 66.1% 36444 14.4% 37713 14.9% 11660 4.6%
Sarny 181284 129637 71.5% 30426 16.8% 16019 8.8% 5202 2.9% 132691 73.2% 28192 15.6% 16088 8.9% 4313 2.4%
Volodymyr 150374 88174 58.6% 40286 26.8% 17236 11.5% 4678 3.1% 89641 59.6% 38483 25.6% 17331 11.5% 4919 3.3%
Zdolbuniv 118334 81650 69.0% 17826 15.1% 10787 9.1% 8071 6.8% 86948 73.5% 17901 15.1% 10850 9.2% 2635 2.2%
Borshchiv 103277 52612 50.9% 46153 44.7% 4302 4.2% 210 0.2% 65344 63.3% 28432 27.5% 9353 9.1% 148 0.1%
Brody 91248 50490 55.3% 32843 36.0% 7640 8.4% 275 0.3% 58009 63.6% 22521 24.7% 10360 11.4% 358 0.4%
Berezhany 103824 51757 49.9% 48168 46.4% 3716 3.6% 183 0.2% 54611 52.6% 41962 40.4% 7151 6.9% 100 0.1%
Buchach 139062 70336 50.6% 60523 43.5% 8059 5.8% 144 0.1% 77023 55.4% 51311 36.9% 10568 7.6% 160 0.1%
Chortkiv 84008 40866 48.6% 36486 43.4% 6474 7.7% 182 0.2% 42828 51.0% 33080 39.4% 7845 9.3% 255 0.3%
Kamianka-Buzka 82111 35178 42.8% 41693 50.8% 4737 5.8% 503 0.6% 45113 54.9% 29828 36.3% 6700 8.2% 470 0.6%
Kopychyntsi 88614 45196 51.0% 38158 43.1% 5164 5.8% 96 0.1% 50007 56.4% 31202 35.2% 7291 8.2% 114 0.1%
Pidhaitsi 95663 45031 47.1% 46710 48.8% 3464 3.6% 458 0.5% 52634 55.0% 38003 39.7% 4786 5.0% 240 0.3%
Peremyshliany 89908 32777 36.5% 52269 58.1% 4445 4.9% 417 0.5% 44002 48.9% 38475 42.8% 6860 7.6% 571 0.6%
Radekhiv 69313 39970 57.7% 25427 36.7% 3277 4.7% 639 0.9% 42928 61.9% 17945 25.9% 6934 10.0% 1506 2.2%
Skalat 89215 25369 28.4% 60091 67.4% 3654 4.1% 101 0.1% 34798 39.0% 45631 51.1% 8486 9.5% 300 0.3%
Ternopil 142220 42374 29.8% 93874 66.0% 5836 4.1% 136 0.1% 60979 42.9% 63286 44.5% 17684 12.4% 271 0.2%
Terebovlia 84321 30868 36.6% 50178 59.5% 3173 3.8% 102 0.1% 40452 48.0% 38979 46.2% 4845 5.7% 45 0.1%
Zalishchyky 72021 41147 57.1% 27549 38.3% 3261 4.5% 64 0.1% 48069 66.7% 17917 24.9% 5965 8.3% 70 0.1%
Zbarazh 65579 29609 45.2% 32740 49.9% 3142 4.8% 88 0.1% 36468 55.6% 24855 37.9% 3997 6.1% 259 0.4%
Zboriv 81413 39174 48.1% 39624 48.7% 2522 3.1% 93 0.1% 49925 61.3% 26239 32.2% 5056 6.2% 193 0.2%
Zolochiv 118609 55381 46.7% 56628 47.7% 6066 5.1% 534 0.5% 70663 59.6% 36937 31.1% 10236 8.6% 773 0.7%
Dolyna 118373 83880 70.9% 21158 17.9% 9031 7.6% 4304 3.6% 89811 75.9% 15630 13.2% 10471 8.8% 2461 2.1%
Horodenka 92894 59957 64.5% 27751 29.9% 5031 5.4% 155 0.2% 69789 75.1% 15519 16.7% 7480 8.1% 106 0.1%
Kalush 102252 77506 75.8% 18637 18.2% 5109 5.0% 1000 1.0% 80750 79.0% 14418 14.1% 6249 6.1% 835 0.8%
Kolomyia 176000 110533 62.8% 52006 29.5% 11191 6.4% 2270 1.3% 121376 69.0% 31925 18.1% 20887 11.9% 1812 1.0%
