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Limnocyoninae

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Limnocyoninae Temporal range: 57.0–37.2 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Paleocene to Late Eocene

Skull of Limnocyon verus

lower jaw of Prolimnocyon antiquus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Hyaenodonta
Family:	†Hyaenodontidae
Subfamily:	†Limnocyoninae Wortman, 1902^[1]
Type genus
†Limnocyon Marsh, 1872
Genera
†Iridodon †Limnocyon^{(paraphyletic genus)} †Oxyaenodon †Prolaena †Prolimnocyon^{(paraphyletic genus)} †Thinocyon Incertae sedis: †"Thinocyon" sichowensis
Synonyms
list of synonyms: Limnocyoninae (Wortman, 1902) Limnocyonini (Van Valen, 1966)^[2] Limnocyononae (Lavrov, 1999)^[3] Limnocyontidae (Savage, 1973)^[4]

Limnocyonidae ("swamp dogs") is a family of extinct predatory mammals from extinct order Hyaenodonta. Fossil remains of these mammals are known from late Paleocene to late Eocene deposits in North America and Asia.^[5] Limnocyonids had only two molars in the upper and lower dentition.^[6]

Classification and phylogeny

Taxonomy

Family: †Limnocyonidae (Wortman, 1902)
- Genus: †Iridodon (Morlo & Gunnell, 2003)
  - †Iridodon datzae (Morlo & Gunnell, 2003)
- Genus: †Limnocyon ^{(paraphyletic genus)} (Marsh, 1872)
  - †Limnocyon cuspidens (Morlo & Gunnell, 2005)
  - †Limnocyon potens (Matthew, 1909)
  - †Limnocyon verus (Marsh, 1872)
- Genus: †Oxyaenodon (Matthew, 1899)
  - †Oxyaenodon dysodus (Matthew, 1899)
- Genus: †Prolaena (Xu, 1979)
  - †Prolaena parva (Xu, 1979)
- Genus: †Prolimnocyon ^{(paraphyletic genus)} (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
  - †Prolimnocyon antiquus (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
  - †Prolimnocyon atavus (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
  - †Prolimnocyon chowi (Meng, 1998)
  - †Prolimnocyon eerius (Gingerich, 1989)
  - †Prolimnocyon haematus (Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989)
- Genus: †Thinocyon (Marsh, 1872)
  - †Thinocyon medius (Wortman, 1902)
  - †Thinocyon velox (Marsh, 1872)
- Incertae sedis:
  - †"Thinocyon" sichowensis (Chow, 1975)

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of family Limnocyonidae are shown in the following cladogram:^[7]^[6]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

†Hyaenodonta

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

†Limnocyonidae

†Oxyaenodon	†Oxyaenodon dysodus

†Prolaena	†Prolaena parva
?
?	†"Thinocyon" sichowensis

	†Limnocyon potens

	†Limnocyon cuspidens

	†Limnocyon verus

†Thinocyon

	†Thinocyon medius

	†Thinocyon velox

†Iridodon	†Iridodon datzae

	†Prolimnocyon atavus

	†Prolimnocyon haematus

†Prolimnocyon antiquus

†Prolimnocyon chowi

†Prolimnocyon eerius

?

†Prolimnocyon sp. (South Pass, Green River Basin, Wyoming)