Kosiv 93952 79838 85.0% 6718 7.2% 6730 7.2% 666 0.7% 80903 86.1% 4976 5.3% 7826 8.3% 247 0.3%
Nadvirna 140702 112128 79.7% 16907 12.0% 11020 7.8% 647 0.5% 113116 80.4% 15214 10.8% 11663 8.3% 709 0.5%
Rohatyn 127252 84875 66.7% 36152 28.4% 6111 4.8% 114 0.1% 90456 71.1% 27108 21.3% 9466 7.4% 222 0.2%
Stanyslaviv 198359 120214 60.6% 49032 24.7% 26996 13.6% 2117 1.1% 123959 62.5% 42519 21.4% 29525 14.9% 2356 1.2%
Stryi 152631 106183 69.6% 25186 16.5% 15413 10.1% 5849 3.8% 108159 70.9% 23404 15.3% 17115 11.2% 3953 2.6%
Sniatyn 78025 56007 71.8% 17206 22.1% 4341 5.6% 471 0.6% 61797 79.2% 8659 11.1% 7073 9.1% 496 0.6%
Tlumach 116028 66659 57.5% 44958 38.7% 3677 3.2% 734 0.6% 76650 66.1% 31478 27.1% 6702 5.8% 1198 1.0%
Zhydachiv 83817 61098 72.9% 16464 19.6% 4728 5.6% 1527 1.8% 63144 75.3% 15094 18.0% 5289 6.3% 290 0.3%
Bibrka 97124 60444 62.2% 30762 31.7% 5533 5.7% 385 0.4% 66113 68.1% 22820 23.5% 7972 8.2% 219 0.2%
Dobromyl 93970 52463 55.8% 35945 38.3% 4997 5.3% 565 0.6% 59664 63.5% 25941 27.6% 7522 8.0% 843 0.9%
Drohobych 194456 79214 40.7% 91935 47.3% 20484 10.5% 2823 1.5% 110850 57.0% 52172 26.8% 28888 14.9% 2546 1.3%
Horodok 85007 47812 56.2% 33228 39.1% 2975 3.5% 992 1.2% 56713 66.7% 22408 26.4% 4982 5.9% 904 1.1%
Yavoriv 86762 55868 64.4% 26938 31.0% 3044 3.5% 912 1.1% 62828 72.4% 18394 21.2% 5161 5.9% 379 0.4%
Lviv City 312231 35137 11.3% 198212 63.5% 75316 24.1% 3566 1.1% 50824 16.3% 157490 50.4% 99595 31.9% 4322 1.4%
Lviv County 142800 58395 40.9% 80712 56.5% 1569 1.1% 2124 1.5% 67592 47.3% 67430 47.2% 5087 3.6% 2691 1.9%
Mostyska 89460 37196 41.6% 49989 55.9% 2164 2.4% 111 0.1% 49230 55.0% 34619 38.7% 5428 6.1% 183 0.2%
Rava-Ruska 122072 82133 67.3% 27376 22.4% 10991 9.0% 1572 1.3% 84808 69.5% 22489 18.4% 13381 11.0% 1394 1.1%
Rudky 79170 36254 45.8% 38417 48.5% 4247 5.4% 252 0.3% 45756 57.8% 27674 35.0% 5396 6.8% 344 0.4%
Sambir 133814 68222 51.0% 56818 42.5% 7794 5.8% 980 0.7% 78527 58.7% 43583 32.6% 11258 8.4% 446 0.3%
Sokal 109111 59984 55.0% 42851 39.3% 5917 5.4% 359 0.3% 69963 64.1% 25425 23.3% 13372 12.3% 351 0.3%
Turka 114457 80483 70.3% 26083 22.8% 7552 6.6% 339 0.3% 97339 85.0% 6301 5.5% 10627 9.3% 190 0.2%
Zhovkva 95507 56060 58.7% 35816 37.5% 3344 3.5% 287 0.3% 66823 70.0% 20279 21.2% 7848 8.2% 557 0.6%
South-East Poland 6922206 3983550 57.6% 2243011 32.4% 549782 7.9% 145863 2.1% 4387812 63.4% 1707428 24.7% 708172 10.2% 118794 1.7%

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Includes German and Czech, etc.
  2. ^ Includes Protestants, Old Believers, etc.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Perfecky, George A. (1973). The Galician-Volynian Chronicle. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag. OCLC 902306
  2. ^ "Kam'ianets-Podilskyi historical". kampod.name (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
  3. ^ Bochenek 1980, p. 93.
  4. ^ Welcome to Ukraine: About Kamianets-Podilskyi Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine MIBS Travel
  5. ^ A trip to historic Kamianets-Podilskyi: crossroads of many cultures Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, Roman Woronowycz, Kyiv Press Bureau.
  6. ^ "ЗАХІДНА УКРАЇНА, ЯК ТЕРМІН". resource.history.org.ua. Archived from the original on 2022-01-23. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  7. ^ UNESCO: Carpathian, July 2011
  8. ^ Norman Davies (2005), "Part 2. Rossiya: The Russian Partition", God's Playground. A History of Poland, vol. II: 1795 to the Present, Oxford University Press, pp. 60–82, ISBN 0199253404, archived from the original on February 11, 2023, retrieved January 27, 2014
  9. ^ David Crowley (1992), National Style and Nation-state: Design in Poland from the Vernacular Revival to the International Style (Google Print), Manchester University Press ND, 1992, p. 12, ISBN 0-7190-3727-1, archived from the original on 2023-02-11, retrieved 2020-11-21
  10. ^ a b c Serhy Yekelchyk Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation, Oxford University Press (2007), ISBN 978-0-19-530546-3
  11. ^ (in Polish) rabacja galicyjska Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine in Internetowa encyklopedia PWN
  12. ^ a b Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States: 1999 Archived 2023-02-11 at the Wayback Machine, Routledge, 1999, ISBN 1857430581 (page 849)
  13. ^ Arne Bewersdorf. "Hans-Adolf Asbach. Eine Nachkriegskarriere" (PDF). Band 19 Essay 5 (in German). Demokratische Geschichte. pp. 1–42. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  14. ^ "Переселение белорусов из Польши и Полесская область (1944-1947 гг.)". Краязнаўчы сайт Гомеля і Гомельшчыны. 30 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  15. ^ "Russia strikes Ukraine army base near Poland as it widens attacks". Al Jazeera. 14 March 2022. Archived 2022-03-23 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ^ Petrenko, Roman (27 March 2022). "The Lviv oil depot was completely destroyed by a Russian missile - the Regional State Administration". Ukrainska Pravda. Archived from the original on 2022-03-29.
  17. ^ Petrenko, Roman (March 27, 2022). "Rivne Administration: Oil depot in Dubno razed to the ground after missile strike". Ukrainska Pravda. Archived from the original on 2022-03-29.
  18. ^ Mazurenko, Alona (March 28, 2022). "Russian rocket hits an oil depot in the Rivne region". Ukrainska Pravda. Archived from the original on 2022-03-29.
  19. ^ Balachuk, Iryna (March 28, 2022). "Lutsk missile strike: Head of Volyn region shares details". Ukrainska Pravda. Archived from the original on 2022-03-29.
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