†Arfiidae

†Sinopidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

	†Gazinocyon

	†Pyrocyon

†Afro‑Arabian clade

†Parvavorodon

	†Indohyaenodontidae

	†Glibzegdouia

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

	†Maocyon	†Maocyon/Orienspterodon clade

	†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

	†Hemipsalodon

?	†Ischnognathus

†Akhnatenavus clade

†Akhnatenavus

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

	†Kerberos

	†"Pterodon" syrtos

†Pterodon clade

†Pterodontina

	†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

	†"Pterodon" africanus

	†Parapterodon

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

	†Exiguodon

	†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

	†Sivapterodon

	†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

	†Hyainailouros sulzeri

	†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

	†Leakitheriini

	†Megistotherium

	†Mlanyama

	†Metapterodontini

†Prionogalidae

†Hyainailouridae

†Lahimia clade

†Limnocyon

†Prolimnocyon

†Arfia clade

†Galecyon clade

†Indohyaenodon clade

†Tritemnodon clade

†Hyainailouroidea

See also

References

^ J. L. Wortman (1902.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 13:197-206
^ L. Van Valen (1966.) "Deltatheridia, a new order of Mammals." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132(1):1-126
^ A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].
^ Savage, R. J. G. (1973). "Megistotherium, gigantic hyaenodont from Miocene of Gebel Zelten, Libya". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology. 22 (7): 483–511. doi:10.5962/p.150151.
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ ^a ^b M. Morlo and G. F. Gunnell (2005.) "New species of Limnocyon (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the Bridgerian (middle Eocene)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(1):251-255
^ M. Morlo & G. F. Gunnell (2003.) "Small Limnocyonines (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) From the Bridgerian Middle Eocene of Wyoming: Thinocyon, Prolimnocyon And Iridodon, New Genus." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 31(2):43-78
^ Borths, Matthew R; Stevens, Nancy J (2017). "Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776.
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E0222B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222. S2CID 145972918.
^ Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). "The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian". Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185–214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). "New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene". Geobios. 66–67: 119–141. Bibcode:2021Geobi..66..119S. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004. S2CID 234848856.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). "A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819. ISSN 2296-701X.

Mammals of clade Pan-Carnivora

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Placentalia
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Clade: Scrotifera
Grandorder: Ferungulata
Mirorder: Ferae

Carnivoramorpha	See Carnivoramorpha below ↓
†Hyaenodonta	See Hyaenodonta below ↓
†Oxyaenodonta	See Oxyaenodonta below ↓
†Wyolestidae	†Wyolestes
†Simidectes †Altacreodus †Tinerhodon

†Hyaenodontoidea

†Hyaenodontidae	†Alienetherium †Boritia †Cartierodon †Consobrinus †Cynohyaenodon †Eurotherium †Hyaenodon †Leonhardtina †Matthodon †Neosinopa †Oxyaenoides †Paenoxyaenoides †Paracynohyaenodon †Praecodens †Preregidens †Prodissopsalis †Propterodon †Protoproviverra †Quercytherium

†Proviverridae

†Afro‑Arabian
clade

†Indohyaenodontidae

†Hyainailouroidea

†Hyainailouridae

†Maocyon/Orienspterodon clade

†Maocyon
†Orienspterodon

†Apterodontinae

†Apterodon
†Quasiapterodon

†Hyainailourinae

†Leakitherium †Megistotherium †Mlanyama †Metapterodon †Pakakali †Paroxyaena †Simbakubwa
†Akhnatenavus clade	†Akhnatenavus †Hemipsalodon †Ischnognathus
†Hyainailourini	†Exiguodon †Falcatodon †Hyainailouros †Parapterodon †Sectisodon †Sivapterodon †Isohyaenodon †Kerberos †Pterodon

†Prionogalidae

†Teratodontinae

other representatives

†Eoproviverra †Gazinocyon †Pyrocyon
†Arfia clade	†Arfia
†Galecyon clade	†Galecyon
†Lahimia clade	†Boualitomus †Lahimia
†Limnocyonidae	†Iridodon †Limnocyon †Oxyaenodon †Prolaena †Prolimnocyon †Thinocyon
†Sinopidae	†Acarictis †Prototomus †Sinopa

ichnotaxa
of Hyaenodonta

†Oxyaenodonta

†Machaeroidinae	†Apataelurus †Diegoaelurus †Isphanatherium †Machaeroides
†Oxyaeninae	†Argillotherium †Dipsalidictis †Malfelis †Oxyaena †Patriofelis †Protopsalis †Sarkastodon
†Palaeonictinae	†Ambloctonus †Dipsalodon †Palaeonictis
†Tytthaeninae	†Tytthaena

Carnivoramorpha

Carnivoraformes
(Clade "A")

Clade "B"

†Messelogale †Miocyon †Simamphicyon †Uintacyon †Xinyuictis †Zodiocyon
†Quercygalidae	†Quercygale
†Gracilocyon/Oodectes clade	†Eogale †Gracilocyon †Oodectes †Paramiacis †Paroodectes

Clade "C"

Clade "D"

†Ceruttia
†Harpalodon
†Lycarion
†Neovulpavus
†Procynodictis
†Prodaphaenus
†Tapocyon
†Walshius

Carnivora
(Clade "E")

Caniformia	(See Caniformia)
Feliformia	(See Feliformia)

other representatives

†Africtis
†Dawsonicyon
†Miacis

ichnotaxa of
Carnivoraformes

†Falcatipes

†Viverravoidea

†Viverravidae

†Orientictis †Pappictidops †Preonictis †Variviverra
†Didymictinae	†Bryanictis †Didymictis †Intyrictis †Pristinictis †Protictis †Raphictis
†Ictidopappinae	†Ictidopappus
†Viverravinae	†Simpsonictis †Viverravus †Viverriscus

Incertae sedis

†Ravenictis

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